ADAPTATION OF GLOBAL TRENDS IN TERRITORIAL BRANDING TO UKRAINIAN REQUIREMENTS

This research study presents a new model of immigration federalism which integrates existing theories into a framework that emphasizes agency at the local level. Unlike dominant models of federalism that observe the cascading effect of higher-level policy on lower levels of government, this research focuses on empirical evidence at the local level to understand its relation to policy at higher levels. Immigration federalism is receiving substantial interest in scholarly work and in practice, but it lacks a cohesive and comprehensive theory explaining variation at the community level. There is little reason to expect sweeping changes in immigration policy at the federal level anytime soon, but immigration policy continues to change in practice. Understanding changes in immigration policy, particularly at the state and local levels of government, is valuable, and a comprehensive theory of immigration federalism focusing on lower levels of government expands perspectives of federalism. The research for this study follows a nested case study design that involves collecting and analyzing secondary and primary data at the federal, state, and local levels. Secondary data were collected at three levels of government--federal, state, and local--for each case study. Semi-structured interviews of public administrators and community leaders were conducted at the local level. This primary data were analyzed using grounded theory and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The five case studies that result from data collection and analysis frame immigration policy at the federal level, across 50 U.S. states and in Oregon particularly, and in the Oregon cities of Sandy, Nyssa, and Madras. These case studies are compared within and across levels of government to construct a new model of immigration federalism. Following this nested approach, I created and refined a theory of immigration federalism by constructing an overarching framework reflecting the institutional context of immigration policy at the federal, state, and local levels of government. Each level yielded understanding which informed, modified, and optimized information gathering at the next level, so construction of the framework was recursive throughout the research project. The resulting model emphasizes a policy's connection to the public at the local level and highlights the role of governance in balancing rather than resolving tensions. This immigration federalism model helps describe the dynamic nature of the intergovernmental influence and the reality of independent local authority in the United States that results in different policy outcomes locally depending on polity perspectives and civic capacity of the community. Therefore, this model offers a new perspective that encourages scholars and practitioners to value local diversity and the knowledge and expertise--even of complex and controversial policy issues like immigration--inherent in the local community context. The findings of this study reveal that there are more differences than similarities in the capacity of local-level jurisdictions, which ensures that the experience in each jurisdiction will be unique. With this known, the response to federal and state-level immigration policy changes can differ in different localities. The findings of this study also highlight the significance of factors relevant to civic capacity, which can impact immigrants and immigration at the local level. Finally, the study finds that, where local-level public administrators and civic leaders take the initiative to understand their city's historical, racial, ethnic, and immigrant dynamics, informants in the community expressed greater awareness of cross-cultural challenges. The study offers recommendations for public administrators for improving social equity across cultural groups, building civic capacity, and building leadership capacity. The theoretical framework for immigration federalism explains observed relationships between and among levels of government while taking history and the realities of local-level diversity into account. The immigration federalism framework is born of empirical observation and drives theory that is empirically testable, so the framework as it exists now can be built upon by constructing additional state and local-level cases and making comparisons. The functionality of this model has implications for understanding civic capacity and social equity in local jurisdictions and is transferable to policy domains beyond immigration. Environmental policy, including climate change policy, health policies such as maternal health policy, and Indian child welfare policy, are a handful of examples of policy domains for which this model of federalism would be helpful.

Este trabalho analisa os fatores que influenciam a decisão dos empregados em serviços no Brasil, ante a possibilidade de trabalhar no setor privado, no setor público federal, na esfera estadual ou na municipal. Além de testar o papel de um conjunto de atributos pessoais e socioeconômicos na determinação do setor de emprego, examina-se o efeito de variáveis relativas ao background familiar na alocação setorial. Os resultados mostram um efeito intergeracional, com maior probabilidade de emprego no setor público caso o pai tenha sido servidor. Esse efeito, no entanto, tem maior expressão nas esferas estadual e municipal de governo e perdeu importância, ao se compararem os dados de 1996 e de 2014.

