Методичний інструментарій стратегічного розвитку та нарощення конкурентоздатності морських портів України

The main regularities of the development of commercial seaports in 1956-1972, during the period of extensive growth of the USSR economy, are determined. This period is characterized by a high average annual growth rate of port cargo turnover, the level of which will not be reached before the collapse of the USSR. A comparison is made between the cargo turnover of Soviet ports and US ports. A quantitative assessment of the influence of the course of the Soviet leadership on the extraction and export of natural resources in the global distribution of labor on the development of seaports has been carried out. The growth of the foreign trade cargo turnover of the USSR is studied in comparison with the growth in the volume of transshipment of export and import cargoes in seaports. A significant increase in the volume of export cargo transshipment in Soviet ports was revealed, and an analysis of its dynamics and structure by type of cargo and sea basins was carried out. A comparison was made of the growth rates of the cargo turnover of seaports, the volume of freight traffic by rail, inland waterway, sea transport, the pumping of oil and oil products. The growth of cargo turnover of seaports and the growth of production volumes of industries and agriculture, the products of which formed the basis of the cargo base of maritime transport, were studied. The dynamics and structure of the cargo turnover of seaports by sea basins, by types of cargo, by types of transportation have been studied. A quantitative assessment of the growth in the cargo turnover of sea basins at the expense of ports in the annexed territories based on the results of the Second World War was carried out. The dynamics of cargo turnover and the specialization of the largest ports of the USSR, their role in the implementation of the plans of the Soviet leadership to expand the export of natural resources are studied.

The article dwells upon the slow development of the Russian seaports and low rates of the cargo turnover compared to the growth of industrial and agricultural production. The low purchasing power of the population, high competition of the Russian export commodities in the world markets held back the increase in imports and exports. The railway network that had government preferences competed with seaports and hindered from growing coastal shipping. The Russian ports lagged behind the largest ports in Western Europe in terms of cargo turnover and technical equipment. In the Russian ports cargo operations took a lot of time due to the lack of berthing places, equipment and warehouses in the port area. The high expenditures of ship and cargo owners in seaports caused increased the freight cost and price for goods for the end consumers, which in general negatively influenced the development of the Russian economy. The small (relative to investment needs) amounts of private and equity capital, as well as high inflation, did not allow financing the construction and modernization of ports at the expense of private investors. Attracting the private capital was hindered by the high centralization of the seaport management system. The historically built ownership system in the Russian ports has identified almost the only source of financing - the state budget burdened with huge debts, whose priorities did not include the development of seaports. Their financing was hundreds of times less than the amount of financing ports in Western Europe and the USA. There has been analyzed the volume and dynamics of the turnover in the Russian seaports in comparison with the similar indicators of the Western European ports and ports of the United States, property relations in the seaports have been studied, and the levels of technological development have been presented. The seaports management system in Russia has been analyzed. The level of development of seaports was compared with the level of industrial and agricultural development.

The article analyses the economic state and prospects for the development of modern seaports in the context of the development of the transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation as a key factor in increasing the economic efficiency of public production. A review of the seaports of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation, which includes 67 ports in five marine pools is presented: the Arctic, the Baltic, the Azov-Black Sea, the Caspian and the Far East. The main stages of development of the seaports are highlighted and the characteristic features of each marine basin are noted. The analysis of the economic indicators of the activities of marine ports is carried out: cargo turnover, volume of cargo handling and bulk vessels in the seaports of the Russian Federation. The main problems of the development of seaports in Russia are revealed, the objectives of state regulation and the system of state support are considered. The directions of increasing the competitiveness of seaports in the world market are determined.

