Abstract
Membrane desalination technology has emerged in recent years as the most viable solution to water shortage. However, despite the enormous improvement in membrane desalination technology, some critical developments are still necessary in order to accomplish possible improvements in the process efficiency (to increase recovery), operational stability (to reduce fouling and scaling problems), environmental impact (to reduce brine disposal), water quality (to remove harmful substances) and costs. In particular, cost- effective and environmentally-sensitive concentrate management is today recognized as a significant obstacle to extensive implementation of desalination technologies. As a result of the significant impact of desalination plants on the environment, the requirements for concentrate management are brine disposal minimization and zero liquid discharge (ZLD), both being the demanding targets for several applications. Conventional pressure-driven membranes such as MF, NF and RO were integrated with the innovative units of membrane contactors such as Membrane Distillation/Crystallization (MD/MC). The integration of different membrane units represents an interesting way for achieving the ZLD goal due to the possibility of overcoming the limits of the single units, thus improving the performance of the overall operation.
Published Version
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