Abstract
The piping and instrumentation diagram (PID or P&ID) shows the engineering details of the process equipment, instruments, valves, actuators, shared display devices, piping and fittings; and their arrangement. The ISA-5.1 symbols and nomenclature for P&I diagrams is explained and examples are given. The principles of operation of gate valves, globe valves, plug valves, ball valves, diaphragm valves, butterfly valves and relief valves are described. Calculation of pressure drop in pipelines and process equipment is reviewed for Newtonian, non-Newtonian and two-phase flows. The design and selection of compressors and pumps should be treated as part of the design of a hydraulic system that also comprises the equipment, piping and associated valves and fittings, and the pump and valve must be designed together to guarantee operability over the desired range of control. Mechanical design of piping under the ASME B31.3 code is introduced and a method is given for selecting the optimal pipe diameter. An overview of basic control schemes for typical unit operations is given, including level control, pressure control, flow control, ratio control, cascade control, reboiler control, condenser control, distillation column control and reactor control. The purpose and placement of alarms is discussed. A brief overview is given of current topics in advanced digital control and process automation
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