Relevance of the research topic. The article is devoted to the problem of assessing the competitiveness of seaports of Ukraine, the relevance of which is highlighted in the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030; Strategies for the development of seaports of Ukraine for the period up to 2038; Corporate strategy of the state enterprise "Administration of Seaports of Ukraine" until 2025. Analysis of recent research and publications. The article provides an overview of modern foreign publications on assessing the competitiveness of seaports using various methods, in particular: the Herfindahl-Hirschman index; psychometric Likert scale; expert assessments based on an extended version of M. Porter's "diamond" approach. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The author emphasizes the inadequacy of domestic work on assessing the competitiveness of seaports using economic and mathematical modeling. Problem statement, research goals. The aim of the article is to implement a methodological approach to assessing the competitiveness of Ukrainian seaports using the Harrington desirability function. Method or methodology of the study. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of economic and mathematical modeling. Presentation of the main material. In modern economic conditions, the seaport is considered a complex economic system. One of the most convenient and clear methods of solving multicriteria problems, which include the assessment of competitiveness, is the desirable function of Harrington. The author simulates the assessment of the level of competitiveness of 13 seaports of Ukraine using the psychophysical scale of Harrington's desirability on the basis of these indicators that characterize their technical condition. Conclusions in accordance with the article. As a result of modeling, it was obtained that the generalized coefficient of desirability of assessing the competitiveness of Ukrainian seaports has a value in the range from 0.42 to 0.77, ie the assessment of "satisfactory" and "good". This means that the modernization of ports, which helps to improve these indicators (number of berths, their length, maximum depth of parking near berths, the total area of warehouses) can significantly increase the level of their competitiveness.

The article highlights the general regularities of the economic development of commercial sea ports in the USSR and defines their role in industrialization of the country. For the first time there has been carried out a comparative analysis of sea port cargo turnover dynamics in relation to the ports of Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the USA and France. The rates of port cargo turnover growth are investigated in comparison with the rates of industrial production growth, the volume of railway and inland water transport. The changes in the main cargo flows connected to the industrialization of the economy in all sea basins of the USSR have been studied. The dynamics of different types of cargo transshipment has been investigated. There has been stated the increasing rate of coastal cargo transshipment against the significant decrease in the export-import cargo transshipment due to the policy of self-reliance. The structure of foreign commercial cargos has been studied, a significant excess of exports over imports has been revealed. It has been found that the high growth rates of cargo turnover in the Soviet ports were due to the increase in the volume of oil cargo transshipment in the ports of the Caspian Sea. There have been calculated the average age and deadweight of Soviet ships in 1939, compared to the similar average international parameters and figures of the previous years. It was determined how the port's technical characteristics and lack of funding influenced these parameters. Investments to the seaports were hundreds of times less than investments to heavy industry and railway transport, and dozens of times less in inland waterways, since the seaports were not the priority objects in the program of economic industrialization. As a result, plans were not fulfilled, ships were idling in the ports, and labor productivity was low. It has been inferred that the activity of seaports during the first five-year plans was not profitable. There have been studied the specific features of the state system of seaports management during the first five-year plans.

The article highlights the specific features of implementing the new economic policy in the seaports of the USSR. The general laws of economic development of the commercial sea ports during the NEP period have been formulated. Statistical data on port capacity from the UK, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the USA, and France were used for the first time, and an assessment of the economic development of domestic sea ports was made in comparison with the above countries. It was stated that the drop in cargo turnover of the Soviet ports in relation to 1913 was the most significant, and the post-war restoration was slower in comparison with European ports, with the railway and inland water transport of the USSR. It was proved that the decrease in port turnover in the USSR was a consequence of a decrease in the foreign trade volume and short sea shipping. Maintaining the state monopoly of foreign trade, which in the NEP period transformed into the state capitalism, negatively affected outward and inward trade. The intensity of coastal shipping service grew slowly due to the low specialization of the regions. The seaport management system was studied; its centralization and similarity with the port management system of the Russian Empire were stated. There have been presented the study results of property relations in seaports. It was determined that the landowners in the ports were state departments represented by central ministries (people's commissariats), the owners of other property were state and sectorial governmental bodies, joint-stock companies with a predominance of state ownership. Sea trade ports were funded from the budget of the People's Commissariat of Communication Means. Port financing was ten times less than financing of railways and several times less than inland water transport financing

Sea transport has a significant impact on the development of the country's economy. The development of the project to create a raid complex in the seaport of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky can give a new impetus to realizing the potential of the region. The problems of the development of sea transport are caused by the lag in the development of domestic seaports. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky can become a base port providing services of supply, bunkering, and vessel repair, technical and other inter-river service of ships. The additional cargo traffic of the point will affect the increase of cargo turnover in the Kamchatka Territory and the Northern Sea Route. The construction of the raid complex is a prospect for the development of maritime infrastructure. The authors presented a promising project with the resulting cash flows and calculation criteria for its effectiveness. In order to take into account the main risks associated with the construction of the raid complex, geological, engineering, construction, force majeure, sensitivity analysis to variable parameters has been carried out. The substantiation of the choice of the type of the raid quay facility is carried out. The proposed project has an economic and social effect, will ensure the development of the Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky sea terminal to the international level. The use of the transit potential of the territory is of strategic importance on a national scale.

