Экзистенциальное и онтологическое измерение истины у С. Кьеркегора и Н. Бердяева

Abstract

В статье анализируется понимание истины и возможности приобщения к ней в сочинениях датского философа С. Кьеркегора и русского мыслителя Н. Бердяева. Отталкиваясь от христианской парадигмы, оба автора подчёркивают субъективность Истины в том смысле, что приобщиться к ней (познать её или вступить в неё) человек может только лично, через собственные усилия, а не благодаря труду иных индивидуумов. Мыслители сходны в оценке возможности и конструктивности существования объективной истины. Истина неразрывно связана с Богом, однако если для датского автора главным является Его познание через категорию отчаяния, то у Н. Бердяева истина тождественна вступлению в божественную жизнь через дух. This was manifested to the greatest extent by Khomyakov in the religious sphere, where there is an organic and holistic unity of the thinker’s personality, his life and his thoughts. The Church of Christ has always remained the center of such unity for Khomyakov. The founder of Slavophilism lived in the Church, and was not just a formal member of it. Therefore, the Church was revealed to him from the inside in its spiritual richness and in the depth of its gracious mysteries. Experienced ecclesiology helped A. Khomyakov understand the nature of the Church and its unity, created not by administrative measures, but by the grace-filled life of the church community, as a result of which the life of this community is likened to the intra-Trinitarian Divine life: «As You, Father, are in Me and I am in You, so too are they they will be one in Us» (John 17, 21–22). The article draws attention to the fact that Khomyakov lacks a systematic ecclesiology. The religious philosopher generally disapproved of all kinds of theological systems, bearing in mind that many of them in his time were influenced by Western scholastic theology. Initially, this sometimes caused a critical attitude towards Khomyakov’s ecclesiological theology. However, such criticism, according to the remark of Archpriest Georgy Florovsky, was superficial. This article analyzes the understanding of truth and the possibility of belonging to it by the Danish philosopher S. Kierkegaard and the Russian thinker N. Berdyaev. Starting from the Christian paradigm, both authors emphasise the subjectivity of truth, in the sense that a person can join it (cognise it or enter into it) only personally, through his own efforts but not through the work other individuals. Thinkers are similar in assessing the possibility and constructiveness of the existence of objective truth. The truth is inextricably linked with God, but if for the Danish author the main thing is His knowledge through the catagory of despair, then for Berdyaev the truth is identical with entering into the divine life through the spirit.