Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Research Articles

Clinical efficacy of Azadirachta indica based herbal mouthwash in treating the hypersensitivity of teeth

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica based Herbal mouthwash to treat tooth sensitivity in patients. Method: This single-blinded clinical trial was performed at School of dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medial University, Islamabad from 1st February, 2023 to 30th April, 2023. In this interventional study incorporated 120 participants with clinically visible signs of erosion, abrasion or recession. Visual Analog Scoring (VAS) Tool was used to investigate tooth sensitivity in these patients. Values of VAS for tooth sensitivity was calculated by exposing teeth of these patients to cold air blasting with triple syringe attached to dental unit at psi-30.0 pressure between 23±30ºC for duration of one second without using Azadirachta indica based Herbal mouthwash. Later on, these patients were provided with this Herbal mouthwash and its usage was recommended twice a day for one month. After One month, tooth sensitivity of patients was determined by VAS again. Data was analyzed by Paired T-test at 95% confidence and significance < 0.05. Results: VAS mean value for tooth sensitivity of patients before using Azadirachta indica based Herbal mouthwash was higher and found to be 55.43% ± 12.04 whereas its mean value after using Herbal mouthwash for one month reduced to 35.38% ± 11.62 which was statistically significant (p value=0.001). Reduction in tooth sensitivity of patients was almost 20.05% just after one month. Conclusion: Azadirachta indica based Herbal mouthwash was potent enough to reduce the tooth sensitivity in patients after one month of its usage. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.9826 How to cite this: Mansoor A, Mansoor E, Amir N, Hussain K. Clinical efficacy of Azadirachta indica based herbal mouthwash in treating the hypersensitivity of teeth. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(10):2331-2335. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.10.9826 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Effectiveness of mechanical vs. chemomechanical methods in removing intracanal calcium hydroxide medication: a randomised trial.

To compare the mechanical and chemomechanical methods for removing calcium hydroxide medication from the root canal system. The triple-blind, randomised clinical trial was conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan, from December 16, 2022, to June 15, 2023, and comprised patients having necrotic teeth and chronic apical pathosis. They were randomised into groups A and B. On the initial visit, after access opening and chemomechanical preparation, calcium hydroxide paste was placed as an intracanal medication in both groups. the patients were recalled after two weeks. In Group A, calcium hydroxide was removed from the canals using a rotary master apical file, while in Group B, an endoactivator was used to sonically agitate the endodontic irrigant. Verification of placement was done by using a periapical radiograph. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Of the 98 individuals assessed initially, 60(61.22%) were included; 34(57%) females and 26(43%) males with age ranging from 19 to 57 years. There were 27(45%) incisors, 22(36.7%) premolars and 11(18.3%) canines. There were 30(50%) patients in each of the 2 groups. The intergroup difference was not statistically significant (p=0.43). Tooth arch did not significantly correlate with the removal method (p=0.79). Both methods were found to be equally effective in removing water-based calcium hydroxide medication from the endodontic system. NCT05744661.

LEADERSHIP CRISES AND FAILURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ISOLATION OF EAST AND WEST PAKISTAN

the inception of Pakistan on the map of the world as a result of the partition of all India, the dominancy of the Western part of Pakistan was very clear but un-understandable. The political parties and leaders from the West Pakistan always thought themselves superior to that of East Pakistan. This behaviour of the political parties and the leadership from the West Wing gave birth to hatred among the subjects belonging to the East Pakistan. The political Parties and the leadership never tried to take such steps which could create harmony among the masses of the both sides. As the time passed, hatred increased. The reflection of these hatred emerged in the general elections, held on 1970.Awami League led by Sheikh Muji-Ur-Rehman secured 160 seats out of 162 seats allocated for the East Pakistan but unfortunately, it failed to win even in a single constituency of the West Pakistan. On the other hand, PPP led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, secured a marginalised victory of 81 seats out of total 138seats allocated for the West Pakistan but it did not participate in East Pakistan. These unexpected results further divided the parties and leadership because the West Pakistan was not ready to give its dominance in the hands of the East Pakistan while there was an absolute majority of the East Pakistan and constitutionaally, the rule was to be given to Awami League. Whereas, the leadership of that time is concerned, they were not ready to solve the rift politically. The problems increased; Pakistan had to go into war with India in 1971.As a result of this political chaos and anarchy Pakistan had to face humiliation in the war. The East Pakistan separated from the West Pakistan and emerged as an independent country on international sphere, known as "The Republic of Bangladesh". This study also unwraps some shroudedl things such as, West Pakistan's genocism act against the East Pakistanis and the Indian roll of taking part into the matter of Pakistan, which became an immediate factor for physical separation of Pakistan. The study uncovers how Indian intervention into the burning matter, reinforced the already existing variables, paved a way for the creation of Bangladesh. Para oxically, foreign agents such as the USA,USSR and China had a very bounded and limited impact on the sources and upsurge of the East-West isolation.