Topicality. The expediency of the development of scientific regulations is related to the main problems of achieving the competitiveness of the sea trade ports of Ukraine in the maritime trade market, first of all with the necessity: to achieve the adequacy of the technical and economic level of the stevedoring operators to the requirements of the environment; compliance with national needs and multimodal transport systems; support of national zones of international transport corridors; development of theoretical and methodological foundations for the competitive positioning of national maritime trading ports, taking into account the conditions of integration and globalization.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to clarify new trends in the system of competitive positioning of sea merchant ports, to systematize the parameters of the competitiveness of national maritime merchant ports and to substantiate the factors of effective development of Ukraine's port infrastructure.Research results. The condition and conditions of the competitive development of Ukrainian seaports in the system of maritime trade market are analyzed. The assessment of the port infrastructure of the national terminal operators is given and the development trends and perspectives of the competitive positioning of the national stevedoring operators are grounded. The system factors and parameters of functioning of marine transport enterprises are grounded. The dynamics of cargo turnover of the largest container ports of Europe for the period 2015-2017 is presented and the main tendencies of development of container terminals of the world economy are revealed. The evaluation of the competitive functioning of state and private national stevedoring operators and the identification of the problem of economic stability of sea trading ports in the system of competitive positioning in the regional maritime trade market was conducted. The estimation of the relation between the profit rate and the cost of loading and unloading works of the largest ports of Ukraine is presented and given, and the change in the structure of the cargo traffic of sea ports of Ukraine under the influence of new trends in the world maritime transport industry is analyzed.Conclusions. The systematic parameters of the competitiveness of Ukrainian seaports in the maritime trade market system are substantiated and the main principles of achieving the normalized economic results of functioning of the sea commercial ports of Ukraine are substantiated. The information-logistic model, which characterizes the influence of external conditions on the competitive positioning of national sea commercial ports, is presented. The main features of the competitiveness of national stevedoring operators are revealed. The new tendencies in the system of competitive positioning of the sea commercial ports of Ukraine are specified, factors of competitive stability of the port infrastructure under the conditions of risk and uncertainty are grounded. The revealed standards and restrictions of development of the port infrastructure of the national maritime trading ports in the system of globalization and integration.

This article examines the structure and development dynamics of Vietnam's modern seaport system in the context of global integration. It analyzes trends in cargo and container throughput at seaports, taking into account the characteristics of five key groups identified within the national classification. The most promising and rapidly developing groups are identified. Macroeconomic drivers and barriers to the development of Vietnam's maritime transport infrastructure are identified using a PESTEL analysis. A SWOT analysis of the seaport system is conducted, revealing its strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats. Based on this analysis, a set of management solutions for the development of Vietnamese seaports in the context of global integration has been developed, including solutions for international cooperation, attracting investment, environmental protection, and others.

Статтю присвячено дослідженню формальних та прикладних зв’язків між концепціями національної та економічної безпеки України. Встановлено, що економічна безпека є здебільшого складовою частиною національної безпеки, яка, своєю чергою, являє собою складний, багатоелементний феномен. За результатами фахового опрацювання численних наукових джерел наголошено на тому, що лише спільні фахові зусилля українських правників та економістів дозволять запропонувати більш універсальне й водночас глибоке розуміння національної безпеки, стратегічних пріоритетів нашої держави у сфері національної та економічної безпеки, а також порівняти стратегічну політику нашої держави в цих напрямах із аналогічними документами в державах-партнерах України. Зазначено, що для подальшого розвитку в цьому напрямі важливо ретельно проаналізувати в порівняльному контексті зміст вітчизняних та зарубіжних стратегій національної та економічної безпеки. Аргументовано позицію про те, що такий пропонований підхід відповідатиме глобальним трендам сучасного світу і водночас дозволить ефективно реагувати на регіональні та глобальні загрози й конфлікти. Аргументовано позицію про те, що об’єднання зусиль українських науковців, як правників, так і економістів, дозволить удосконалити доктринальні підходи до тлумачення національної безпеки України та її стратегічних пріоритетів. Такий підхід також дозволить порівняти стратегію національної безпеки нашої держави з аналогічними програмними документами держав-партнерів. Наголошено на тому, що майбутні наукові дослідження в окресленому напрямі доцільно зосередити на детальному порівняльному аналізі національних і зарубіжних стратегій у сфері національної та економічної безпеки. Такий підхід не лише відповідатиме глобальним тенденціям XXI століття, але й сприятиме адекватному реагуванню на регіональні й глобальні виклики, зокрема ті, які наразі постають перед Україною у складній геополітичній ситуації.

