14 - Coating of hydroxyapatite and substituted apatite on dental and orthopedic implants

Abstract

This chapter deals with the coating of hydroxyapatite (HA) and substituted apatite on dental and orthopedic implants. HA has chemically and crystallographically similar composition to the natural bone. Because of better osteointegration, biocompatibility, and coating adhesion to the implant surface, HA seeks the attention of researchers. In this chapter, various coating properties and the effect of various dopants and substituents such as Ag, Zn, Mg, Sr, Si, Cu, carbonate and fluoride are discussed, which enhanced the clinical performance of implant material. Detailed description of coating techniques used to deposit HA on dental and orthopedic implants as well as the road map to develop and modify these coatings have been presented. Poor adhesion, nonuniform thickness, and highly porous nature of coating act as major challenges to overcome and some future opportunities to modify these coatings, which can make the coated implant further improved and clinically beneficial. Furthermore, readers will find the comprehensive summary with critically assessed techniques, interaction of coatings with host tissues, challenges, and future opportunities. These comprehensive details are considered extremely valuable not only for graduate students but also for the researchers who are trying to modify these coatings and continuously trying to overcome the existing challenges. This summarized information is also considered beneficial for industrial applications of HA coatings to design, develop, and manufacture futuristic medical implants.