Pain Related Secondary Outcomes Associated with Cold Tonsillectomy and Role of Topical Sucralfate in Mitigating Their Severity: A Comparative Observational Study

The aim of the study was to assess the pain related secondary outcomes associated with cold tonsillectomy and role of topical sucralfate to reduce their intensity. Material and Methods: This comparative observational study was conducted in the ENT department of the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (P.I.M.S.), affiliated with the Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, spanned from December 2016 to August 2017, following institutional ethical approval. The study comprised 112 patients with recurrent tonsillitis, evenly assigned to group A (subjects) and group B (control). Tonsillectomy, employing the cold steel dissection method, was administered to all patients. Group A received 10ml of topical sucralfate every 8 hours on the zero and first postoperative days, while group B received a placebo. Comparative analysis between the groups focused on pain-related secondary outcomes, including referred otalgia and the ability to initiate a regular oral diet on the morning of the first postoperative day. SPSS version 21 facilitated data analysis, with significance set at p < 0.005. Results: In group A, the mean age was 12.14±5.17, and in group B, it was 11.53±3.95, resulting in an overall mean age of 11.83±4.59 for both groups. Among 112 patients, 55.4% (n=62) were male, and 44.6% (n=50) were female. The frequency of referred earache was significantly lower in group A (15, 26.8%) compared to group B (25, 54.6%) [n1=n2=56, p=0.049]. Intolerance to start a normal diet was significantly lower in group A (17, 30.4%) compared to group B (39, 69.6%) at the first post-op day [n1=n2=56, p=0.034].Conclusion: Utilizing topical sucralfate alongside other pain management strategies proves to be an effective approach in reducing the intensity of pain related secondary complication i.e. referred otalgia and intolerance to oral intake among patients undergoing tonsillectomy using the cold steel dissection technique.

Root canal configuration of human permanent anterior teeth: A cross-sectional study using cone-beam computed tomography in the Pakistani population.

To analyse and document internal root morphological variations in permanent anterior teeth using conebeam computed tomography. The cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted from January 21 to June 19, 2021, at Jinnah Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Body Scan, and comprised data from July to December 2020 related to all the patients who had been referred to the centre for dental cone-beam computed tomography scan. The scans were evaluated at the Radiology Department of the School of Dentistry at Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan. The morphology of the roots and root canals in all permanent anterior teeth was examined. Root canal configuration was categorised using Vertucci's classification. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Of the 211 patients, 116(55%) were females and 95(45%) were males. The overall mean age was 39.9±1.02 years (range: 15-65 years). All the permanent anterior teeth exhibited a single root, with the exception 2(0.9%) mandibular right and 4(1.9%) left canines which had double roots. Type I root canals were observed in all 211 (100%) maxillary right central incisors, maxillary left central incisors and maxillary left canines. Among maxillary right canines, 208(98.6%) had type-I root canals, and the corresponding value for maxillary right lateral incisors was 209(99.1%), and for maxillary left lateral incisors, the value was 210(99.5%). Root canal polymorphism had no significant association with gender (p>0.05). The presence of type-I root canal was common in permanent anterior teeth, and there was significant association of root canal polymorphism with gender.

