Abstract
This chapter illustrates geometrical optics, a knowledge of which is needed to analyze an extremely wide range of instruments: cathode-ray tubes; the family of electron microscopes, which now includes the fixed-beam and scanning transmission instruments, the scanning electron microscope and the emission microscope; electron spectrometers and mass spectrographs if one includes charged particles other than electrons; image converters; electron interferometers and diffraction devices; electron welding machines; and electron-beam lithography devices. A knowledge of the wave properties of the electron is essential to understand the concept of resolution in electron microscopes, to analyze the interactions between electron beams and targets of all kinds, and to analyze the behavior of electron interferometers and diffraction devices and of course to comprehend electron holography.
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