A Systematic Review on Lumpy Skin Disease

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) results in significant financial setbacks for the livestock sector. This condition is instigated by the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family, and the Neethling strain serves as its reference or prototype. LSDV is a member of the Capripoxvirus genus, which also includes the sheep pox and goat pox viruses. LSD is an enzootic, contagious, eruptive, and seldom lethal illness of cattle defined by skin nodules. The only impacted animal species are cattle and water buffalo, which have significant morbidity rates but minimal death. But calf mortality rates are greater. LSD impairs the production of milk and beef, results in female miscarriages, and makes males sterile. The initial outbreaks of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) were first documented in Zambia in the year 1929. LSD's origins date back to 1929 in Zambia. In Africa, LSD is seen as an endemic illness. In 1984, the illness was spread outside of Africa. It has been documented in Madagascar and a few Middle Eastern and Arab Gulf countries. Recent reports of the sickness in LSD-free nations (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran and Iraq) with possible financial harm to the cattle sector. Both the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have issued warnings regarding the potential for the transmission of diseases to result in substantial economic repercussions. This disease diminishes the milk production of cows due to the presence of oral ulcers, which weaken the animals and cause a loss of appetite. The objective of this review article is to examine Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in the context of the current situation, particularly in relation to the growing concern about the disease spreading to countries that have thus far remained LSD-free.