Sheep and Goat Pox

Abstract

Sheep pox (SPP) and goat pox (GTP) are viral diseases of sheep and goats caused by sheep pox virus (SPPV) and goat pox virus (GTPV), respectively. SPPV and GTPV belong to the genus Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae, together with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of cattle. They have double-stranded DNA genomes of approximately 134–147 kbp. SPPV and GTPV are closely related to LSDV though they possess specific nucleotide differences suggesting distinct phylogeny. SPP and GTP are notifiable diseases to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). They are highly contagious diseases: the viruses spread through direct contact with lesions or contaminated objects, feed, and wool. SPP and GTP are endemic in Africa (except southern Africa), central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Turkey, Greece, and some eastern European countries. Clinically, the presence of nodular skin lesions, mostly around the mouth and perineum regions, is a typical sign of the disease. Capripoxviruses classification and their nomenclature have been mainly based on the affected host species, creating a challenge for isolates naming. For a more accurate naming, it is better to use molecular methods as support to identify and classify capripoxvirus isolates. Conventional and real-time PCR methods are available that could help with the simultaneous detection and genotyping of the viruses. SPPV and GTPV as well as LSDV cross-react serologically, making it difficult to differentiate them using serological methods. To prevent and control SPP and GTP, illegal animal movement restrictions and vaccination campaigns with adequate vaccines and sufficient vaccination coverage are two very effective measures. The development of a high-throughput serological assay (ELISA) with better sensitivity and specificity and the development of a safe and effective vaccine, which can support the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), are highly required.