Theoretical and practical work is basic to achieving economic security. At the same time, the field of economic security has no clear boundaries, which requires the clarification on it. For present purposes, it is critical to take the specificities, the subject and object of the economic security. Two main methods of research consist of retrospective and theoretical analysis. In order to understand the problem and clarify the field of economic security, we analyzed: the socio-economic context of sourcing and maintaining the scientific and practical interesty; States’ positions and institutional transformation; research findings. As a result, analysis of socio-economic context has led to a pointing at two major areas: 1) economic security of the country, and 2) economic national security. Based on the analysis of documents fixing the "status" of economic security in the Russian Federation, it is concluded that economic security is considered in relation to national security in Russia. A wide range of problems in the field of economic security has been identified: economic security is studied at the micro, meso and macro levels (depending on the facility level); economic security of an organization, municipality, region, industries, state (depending on the management entities); economic provision for national security, national economic security, economic security of the country (depending on target-settings). Two ways of understanding the economic security are revealed based on the analysis of the foreign authors’ research results: economic security in the socio-economic context (1) and national economic security (2). The approach is argued, according to which the field of economic security should be considered as a position of preserving the economic stability and a position of preserving the targets-settings established by the management entities.

The principles of forming a scientific and practical approach to developing an adaptive management strategy in the sphere of national security are considered. Attention is paid to the issues of discreteness of choice in assessing adaptive management in the national security system, which remains an important component of the process of ensuring national security, taking into account the situation developing in the security environment at all levels, and should be considered as the basis for strategic synchronization of national policy in the sphere of ensuring national security. In this aspect, the scientific and practical approach to developing an adaptive management strategy in the sphere of national security can receive a different content and priorities, changing the main emphasis from structural to functional, which is important in the context of the emergence of new threats and dangers that go beyond, for example, standard military threats, creating new problems in the sphere of ensuring national and state security. It is shown that within the framework of the adaptive approach, strategic synchronization between elements of political power and functional spheres of ensuring national security is achieved through consistent assessment, interagency interaction and coordination. Strategic synchronization within the framework of using an adaptive approach to developing a national security strategy helps reduce the level of conflict in the management environment itself. It is concluded that the scientific and practical approach to developing an adaptive management strategy in the field of national security is focused on achieving high adaptability of the system, but requires consideration and significant improvement of resource support systems and the system of mechanisms for implementing the adaptive management strategy in the field of national security. In fact, there is a need to develop an approach to adaptive programming, which, despite the potential of adaptive management as a whole, is situational in nature.

CHALLENGES AND PARADIGM OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY OF THE XXI CENTURY: ECONOMIC AND TECHNOGENIC DISCOURSE The place and role of the security phenomenon in the scientific discourse are studied. Approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "security" are identified. The stages of evolution of the security concept in the 17th-20th centuries are analyzed. Security paradigms (traditional security paradigm, sectoral security paradigm, human security paradigm, integrated security paradigm) are identified. The types of security in the 21st century are identified and it is substantiated that the variability of types of security is primarily associated with its subject-object structure. Analytical security levels are proposed. It is substantiated that, despite the complexity, interdisciplinarity and multidimensionality of the modern concept of security, the defining place in it is still occupied by the concept of national security. It is substantiated that at the present stage of development of theory and practice, national security is considered as a prerequisite and indicator of the socio-economic development of the state, its competitiveness. Approaches to understanding the concept of "national security" are considered and the author's approach to understanding the essence of this term is proposed. The components of national security are identified and it is substantiated that the significance and role of different components of security differ significantly from one group of countries to another, which is dictated by the achieved level of socio-economic development, the geo-economic and geopolitical potential of countries' influence, and their national interests. The essence of the concept of "public administration in the field of security" is revealed. The variability of models for ensuring the security of states and their features are identified. Based on the analysis of the Global Risks Reports, the global threats to national security in the 21st century are systematized and analyzed, the vector of their transformation, the time lag of manifestation and the degree of influence are determined. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How to Cite: Chernega, O., Kolchuk, M., Bocharova, Yu., Ishchenko, O., Ostapenko, S.; Chernega, O., Bocharova, Yu. (Eds.) (2022). Theoretical basis of security in the XXI century. Challenges and paradigm of national and international security of the XXI century: economic and technogenic discourse. Kharkiv: РС ТЕСHNOLOGY СЕNTЕR, 3-25. doi: 10.15587/978-617-7319-59-6.ch1