Upstream effects of female political reservations

This paper examines the relationship between the policy process for local authority management of air quality and local government initiatives and strategies for carbon mitigation. It seeks to explore the policy and process linkages between the sources of carbon emissions and air quality pollutants in order to assess the potential benefits and/or limitations of an integrated approach for their co-management at a local and regional governance level. Local authorities, as environmental regulators, have a significant role in the UK’s attempts to tackle the problems associated with climate change. This paper describes the extent to which non-statutory management of carbon emissions is undertaken at a local governance level in south west England and examines the extent to which carbon emissions and local air quality management are integrated and co-managed at local and regional governance levels. Results are presented from a questionnaire survey of local authorities in the south west and selected others from England conducted in 2007 and presents interim conclusions.

The paper compared the political structure and service delivery at local government under PDP and APC; Administrations in Kaduna State. The study highlights the significant problems facing local government’s political structure and service delivery in Kaduna State, such as frequent changes of the political structures as well as inadequate essential services. An objective had been set to determine the state of political structure and service delivery at local government level in Kaduna State. The study adopted power theory, which helped in explaining the political structure at local government in Kaduna State. The researchers were used both primary and documentary method in making data for the study, the primary data has been gathered through a questionnaire and oral interview, and documentary data are from official publications such as government periodicals, journals, report, textbooks and internet materials retrieved, mainly with content analysis. The study has revealed that the Kaduna State under PDP administration had been operated a parliamentary political system at a local government level, while APC; administration is operating the presidential political system at a local government level. The study also found out that under PDP administration local government performed better than present administration of APC; The study recommends that a constitutional amendment will be made to grant full autonomy to the local government and uniform political structures should be operated, i.e. presidential system at local government level across the states of the federation. Since the Country has been adopted presidential at state and federal government levels, this is to ensure effective and efficient service delivery at local government level.

Outcomes of realized researches in service benchmarking at the local self government level in Slovakia have showed the limited and merely dummy implementation of this method. The local self government bodies express the ambition to introduce the method of benchmarking in performance management. However, this ambition alone is not sufficient for producing the expected results of benchmarking in higher effectiveness and quality in service delivery. The goal of this paper is to confirm the problem of dummy benchmarking implementation in service management at local government level by outcomes of a primary research realized in 141 self government bodies. The analytical part provides selected data trying to face the relatively optimistic account of benchmarking using in service delivery management given by the attitudes of the local authorities’ representatives towards usage of benchmarking with the outcomes of the service delivery analysis targeting the expected results of benchmarking usage – the proper make or buy decision regarding the effectiveness and quality services. This unique approach comparing the original collected survey data on expressed benchmarking using with supplementary data on services delivery enable to check the reality of benchmarking in service delivery management.

During the first half of the 1920s, with the processes of searching for forms of the national-state structure of the mountain peoples, the mechanisms for their administrative-territorial control were developed. The solutions to these issues were interrelated and interdependent. The policy of the Soviet state was based on the principle of economic gravity of territories and the economic unity of the North Caucasus. At the same time, the regional systems of administrative-territorial admin-istration became a crucial instrument for the national policy of the Soviet government. An effec-tive system was designed that integrated the federal, local, and regional levels of government and management. In this regard, the administration of national autonomies, the South-Eastern region was created, and then the North Caucasus Territory, where a new trend associated with the consol-idation of the administrative and political elite of national autonomies occurred. During that time, the regional systems of administrative-territorial direction became a crucial instrument of the na-tional policy of the Soviet government. In general, an effective system was designed that integrat-ed the federal, regional levels of government and management. It lies in the need to ease territorial conflicts between the mountain peoples and to strengthen the political and economic foundations of national autonomies. The regional systems of administrative-territorial administration became an important instrument of the national policy of the Soviet government. An effective system was designed that integrated the federal, regional and local levels of government and management.