Effect of Infra Low Frequency (ILF) neurofeedback training on EEG in children with autism spectrum disorders.

To investigate whether Infra-low frequency Neurofeedback (ILF-NFB) training can improve brain electrical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders ASD. This single arm pre and post intervention study was carried out at IBMS (Institute of Basic Medical Sciences), Khyber Medical University, Peshawar and Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad from January 2021 to December 2022. A purposive sampling technique was used. Thirty-five ASD children (male=24; female=11; 7-17 years) were provided with 30 sessions of infra low frequency (ILF) neurofeedback training for 15-20 minutes, during 10 weeks. Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scoring was done and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity was compared before and after ILF-NF training sessions. Around 62.9% participants had mild-moderate autism and 37.1% had severe autism. Wilcoxon Signed rank test revealed a significant decline in delta (Pre-test=47.31±19.22, Post-test=22.07±6.83; p=<0.001), theta (Pre-test=24.75±16.62, Post-test=12.37±3.59; p=<0.001) and alpha (Pre-test=12.01±9.81, Post-test=4.03±1.61; p=< 0.001) waves. Mann Whitney U test exhibited no significant gender differences in EEG pattern before and after neurofeedback except in theta waves (p=0.03) before the intervention. Decline in delta, theta, beta and alpha waves propose that ILF-NF training can be effective in improving the EEG activity. ILF-NFB can be perceived as a valuable non-invasive, non-pharmacological intervention for improving EEG pattern via reintegration of brain activity resulting in increased the attention and focus, enhanced mental stability and cognitive engagement.

Clinical Efficacy of a Novel Titania Nanoparticle-Reinforced Bonding Agent in Reducing Post-Restorative Sensitivity: A randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of novel titania-nanoparticle reinforced bonding agent on post-restorative sensitivity in patients. This triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial included participants (n = 60) having Class- I and II cavitations with a minimum cavity depth of 3mm at Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad from January 5, 2023, to June 20, 2023. They were randomly assigned into two groups A and B (n = 30). After informed consent, restorative intervention was accomplished using an etch-and-rinse adhesive strategy. In Group-A, titania-nanoparticle-incorporated bonding agent was used for composite restoration, while in Group-B, bonding agent without nanoparticles was used. The primary outcome was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale mean score. Participants were instructed to rate their sensitivity status at follow-ups: 24 hours, one week, and one month. Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare sensitivity between the two groups. According to results of this trial, a significant difference was observed between two groups after 24 hours (p = 0.004) and one week (p = 0.002). However, no discernible difference was observed after one month (p = 0.643). Post-restorative sensitivity in patients with composite restorations was reduced using titania-reinforced bonding agents as compared to bonding agents without nanoparticles. This shows that inclusion of titania nanoparticles into adhesive dentistry could be beneficial in resolving post-restorative sensitivity occurring with composite restorations.

Metaphors and the Politics of Nationhood in Bhutto’s If I Am Assassinated

This paper examines the conceptual metaphors used in Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s autobiographical writing If I Am Assassinated. This autobiographical testament is the response from the death cell of the Rawalpindi District Jail to the allegations of the military regime in the form of the White Paper which is perceived as an authoritative report by an organization. The legal cum political response was smuggled from the jail and published in India shortly before his execution. The qualitative study concentrates mainly on the nature and function of the conceptual metaphors in this dominantly political discourse. To address this issue, the concepts of conceptual metaphor developed by Lakoff and Johnsen (2003) has been used as theoretical base. Finally, the identification and interpretation of the metaphors have established that the trauma conveyed through conceptual metaphors affects the politics of nationhood. Particularly, such metaphors present Bhutto as a supra-subaltern character in Pakistani politics who fights to the end for democracy and nationalism.

