Abstract
Methods for producing lactic acid using yeast strains constructed by cutting-edge methods of genetic engineering are discussed in the review. Some of the latest studies and patents on increasing the productivity of yeast strains producing lactic acid and improving their characteristics using genome editing methods, as well as imparting the ability to synthesize lactic acid to new yeast strains that have not previously been used for this purpose are presented. New yeast strains producing lactic acid are obtained by transforming the original strains with plasmid vectors carrying a foreign lactate dehydrogenase gene or an existing enhanced one. To introduce a foreign gene into a plasmid, homologous recombination is mainly used, which underlies the modern method of genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9. To enhance an existing gene, plasmids in which genes encoding enzymes of competing metabolic pathways are knocked out, or plasmids with increased copies of the LDH gene and an enhanced corresponding promoter are developed. In addition, by editing the genome of yeast cells, it is possible to increase their acid tolerance, reduce the synthesis of by-products, and impart the ability to use new substrates for the synthesis of lactic acid.
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