In Nigeria, research on disaster management has witnessed tremendous attention in recent years. However, no known study has directly assessed the country’s main disaster management policy framework. Introduced in 2010 to replace the National Disaster Response Plan, the National Disaster Management Framework (NDMF) represents Nigeria’s attempt to depart from a response-driven system to a proactive and comprehensive one within its federal political structure having three levels of government. In assessing the Framework, two sets of criteria were used. The first is in line with its pre-determined goals while the second set was drawn from the ecological context of the Framework. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. In-depth interviews were conducted with two senior officials of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA); and General Managers of the State Emergency Management Agency of Oyo, Ekiti, Lagos, Osun, and Ogun States. Besides, the NDMF and other secondary materials were read and critically reviewed to generate secondary data. Findings show that despite over a decade since its introduction, the NDMF has not been able to engender the realization of a holistic disaster management system in the country. Rather, it generated rivalry among government agencies assigned to manage disasters. The perceived alienation of many stakeholders especially at the State level in its formulation process; poor funding and lack of political will to execute the provisions of the Framework are notable causes. Knowing the importance of a policy framework in actualizing the goals of disaster management, the paper recommends that stakeholders in the country, especially those at the state and local government levels should be repositioned to play more active roles in the operationalization and implementation of the NDMF.

Taking Stock of Strategies on Climate Change and the Way Forward: A Strategic Climate Change Framework for Australia

The article considers topical issues related to the solution of scientific and practical problems related to the substantiation of the significance of municipalities in the context of strategic planning of spatial development. The relevance is emphasized in the context of the new municipal reform, around which lively debates continue, caused by the expectation of the adoption of a new federal law on the organization of local self-government. In the context of increasing the effectiveness of public policy and ensuring the effective development of the regional economy, it is said about the need to form clear targets and development directions within the framework of strategic planning. Emphasis is placed on the issue of possible innovations in strategic planning at all levels of government: federal, regional and municipal. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation (the first strategy - for the period up to 2025, the second strategy - for the period up to 2030). The importance of the institutional role of strategies is emphasized: they designate methodological approaches to the delineation of the tasks of spatial and territorial planning and management, consolidate the role of spatial strategizing as an independent, significant vector of strategic planning in the state. The characteristic features of the development of the phenomenon of municipal strategizing and its role in the socio-economic development of the modern Russian state are identified and described. It is noted that both strategies of spatial development of the Russian Federation do not fully reveal the possibility and expediency of developing strategizing at the regional and municipal levels, although in practice this process at the level of local government can be actively implemented. Based on the study of the features of strategic planning of spatial development, the undoubted possibilities of effective municipal strategizing are noted, its problems and future prospects are highlighted.

In the United States, trust in government across the federal, state, and local levels has been on the decline for decades. With increasing polarization and politicization, the work of public administrators is frequently made more difficult by challenges that stem from low levels of public trust—responding to these challenges as well as recent calls that encourage public administrators to regain the trust of the public they serve. Could public service motivation (PSM) promote trust in government? We examine the association between PSM and trust in government across the federal, state, and local levels of government in the United States. We find that the association between PSM and governmental trust varies by level of government. At the state and local levels, PSM is positively associated with trust in government. However, we find no significant relationship between PSM and trust at the federal level. Thus, there exists the potential for state and local administrators to use PSM to build trust in the government and to facilitate improved policy implementation. Our findings also provide insight into how key predictors of public trust in government vary at the federal, state, and local levels of the U.S. government.

DROGRAMS dealing with air pollution Pare found at the federal, state and local levels of government. The approach at each of these levels has followed legislative assignment of responsibilities and the recognition that some activities can be carried out more effectively at one of the levels rather than at others. One area of responsibility that has been rather well defined is enforcement or the control of air pollution sources. It has been generally agreed that these activities should be undertaken at the local level of government. This, of course, assumes that the local area is large enough to support a sound program and employ the necessary personnel. Strong local programs usually are found in large communities or in metropolitan regions. The responsibilities of the federal government in air pollution have also been well defined and include research, training, and technical assistance. State approaches to air pollution have probably shown the greatest variation of all levels of government. They reflect the patterns of local government, existence or absence of large metropolitan regions and the nature of the problem and needs in each state. Some programs stress control, while others are mainly concerned with investigations and assistance. It is to be expected that state air pollution programs will differ in accordance with the needs and problems in each instance. In actual practice the differences are probably not so much in the basic elements but, rather, in the extent of the activities that are undertaken. For the purpose of this discussion the principal responsibilities of state programs have been separated into five categories, as follows:

Lessons Relearned? H1N1, COVID-19, and Vaccination Planning.