CROP ROTATIONAL EFFECTS ON INFESTATION OF STEM BORERS IN RICE

The present study investigates the impact of crop rotation on the infestation of stem borers in rice crops. This research was carried out in the field at Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Agricultural College Dokri, Sindh, Pakistan. Several rotation practices were tested, including Rice fallow Rice, Rice-Wheat-Rice, Rice-Gram-Rice, Rice-Barseem-Rice, and Rice-Mustard-Rice. The results of the study revealed interesting findings. The lowest infestation rate, approximately 1.92% of rice stem borers, was observed in the Rice-Barseem-Rice rotation. This was followed by Rice-Mustard-Rice at 2.18%, Rice-Gram-Rice at 2.40% and Rice-Wheat-Rice at 3.21%. In contrast, the highest infestation rate, reaching 4.99%, was recorded in the Rice-fallow-Rice rotation system. These findings suggest that incorporating winter rotation crops such as Mustard, Barseem, and Gram into the cropping system can significantly reduce the population density of rice stem borers. On the contrary, mono-cropping, as exemplified by the Rice-fallow-Rice rotation, appears to favor stem borer infestations. In light of these results, it is recommended that further research and understanding be developed to implement cultural control methods and ensure ecological safety within winter crop rotation systems. This study underscores the importance of diversified crop rotation practices in mitigating the infestation of harmful pests like rice stem borers, contributing to sustainable agriculture and higher crop yields.

«Islamic Socialism» in Pakistan: Evolution, Implementation and Legacy in Domestic and Foreign Policy

The article examines the phenomenon of "Islamic socialism" in Pakistan and its impact on the nation's current domestic and foreign policies. Employing critical theory, the author delves into an analysis of the political class's objectives and how the environmental context influenced the political process, offering insights into the perceptions held by higher echelons. The application of elite theory allows for a deconstruction of the Pakistani statehood, unveiling the specific social groups shaping developmental trajectories. By leveraging historical sociology in international relations, the article investigates the influence of historical underpinnings on the decision-making of social groups, shedding light on their endeavors to construct the past for political purposes.The study meticulously traces the origins of "Islamic socialism," exploring the discourse's evolution in the initial decades following the country's independence. It identifies the driving forces that led the state leadership to adopt the model of "Islamic socialism." Focused on the tenure of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977), the article examines the implementation of the "Islamic socialism" policy and the subsequent reasons for its failure, culminating in a military coup. The author contends that the principles of "Islamic socialism" introduced in Pakistan's domestic and foreign policy retained relevance even after its rejection.Conclusively, the article posits that the "Islamic socialism" constructed by Pakistani elites, often viewed through an orientalist lens, emerged not only as a response to the crisis in Pakistani statehood but paradoxically, became a crucial driver in shaping Islamabad's foreign policy determinants. Notably, this development forged integral relationships with China and the Islamic world, evolving into pivotal imperatives in Pakistan's grand strategy.This study highlights the interplay between "Islamic socialism," the crisis in Pakistani statehood, and its unforeseen impact on foreign policy, ultimately forming the bedrock for Islamabad's strategic engagements with China and the Islamic world.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as an Eloquent Speaker: A Corpus-Based Analysis of his Speeches at UNO

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as an Eloquent Speaker: A Corpus-Based Analysis of his Speeches at UNO

Vaccination Status of Hepatitis-B Among Dental Patients Visiting a Public Health Sector of Islamabad

Objective: To evaluate the status of Vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus and reasons for Non Vaccination among dental patients visiting the public sector hospital in Islamabad. Methodology: This Cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted at Hospital School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad from January 2023 to March 2023. Total 200 dental patients participated in this study of which 91 were males and 109 were females. After ethical approval, their consent was obtained and then, questionnaire regarding receiving HBV- Vaccination and Reasons for not receiving Hepatitis-B Vaccination (HBV) was completed by dental patients. Frequency, Percentage and association was calculated for statistical analysis. Results: 47.3% male dental patients and 57.8% female dental patients that visited public sector hospital in Islamabad did not receive HBV-Vaccination. Maximum number of HBV-Non vaccinated dental patients were laborers (87.2%) followed by other professions (56.8%). Strong positive association between HBV Non-Vaccination and occupation (p value= 0.001) of dental patients was confirmed. Chi-square testing also demonstrated strong association between HBV Non-Vaccination and Vaccine Non-availability (p value= 0.021), Busy Schedule (p value= 0.009), Distant Vaccination Center (p value= 0.004), Costly Vaccine (p value= 0.001), Fear of Needle (p value= 0.015), and more options (p value= 0.001) among dental patients. Conclusion: Occupation along with Vaccine Non-availability, Busy Schedule, Distant Vaccination Center, Cost, Fear of Needle and More options are all factors that prohibited HBV-Vaccination in dental patients visiting public sector hospital in Islamabad because of their low socio-economic status and lack of knowledge

