Application and Practice of MOOCs in the Teaching of Primary and Middle Schools

A cross-sectional study on the analysis of the current situation of depression and anxiety among primary and secondary school students in Urumqi City in 2021: A case study of S district

Objective To understand the current situation of breakfast consumption and its influencing factors in primary and middle school students in a poor rural area in a city in Guizhou Province, and to provide scientific basis for child nutrition education and intervention. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey of breakfast behavior and influencing factors among 2 833 students from 3 primary schools and 3 middle schools in a area of Guizhou Province from April to June 2019. Results The most frequently consumed breakfast was rice noodle products (71.66%), followed by fresh vegetables (45.89%), milk (35.55%), meat/egg/fish (29.33%), beans (19.52%), and fresh fruits (18.74%). The proportion of having breakfast everyday among elementary and middle school students who was 62.97%, and having breakfast 4 一 6 days peer week was 22.80%, and 14.23% with ≤3 days peer week, and the proportion of boys who ate breakfast every day (65.07%) was higher than girls (61.00%) ( χ 2 = 10.01, P <0.05). The proportion of low quality breakfast was 71.87%, and girls (73.68%) were higher than boys (69.94%) (χ 2 = 9.29, P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that grade of school, boarding school, and sleep quality are all influencing factors for whether to eat breakfast every day; grade of school, whether to stay at school were factors that affect breakfast quality ( P <0.05). Conclusion The frequency and quality of breakfast need more improvement among middle and primary school students in a poor rural area of a city in Guizhou Province. Students, parents, and teachers should be educated on nutrition to promote healthy eating and sleeping habits and improve student health. 【摘要】 目的 了解贵州省农村贫困地区中小学生早餐现状及影响因素, 为开展儿童营养教育及制定干预措施提供科学 依据。 方法 采用分层整群抽样方法, 于 2019 年 4—6 月对贵州省某市 3 所小学和 3 所中学 2 833 名学生进行早餐行为与 影响因素问卷调査。 结果 中小学生早餐食用频率最髙的是谷薯类 (71.66%), 其次为新鲜蔬菜 (45.89%)、奶类 (35.55% )、肉/蛋/鱼类 (29.33% )、豆类 (19.52% )、新鲜水果 (18.74% )。中小学生能每天吃早餐的比例为62.97%, 每周吃 4~ 6次早餐的为 22.80%, ≤3 次的为14.23%, 男生每天都吃早餐的比例 (65.07% )髙于女生 (61.00% ), 差异有统计学意义 (χ 2 = 10.01, P <0.05)。早餐营养差的比例达 71.87%, 女生 (73.68%)髙于男生 (69.94%) (χ 2 = 9.29, P <0.05)。Logistic 回归 分析结果显示, 学段、是否住校、睡眠质量均是每天吃早餐的影响因素；学段、是否住校是早餐质量的影响因素 (P值均< 0.05)。 结论 贵州省某市农村贫困地区中小学生每天吃早餐的比例较低, 早餐营养质量差。应对学生、家长、老师开展营 养知识教育, 促使学生养成健康的饮食和睡眠生活习惯, 改善学生健康状况。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and to explore the association between extracurricular physical activity and dyslipidemia among primary, middle and high school students in Guangzhou. Methods: This cross-sectional study selected primary and middle school students in Guangzhou by the stratified cluster sampling method from March to December 2019. Physical examination and blood lipid test were performed. Information about students' basic characteristics and extracurricular physical activity was collected by questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between extracurricular physical activity and dyslipidemia in this cohort. Results: A total of 7 797 participants (mean aged (12.2±2.9) years) were included (4 194 (53.79%) boys and 3 603 (46.21%) girls]. The detection rates of high total cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dyslipidemia were 12.49% (974/7 797), 6.44% (502/7 797), 6.62% (516/7 797), 11.31% (882/7 797) and 23.83% (1 858/7 797), respectively. Dyslipidemia rate was lower in the junior school students (21.39% (675/3 156)) than in primary school students (25.96% (896/3 451)) and high-school students (24.12% (287/1 190)) (P<0.001). The dyslipidemia rates of boys and girls were similar (23.15% (971/4 194) vs. 24.62% (887/3 603), P>0.05). Dyslipidemia rate was lower in students with extracurricular physical activity than in students without extracurricular physical activity (22.50% (923/4 102) vs. 25.30% (935/3 695), P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that extracurricular physical activity was associated with lower risk of dyslipidemia (OR=0.88, 95%CI=0.79-0.99, P=0.033). Among all types of extracurricular physical activities, participating in extracurricular large ball game was associated with 28% lower risk among junior school students (OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.57-0.91, P=0.006). Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high among primary, middle and high school students in Guangzhou. Extracurricular physical activity is associated with reduced risk of dyslipidemia in this cohort.

