Abstract
This chapter focuses on the issue of designing an automation system with 100% availability when required. The provisions for enhancing availability begin with some basics on availability enhancement through standby or redundancy. There are several standby schemes available for automation systems such as no-standby, cold standby, and hot standby. An extra unit called cold standby, which is physically and functionally identical to the working unit, is kept ready for immediate one-to-one replacement if the working unit fails. The drawback to the cold-standby arrangement is overcome by the hot standby. The hot-standby unit is kept ready to take over from the failed unit automatically. The most critical modules in the information flow whose individual failure contributes to the fatal failure in distributed control system (DCS) are: processor in controller, Ethernet I/F in controller and LAN. Availability enhancement in network control system (NCS) is similar to that of DCS. To support redundant equipment in the process plant, an automation system can support I/O redundancy for the redundant plant equipment with its associated instrumentation.
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