Presence of concurrent derangements of liver function tests in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective observational study.

Objective: To know the frequency of deranged liver functions in patients with diabetes mellites and to ascertain the association between two conditions. Study Design: Retrospective Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Hospital. Period: 1st January, 2020 to 1st January, 2021. Material &amp; Methods: All patients with diabetes and deranged liver functions were included in the study. Ethical approval was taken from the hospital ethical committee. Data was entered into the predefined proforma. Data was collected from hospital laboratory system. Data analyzed by using SPSS and p value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: In this study 102 people of both genders were included, out of these 62 were diabetic patients and 40 were age matched controls. Deranged liver function test was present between 39.20% and among these raised ALP was noted in 19.60%, ALT in 14.70% and total bilirubin in 4.90%. Liver function tests were compared between gender, and it was found that total bilirubin was significantly different between two groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that diabetes is associated with liver function derangement. ALT is significantly high in diabetic patients compared to controls.

Imran Khan and Z.A. Bhutto: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani Political Speeches

Critical Discourse Analysis elucidates the text, language, social customs, hidden agendas, and linguistic twists. Politicians manipulate language in such a way that people's sentiments and emotions connect with politicians. In political debates, CDA has been used to showcase the speech style behind all these and every sort of discourse that can be employed to control the sentiment expressed to the audience (Roffee, 2016). Fairclough's study of the three-dimensional model: text, discursive practices, and societal practices influenced this study. This research examines how political speeches by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Imran Khan are constructed and how ideology emerges. Various linguistic tools have been investigated to uncover hidden agendas. The major findings in Imran Khan's power projection are his excessive use of religious and political implications and personal pronouns to gain and show his power. Power is discovered to be constructed via language, ideology, society, and political practices. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's speech focuses on the right of countries to self-determination. Both UN speeches were watershed moments in Pakistani history, reflecting existing political ideologies and societal factors. The speeches demonstrate how language can build persuasive arguments and communicate important ideas beyond words.

Comparison of Efficacy of Lactulose with and without Polyethylene Glycol in the Treatment of Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the combination of Lactulose and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) versus Lactulose alone in improving the grade of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) within 24 hours of hospital admission in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to decompensated liver cirrhosis precipitated by constipation. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration: The Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and GI Endoscopy, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan from 07-05-2020 to 06-05-2021. Methodology: One hundred and sixteen patients (58 in each group) of either gender aged 20-70 years having decompensated liver cirrhosis with HE grade 2 to 4 secondary to constipation were enrolled. Patients were randomly and equally divided into either Lactulose and PEG (Group-1) or Lactulose alone (Group-2) by lottery method. West Haven Criteria was used for labeling HE grades at the baseline and after 24 hours of treatment in both study groups. A one-grade improvement in HE after 24 hours of treatment from the baseline was considered as effectiveness of treatment. Results: Treatment was found effective (at least one HE grade improvement) in 43 (74.1%) patients treated with PEG+Lactulose, while it was 32 (55.2%) in patients who were treated with Lactulose alone (p=0.033). When stratified for age and gender, PEG+Lactulose was significantly effective in improving HE grades in younger age group (p=0.007) and males (p=0.040). Practical Implications: Combination treatment with PEG+Lactulose can be a preferred option for improvement in HE grades in comparison to treatment with lactulose alone Conclusions: Combination treatment with PEG+Lactulose was found to be more effective in improving HE grades when compared to treatment with lactulose alone within 24 hours of hospital admission among patients who had decompensated liver cirrhosis precipitated by constipation. Keywords: Constipation, decompensated liver disease, Hepatic encephalopathy, Lactulose, Polyethylene glycol.