This paper is used to know about the psychological health situation for middle and primary school students in Xianning City and provide a certain empirical basis for meaningful development of psychological health education and psychological assistance. This paper uses the MHT scale prepared by Bucheng Zhou professor et al. to conduct a test for 1000 students in 7 middle and primary schools in Xianning City. The detection rate of psychological health problem accounts for 1.6% where the positive detection rate of study anxiety ranks first (43.2%). The psychological health situations have much difference in sex (t = -4. 624, P<0. 001), and it’s lower in male students than female ones. There is a significant difference between the psychological health situation for only and non-only children (t = -2. 519, P<0. 01).There is a significant difference on the psychological health situation for primary school, middle school and high school students (F = 11. 3, P<0. 001), and the psychological health situation of primary school students is better than that for middle school students. It can be concluded that the psychological health situation of middle and primary school students in Xianning City is fairly good, and the psychological health situation for male student, only children and primary school student is also fairly good.

Prevalence, frequency, intensity, and location of cigarette use among adolescents in China from 2013–14 to 2019: Findings from two repeated cross-sectional studies

Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı sınıflarda öğrenim gören öğrencilerin oyun kavramı hakkındaki görüşlerini ürettikleri metaforlar aracılığıyla incelemektir. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırmanın doğasına uygun olarak olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Etik kuralların dikkate alındığı araştırmanın katılımcılarını ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise son sınıfların her birinden 200’er olmak üzere, toplamda 600 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışma grubunu oluşturan katılımcılar küme örnekleme yöntemiyle, küme örneklemini oluşturan katılımcılar da maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Verilerin elde edilmesinde, her bir katılımcının ‘oyun …… gibidir / benzer; çünkü …….’ biçimindeki oyun kavramına yönelik açık uçlu bir maddenin bulunduğu formu doldurması istenmiştir. Öğrencilerden elde edilen veriler, daha sonrasında içerik analizi tekniğiyle analiz edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin oyun kavramına yönelik metaforik algıları incelendiğinde ilkokul son sınıflarda 72, ortaokul son sınıflarda 96 ve lise son sınıflarda 78 farklı anlamın yüklendiği görülmüştür ve oyun kavramı toplamda 246 metafor aracılığıyla açıklanmıştır. Bu metaforlar incelendiğinde ilkokul son sınıf öğrencilerinden 17; ortaokul son sınıf öğrencilerinden 19 ve lise son sınıf öğrencilerinden 17 olmak üzere toplamda 53 kategori elde edilmiştir. Bu kategorilere bağlı olarak, oyun kavramının ortak ve farklı metaforlar aracılığıyla temsil edildiği gözlenmiştir. Buna göre, ilkokul son sınıf öğrencileri oyun kavramını en sıklıkla ‘eğlence, arkadaş, kitap ve saklambaç’ metaforlarıyla; ortaokul son sınıf öğrencileri ‘hayat, eğlence, arkadaş, iyi vakit geçirme’ metaforlarıyla, lise son sınıf öğrencileri ise ‘hayat, eğlence, çocuk, futbol ve yemek’ metaforlarıyla ifade edilmiştir.

Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Vary in Frequency and Purpose When Using Online Digital References

Objective: To examine whether sleep status and social jet lag are related to the mental health behaviors in children and adolescents, providing a reference for preventing and improving children and adolescents' mental health behaviors. Methods: A large cross-section was conducted in Baoan District, Shenzhen, from April to May 2019. A total of 30 188 adolescents and children in grades 1-12 in 14 schools were included. The growth trajectory and health index questionnaire of primary and secondary school students were designed to evaluate the sleep status. Mental health behavior problems among students were accessed using the parents' and students' versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. After controlling for confounding factors of demographic variables, including gender, age, parental education level, academic performance, learning burden, and noise impact, a multivariate logistic regression model was used for statistical analyses. Results: The sleep duration of four grades students were 90.4％,90.1％, 98.2％, and 98.4％, respectively. 19.9％ did not have a post-lunch nap. 19.6％ had a wake-up delay of more than or equal to 2 h weekend morning. 35.1％ had an inconsistent bedtime and 15.5％ had an inconsistent awakening time. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that compared with 8-9 h, the sleep duration of elementary school juniors at night less than or equal to 7 h, 7-8 h increased the risk of psychological behavior problems. The sleep time more than 9 h was negatively correlated with psychological behavior problems. The sleep duration of elementary school seniors less than or equal to 7 h increased the risk of psychological behavior problems. The sleep duration of middle school and high school students less than or equal to 6 h increased psychological behavior problems. The ORs (95％CI) appeared as 2.53(1.85-3.47), 2.41(1.11-5.25), respectively. The ones with a sleep time more than 9 h also increased the risk, and ORs (95％CI) appeared as 2.37(1.40-4.01), 5.38 (1.79-16.1), respectively. Both the absence of post-lunch nap and the nap time less than 0.5 h were risk factors for psychological behavior problems in primary and middle school students. The nap time over 1-2 h was also a risk factor for high school students' psychological behavior problems. Waking up at irregular times in the morning, going to bed at varying times in the evening, and delaying getting up for more than or equal to 2 h on weekends were all risk factors for psychological and behavioral problems among primary and middle school students. The ORs (95％CI) of psychological behavior problems of elementary school juniors and seniors, middle school and high school students were 2.07 (1.45-2.97), 1.57 (1.09-2.26), 2.66 (2.06-3.44), 2.48 (1.96-3.15), respectively. Conclusions: Sleep duration, no post-lunch sleep, and daily intraindividual variability of sleep is positively associated with poor mental health. Additionally, social jet lag is associated with mental health problems in students. It is noted that delaying sleep within half an hour on the weekends of elementary school juniors is significantly associated with an increase in bad mental behavior.

Background: This study aim to compare between middle and high school students on the relationship of high-caffeine drinks and mental health.Methods: This national cross-sectional secondary study used data from the 20th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2024). The respondents of this study were 54,653 middle and high school students. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and complex sample logistic regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Results: Respondents of ‘much’ perceived stress consumed 1.493 times (P&lt;0.001) more high-caffeine drinks in middle school and 1.699 times (P&lt;0.001) in high school than those of ‘little.’ Respondents of ‘yes’ sadness &amp; despair consumed 1.189 times (P&lt;0.001) more high-caffeine drinks in middle school and consumed 1.142 times (P&lt;0.001) in high school than those of ‘no.’ Suicidal ideation and loneliness variables were statistically significant in middle school, but not in high school. Conclusions: It was concluded that middle and high school students who were more stressed and experienced sadness &amp; despair consumed more high-caffeine drinks. However, only middle school students who experienced suicidal ideation and loneliness consumed more high-caffeine drinks. Recognizing each characteristic of middle and high school students, tailored intervention program should be developed based on the community and school.

This study aimed to determine counseling needs of female gifted students in the Asir region, as well as to identify the differences in the level of needs among female gifted students due to the school stage, and develop a proposed counseling plan. The researchers selected a random sample of (339) female gifted students in middle and high school for the academic year 1439/1440 AH, who were classified as gifted according to the classification of the Ministry of Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, their ages ranging between (13-18) years. The number of female gifted students at Middle schools in the research sample were 163 students (48%) their ages ranged between 13-15 years with an average age of 13.97 year and a standard deviation of 0.765, but the number of female gifted students in the secondary schools of the study sample was (176) students (52%), their ages ranging between (16-18) years, with an average age of 17.06 year and a standard deviation of (0.886). The researchers applied the scale of counseling needs of gifted students(prepared by the researchers) on them. The results showed that the total score of counseling needs, educational counseling needs, psychological and social counseling needs of gifted students from the middle schools were high (76.895, 39.184, 37.716) respectively, and the total score of counseling needs, educational needs, psychological and social needs were also high among female gifted students at the secondary schools (77.364, 36.369, 40, 994) respectively. The results showed statistically significant differences at the level of (0.01) among the average scores of the educational counseling needs due to the school stage, the differences were in favor of female gifted students in the middle schools (t = 5.621), which was the highest educational counseling needs (t =7.923), while the differences in the total score of the counseling needs among middle and secondary schools female gifted students were not significant. score in the middle and secondary schools were not significant (t = 0.594). The results have been interpreted in light of the theoretical framework and previous studies. A number of recommendations and a counseling plan for gifted students at the middle and secondary schools have also been proposed as a guide for gifted student counselors.

