Abstract
Sumithion (Fenitrothion) (SUM) is an organophosphorus insecticide used to combat a wide variety of plant pests. Exposure to SUM causes significant toxicity to the brain, liver, kidney, and reproductive organs through, for example, binding to DNA, and it induces DNA damage, which ends with oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the protective role of bee products: a mixture of honey, propolis, palm pollen, and royal jelly (HPPJ) against SUM-induced toxicity. Twenty-four male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were classified into four groups, each containing six rats: control (corn oil), SUM (85 mg/kg; 1/20 LD50), HPPJ, and SUM + HPPJ once daily for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were gently collected in sterilized ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes for blood picture analyses and tubes without anticoagulant for serum isolation. Serum was used for assays of enzymatic and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that SUM increased the weights of the liver, kidney, and brain as well as the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Additionally, SUM significantly increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and glucose, uric acid, and creatinine contents, while decreasing the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and total lipids and total protein content. Furthermore, because of the inclusion of phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, and sugars, the HPPJ mixture counteracted the hematological, renal, and hepatic toxicity of SUM exposure.
Highlights
The intensification of pesticides exhibits a prompt threat to human health, while the gradual build-up of pesticides in the environment and the human body cause serious toxic effects [1,2].Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are readily used worldwide to control public health and agricultural pests [3] and have a significant potential health hazard due to their acute or chronic poisoning [4].Molecules 2020, 25, 2633; doi:10.3390/molecules25112633 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesSumithion (SUM, O, O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) is a contact-acting-OP insecticide that is used against mites and insects on vegetables, rice, cereals, and cotton [5]
Bee products were mixed as a mixture of 22.5 g of citrus bee honey, 1 g of refined propolis, 1 g of palm pollen grains, and 0.5 g of fresh royal jelly following a very famous medicinal recipe that is extensively used as an antioxidant treatment
This study showed that bee products alleviated the toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide
Summary
The intensification of pesticides exhibits a prompt threat to human health, while the gradual build-up of pesticides in the environment and the human body cause serious toxic effects [1,2].Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are readily used worldwide to control public health and agricultural pests [3] and have a significant potential health hazard due to their acute or chronic poisoning [4].Molecules 2020, 25, 2633; doi:10.3390/molecules25112633 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesSumithion (SUM, O, O-dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) is a contact-acting-OP insecticide that is used against mites and insects on vegetables, rice, cereals, and cotton [5]. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are readily used worldwide to control public health and agricultural pests [3] and have a significant potential health hazard due to their acute or chronic poisoning [4]. SUM is distinguished by a rapid and severe absorption in the digestive tract and a preferable aggregation in the liver and blood [6]. Previous studies have shown that SUM causes remarkable changes in several organs such as the kidneys, brain, reproductive organs, and liver [5,6]. Many reports revealed that OPs bind to DNA [7]. The DNA damage triggers a machinery response like MAPK, NF-κB, and p53 mechanisms that control genes associated with the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca+2 apoptosis and homeostasis [8]. Vanova et al [9] hypothesized that
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