Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide middle school teachers with specific guidelines in order to design and develop online teaching and learning plans. Since they encountered unprecedented difficulties caused by COVID-19 in 2020, they strongly demanded detailed information on method of how to construct the online teaching and learning plans. This study investigated an ideal model for online teaching and learning in order to establish theoretical foundation of online teaching and learning in middle school. With this theoretical model, it furthered 21 principles, 62 guidelines, and specific procedures. In order to secure validity and usability of the developed model and principles, educational experts examined these products. The result of usability evaluation revealed that these products can be employed appropriately in middle school. The output of this research can provide teachers with detailed information and useful guidelines for design and development of online teaching and learning plans in middle school, and innovate educational systems in the future.
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