The purpose of this study is to carry out a survey of the oral health and maxillofacial trauma status of middle and high school students in Jeollabuk-do for establishing therapeutic and preventive measures and using as basic data on oral health care in an adolescent period. The results of this study are as follows. First, the prevalence status of oral diseases showed that male middle and female high school students have a little bit more dental caries than female middle and male high school students. And male middle and female high school students had more periodontitis than female middle and male high school students. Second, the maxillofacial trauma status of middle and high school students showed that both male middle and high school students have a little bit more experience of maxillofacial trauma than both female middle and high school students. And male middle and high school students had more experience of maxillofacial trauma than female middle and high school students, driven by unilateral hit in the fighting between male middle school students, and a car accident, fall, exercise, game, or unilateral hit in the fighting between male high school students. Third, the oral health status of middle and high school students showed that high school students have more dental caries, sealed permanent teeth, DMFT(Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth), and periodontitis than middle school students. Consequently, education for regular oral health care should be conducted through the importance of oral health care, and a systematic early diagnosis and remedy. It is urgent for adolescents to change their perception of the prevalence control, poor care prevention, and replacement reduction related to the importance of oral care.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased considerably among U.S. youths since 2011. Tobacco use among youths in any form, including e-cigarettes, is unsafe. Tobacco product advertising can persuade youths to start using tobacco. CDC analyzed data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette advertisement exposure among U.S. middle school and high school students. The 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey of middle school and high school students in grades 6-12, included 22,007 participants. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements (categorized as "sometimes," "most of the time," or "always") was assessed for four sources: retail stores, Internet, TV and movies, and newspapers and magazines. Weighted exposure estimates were assessed overall and by school type, sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. In 2014, 68.9% of middle and high school students (18.3 million) were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements from at least one source. Among middle school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (52.8%), followed by Internet (35.8%), TV and movies (34.1%), and newspapers and magazines (25.0%). Among high school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (56.3%), followed by Internet (42.9%), TV and movies (38.4%), and newspapers and magazines (34.6%). Among middle school students, 23.4% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.4% from two sources, 13.7% from three sources, and 11.9% from four sources. Among high school students, 21.1% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.0% from two sources, 14.5% from three sources, and 18.2% from four sources. Approximately seven in 10 U.S. middle and high school students were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements in 2014. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements might contribute to increased use of e-cigarettes among youths. Multiple approaches are warranted to reduce youth e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements, including efforts to reduce youth access to settings where tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, are sold, and regulation of youth-oriented e-cigarette marketing.