Gwadar is a significant port city and a most critical node point of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project, envisioning sustainable tourism that can add to the peace and security within and beyond the country. The present research exploration registers a positive trajectory of a tourism-led holistic security prism. It evaluates ‘why and how’ states have developed their coastlines and maritime infrastructure and successfully leveraged them as an asset for the state. The central argument of this paper is that Gwadar has all the essential baseline ingredients: a picturesque coastline fused with human and cultural heritage that needs to be unlocked to be a vibrant tourist destination for the proactive inclusive national peace, stability and security of the country. Therefore, Gwadar is poised to be perceived and pursued as a ‘Strategic Tourism Key’ for investing in and promoting the Maritime economy to overcome our country’s social and economic disparities and security challenges. An integrated theoretical prism, based on inferences from the ‘Traditional and Non-Traditional Security’ perspective is employed in this study. Here, an indigenous ecosystem that defines the tourism policy perspectives, policies and practices is kept in mind. The dialects of the ‘NI (national interest) – NS (national security) – HS (human security)’ are incorporated through the contractive lens. In crux, this research is alarmist and futuristic at the same time. On the one hand, it highlights the maritime infrastructure and tourism potential of Gwadar and its significance for Pakistan. Parallel to this, the study notes the development gaps in existing tourism policies and limitations in previous policies. In short, Gwadar as a ‘tourist’ destination must be seen as a means for inclusive and holistic national security aspirations. Sustainable peace and stability through ‘Tourism’ is an innovative practice that needs to be cultivated to the maximum in Gwadar’s case based on the balanced ‘state and society’s equation.

The article reveals the evolution of environmental and food security in Ukraine’s national security strategies during the years of independence. It is determined that at the state level a number of issues related to the creation of the most effective system of environmental and food security of the state within the existing at different stages of statehood National Security Strategies of Ukraine, both at the legislative level and in the functioning of relevant competent government agencies.
 The content of ensuring the ecological and food security of the state in four national security strategies of Ukraine is revealed. It is determined that the issue of environmental and food security of the state needs a clear definition of the state in strategic priorities and goals that should meet current trends in the national economy and world realities in this area.
 Threats to national security in the field of environmental and food security have been studied.
 It was emphasized that in accordance with the Final Provisions of the National Security Strategy of Ukraine 2020 on the development of planning documents in the field of national security and defense, which will determine ways and tools for its implementation, clearly regulates the adoption and approval of the President food security.
 The Strategy of Environmental Safety and Adaptation to Climate Change until 2030, adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on October 20, 2021 in order to increase the level of environmental safety, reduce the impacts and consequences of climate change in Ukraine, is analyzed. The implementation of the Strategy is aimed at fulfilling Ukraine’s international obligations under the Paris Climate Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the effects of global climate change. The main environmental threats to Ukraine in this Strategy are: a significant level of air pollution, water and land resources, imperfect system of state supervision (control) and monitoring of the environment.
 The draft order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On approval of the Food Security Strategy for the period up to 2030”, which will be aimed at defining priorities in the field of food security as a component of national security, the importance of preventing hunger and malnutrition of the most vulnerable. It will include: the establishment of a system of national and regional food security monitoring to detect and prevent food threats; development and implementation of an action plan to provide the population with food in emergency situations; measures for the development of sustainable agricultural production; diversification of production; creation of sustainable production and marketing systems.
 It is emphasized that the most striking indicator of effective implementation of national Strategies in the field of environmental security and food security should be maintaining the proper natural state of our country’s ecology and the formation of a sufficient level of self-sufficiency in food of Ukraine. The directions of increase of efficiency of maintenance of ecological and food safety of Ukraine are defined.