Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of the operational amplifier, also known as the op-amp. The term “operational amplifier” describes an important amplifier circuit that can form the basis of audio and video amplifiers, filters, buffers, line drivers, instrumentation amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, and many other analog circuits. The op-amp is a simple building block. It has two inputs, one is called the inverting input (often labelled “–” ) and the other is called the noninverting input (often labelled “+”). With suitable capacitive coupling, the op-amp is used in many AC amplifier circuits. The output voltage is the difference in voltages between the inverting and noninverting inputs, multiplied by the gain. Thus, the op-amp is a differential amplifier. The op-amp must have pertinent feedback to perform useful functions. Most designs use negative feedback to control the gain and to provide linear operation. Negative feedbacks are provided by components, such as resistors, connected between the op-amp's output and its inverting (–) input, while the nonlinear circuits, such as comparators and oscillators, use positive feedbacks by having components connected between the op-amp's output and its noninverting (+) input.
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