Abstract
Natural water sources in many countries are inadequate in meeting the current water needs of the rapidly increasing population, as such; the reuse of treated water has gained significant importance as a means of water supply enhancement to cope with the current water scarcity. Recent developments in membrane techniques have led to the recycling of wastewater for the generation of potable water reuse. Even though public understanding can be a problem, potable water reuse is usually the lowest energy-intensive process in supplying excess drinking water to various water-stressed regions. Different membranes have been fabricated which can eliminate the water pollutants varying from pathogens and micro contaminants to salts and dissolved organic molecules. In general, treatment plants for potable water recycling utilize polymeric membranes for ultrafiltration and microfiltration processes in combination with reverse osmosis/nanofiltration. The objective of this chapter is to provide a thorough understanding of the role of membrane technology along with its process components in the treatment of wastewater to reclaimed water and to emphasize the recent developments and requirements in separation techniques. This chapter discusses various eco-friendly approaches for membrane fouling mitigation that is currently being used or under consideration. Apart from the membrane, this chapter also covers the background and report on potable water reuse, the common scope of treated water reuse in different applications, benefits, and drawbacks associated with water reuse along with its pretreatment steps. Challenges subjected to membrane-assisted potable water reuse applications including membrane fouling, pollutant removal potential, and public perception regarding water reuse are emphasized as areas in need of further research and development.
Published Version
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