Abstract
The rapidly growing population and the exhaustion of nonrenewable energy sources have prompted research towards sustainable approaches. Integrated biorefineries have emerged as innovative multistaged, complex systems for developing high-value renewable bioproducts and biofuels. This chapter details the chemical and biological processes forming these integrated biorefinery systems. The different feedstocks, pretreatment methods, and pretreatment selection criteria for biorefineries are outlined. Following this, the commonly employed fermentation bioprocess types are presented and compared. Subsequently, the microbial fermentative production of biofuels (bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biogas) and value-added products (lactic acid, itaconic acid, succinic acid, benzaldehyde, biochar, and bio-oil) are presented. Next, innovations in lignocellulosic biorefineries are highlighted, followed by the life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of biorefineries. Lastly, the current challenges and future trends toward achieving integrated biorefineries are discussed.
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