Middle school has been identified as the prime age group to begin nursing recruitment efforts because students have malleable perceptions about nursing as a future career choice. The purpose of this integrative review is to present a brief overview of research processes related to middle school students' perceptions of nursing as a future career choice and to critically evaluate the current instruments used to measure middle and high school students' perceptions of nursing as a career choice. An integrative review of the years 1989 to 2009 was conducted searching Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine PubMed service (PubMed), and Ovid MEDLINE databases using the key words career, choice, future, ideal, nursing, and perception. Reference lists of retrieved studies were hand searched, yielding a total of 22 studies. Inclusion criteria were (a) sample of middle school students, (b) sample of high school students, (c) mixed sample including middle or high school students, and (4) samples other than middle or high school students if the instrument was tested with middle or high school students in a separate study. Ten studies met these criteria. Of the 10 studies, samples were 30% middle school students; 40% high school students; 10% mixed, including school-aged students; and 20% college students with an instrument tested in middle school students. Eighty percent of participants were White females. Overall, participants' socioeconomic status was not identified. A single study included a theoretical framework. Five instruments were identified and each could be completed in 15 to 30 min. The most commonly used instrument is available free of charge. Seventy percent of the studies used Cronbach's alpha to report instrument reliability (0.63 to 0.93), whereas 30% failed to report reliability. Fifty percent of the studies established validity via a "panel of experts," with three of those studies further describing the panel of experts. Samples of white females may hinder generalization. Socioeconomic status was not consistently reported and may be an important factor with regard to perceptions of nursing as a career choice. An overall absence of theoretical framework hinders empirical data from being applied to nursing theories that in turn may support nursing concepts. The reporting of reliability and validity may be improved by further defining panel of experts and expanding the number of experts (more than seven). More in-depth evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instruments with more diverse populations is needed. Rigorously tested instruments may be useful in determining middle school students' perceptions about nursing. Therefore, future researchers should consider testing existing instruments in the middle school population, adhering to theoretical frameworks, diversifying the sample population, and clearly reporting reliability and validity to gain knowledge about middle school students' perceptions about a nursing career.

To analyze and describe the status and characteristics of using electronic screens of primary and middle school students in China from 2016 to 2017. From 2016 to 2017, 275 monitoring points were selected from 31 provinces in China, and 280 primary and middle school students were selected from each monitoring point to complete the survey. Using the suggestion from "Healthy China Initiative(2019-2030)"of which the screen time of primary and middle school students should be less than one hour per day as the standard. A total of 74 314 primary and secondary school students(except grade 9 and grade 12) were included in this study. Among them, there were 37 147 boys(50.0%) and 37 167 girls(50.0%); 44 612 pupils(60.0%), 14 858 junior school students(20.0%), and 14 844 senior high school students(20.0%); 38 995(52.5%) rural students and 35 319(47.5%) urban students; 53 287 boarding students(71.7%) and 20 537 day students(27.6%). From 2016 to 2017, the average daily screen time of Chinese primary school students was 1.45 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.14(0.57, 1.93) h. That of junior high school students was 1.92 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.43(0.71, 2.48) h. That of senior high school students was 2.37 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.71(0.90, 3.02) h. The average daily screen time qualified rates of primary school, junior high and senior high school students were 46.1%, 37.1% and 27.7%, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, the most used electronic screen products of primary school students in China were TV/videos(62%), followed by mobile phones(21%). Junior high school students spent 38% and 37% of the total time watching TV/videos and playing mobile phones, respectively. High school students spend the longest time using mobile phones(49%) of the total time, followed by watching TV/videos(26%). With the increasing of grade, screen time became longer, and screen time qualified rate dropped. Moreover, the most used electronic screens were mobile phones and TV/videos.

Objective: To analyze the daily drinking behavior and related factors of primary and middle school students in the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) pilot regions. Methods: Multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select one to three national pilot counties in 22 provinces in central and western China where the NIPRCES was implemented in 2019. According to different feeding patterns, two primary schools and two middle schools were selected as key monitoring schools. One or two classes were selected from grade 3 to grade 9. The student questionnaire was used to collect the basic information and daily drinking behavior. Taking whether the drinking water ≥5 cups every day as the dependent variable, multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of drinking behavior among students. Results: A total of 27 374 students were included. On average, primary and middle school students in the regions where NIPRCES was implemented had 3.9 cups of water every day. Logistic regression model showed that boys (OR=1.230, P<0.001), primary school students (OR=1.379, P<0.001), father worked outside the home (OR=1.169, P<0.001), both parents worked outside the home (OR=1.228, P<0.001), non-resident students (OR=1.142, P<0.001), the school in the village (OR=1.638, P<0.001) or township (OR=1.358, P<0.001), school feeding (OR=1.252, P<0.001), the school building with flush toilets (OR=1.384, P<0.001) and the central regions (OR=1.300, P<0.001) students were more likely to drink ≥5 cups water every day. Conclusion: The water consumption of primary and middle school students in the pilot regions of NIPRCES is low, and their drinking behaviors are affected by many factors.