Introduction. Now China is completing the “State program for medium and long-term reform and development of education for 2010–2020.” The results achieved during the implementation of this program and the new strategy for the development of China’s education, including in the field of higher education and higher education institutions, are becoming a new subject of research in domestic science and require careful study. The purpose of the study is to characterize the current state of Chinese universities and identify a strategy for their development until 2035. Methods and materials. As research methods, analysis of open data sources and comparative analysis were used. The source base includes regulatory documents of the People’s Republic of China in the field of education (laws, the state program and state projects), CPC documents related to the development of the education system (reports of the party congress and plenum), information resources of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (National Statistical Reports on Education Development for 2016–2018), data from QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings for the period 2016–2020. Analysis. As a result of the reform, the gross enrollment ratio of high school education (10–12 grades) increased from 79.2% (2009) to 88.8% (2018), and higher education from 24.2% (2009) to 48.1% (2018). The fulfillment of the tasks of reforming the higher education system, including the implementation of Projects 211 and 985, by the beginning of the 13th five-year plan (2016) has enabled 85 Chinese universities to enter the world ranking THE (2016–2017). In 2016, China switched to a new strategy for the global development of higher education, embarking on the implementation of the “Project of First-Class Universities and Scientific Disciplines”. At the 19th CPC Congress (2017), this strategy was supplemented by the task of intensive development of higher education. Currently, the global development strategy for higher education and universities in the country is continuing as part of the overall modernization of education, according to which China plans to strengthen the combined power and influence of country’s education in the international arena by 2020, and by 2035 to increase the competitiveness of higher education in the context of transforming the country into a global educational power. Results. The results of the study include the following: 1) the current state of Chinese universities significantly exceeds the state of 2009 in both quantitative and qualitative indicators; 2) the modern strategy for the development of higher education is the strategy of global development of Chinese universities, aimed at their achievement of leading and first positions in the world, as well as strengthening the competitiveness of China’s higher education, contributing to the transformation of China into a world educational power in 2035.

The use of accrual accounting in the public sector is relatively a recent phenomenon with pro and against groups of practitioners and academics. The movement from cash accounting to accrual accounting is a subject of substantial debates all around the world. At the EU requirements and also at the requirements of the International Monetary System, the World Bank, the European Bank and OECD, Romania adopted the accrual accounting system in the public sector started with 2006 year, for all public entities. The objectives of our research were: · to estimate the benefits and costs involved in the transition towards the accrual accounting system in the public sector, in local governments. · to analyze how is perceived the new accounting system by practitioners from all levels of local governments: county, city and village. The research was developed in Transylvania region in the follows counties Cluj, Bistrita Nasaud, Arad, Salaj, Maramures, Satu Mare, Bihor, Mures, Covasna, Harghita at the level of local public governments with the help of Cluj Regional Training Center for Local Governments Employees, and The Chartered Public Accountants Body from Romania (CECCAR). In each county were organized two round tables with practitioners in accounting from local governments, one in November-December 2005 before the implementation of the new accounting system and one in February-March 2006. The subject of the first round table was to analyze if the practitioners are prepared for the new system and the subject of the second round table was to analyze the problems appeared at the movement from cash accounting to accrual accounting and to find together solutions. At each round table we distributed questionnaires to collect information. The main results and findings are the follow: there is a huge difference between accountants from cities and towns and communes taking in consideration: the experience working with IT systems, the attitude about the new accounting system, but all of them realized the increased complexity of the financial statements implemented by the new accounting system. They understand the role of developing accounting policies. An important problem is the negative attitude of managers. In accountants' opinion, regarding the new accounting system, the majority answers present the lack of understanding by management, without interest, without support for accountants. In conclusion all accountants consider important to develop them skills in applying the new accounting system. A valid conclusion about the benefits of the accrual accounting system we can obtain only after some years of application.