Populism in Pakistan: The Exclusionary-Inclusionary Divide in the Politics of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Imran Khan

Prior research on Latin American and European populism has used the inclusionary and exclusionary distinction to differentiate between Left- and Right-wing populism. As Right-wing populists demand exclusion of immigrants and foreigners and Left-wing populists demand inclusion of the lower social class in the political landscape, the former is described as exclusionary and the latter as inclusionary. In this paper, I test this typology, comparing the populism of two political leaders in Pakistan across two different eras: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during 1967–77 and Imran Khan during 1996–2022. I argue that in the absence of an overarching liberal discourse, the inclusionary-exclusionary distinction has no meaning because populists of illiberal democracies can rely upon a greater ideological malleability, swinging between inclusionary to exclusionary politics in accordance with the demands of the moment.

The Outcome of Laminectomy versus Laminoforaminotomy in Terms of Claudication Distance in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Objectives: The study aimed to compare the surgical outcome of two different procedures for lumbar spinal stenosis. It helped us in the decision-making to go for less invasive procedures, as compared to conventional laminectomy in lumbar spinal stenosis patient patients.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: An interventional randomized controlled trial was conducted in the department of neurosurgery, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, PIMS Islamabad. A total of 158 adult patients aged between 35 to 55 years with an established diagnosis of lumbar stenosis and claudication distance of fewer than 100 meters were enrolled. Patients were randomly included into two equal groups via the computerized method. In Group A laminectomy was done and in Group Blaminoforaminotomy was adopted. The outcome was measured in terms of claudication distance at 4 weeks after the procedure, and compared in both groups.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the patients was 44.92 ± 6.28 years. Poor outcome was significantly lower in the Laminoforaminotomy group as compared to the Laminectomy group, at 4 weeks after the procedure. The frequency of claudication distance &gt; 500m (good) at 4 weeks was found to be 62 (78.5%) in the Laminectomy group and it was found in 74 (93.7%) patients in the Laminoforaminotomy group (p = 0.022).&#x0D; Conclusions: The study concluded that the laminoforaminotomy is superior to laminectomy, in terms of claudication distance at four weeks after the procedure.

Educational Development and Educational Policies in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977: An Analysis

Education is the most important tool available in modern times for the improvement of civilizations and nationalities. Since the country's founding, education and education policies in Pakistan have both been subject to continuous development and adjustment. The primary objective of this research paper is to gain an understanding of the important developments that occurred in educational policies under the administration of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from 1971 to 1977. Finding the outcomes of the research is accomplished through the application of qualitative research methods and procedures. Data for this research is collected both in the form of primary and secondary sources. The educational system was one of the areas that was impacted by Bhutto's nationalization policy. The educational reforms have been considered within the context of the nationalization paradigm; nonetheless, the educational reforms have had a more significant influence on the education system in Pakistan. It is recommended that the education policies to be implemented with true spirit and innovations to be introduced in educational policies.

Pakistan's Political Shift from Martial Law towards Democracy during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Era (1970 – 1977)

Military is a well organized and disciplined institution of a country. The main function of the military is to secure the borders from external aggressions but in the case of Pakistan there are uncertainties and political instabilities which provoke the military to take over and rule the country. After the martial law of Ayub Khan, formal elections were held in which Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was nominated to govern the country. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto has won the elections and became the prime minister of Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto implanted democracy in true sense. It was proved that democracy is far better than dictatorship. The paper aims to throw light on the political shift from martial law to democracy in Pakistan during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto era.

Pakistan's Foreign Policy in the Context of Z.A Bhutto: Towards Nonalignment

US withdrawal of military support during 1965, 1971, and 1975 led to a widespread perception in Pakistan that the US was an unreliable ally and had betrayed Pakistan. Initially, their relations were cordial but later on, this alliance became weaker especially during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government. Bhutto after taking charge of the government reshaped Pakistan's internal and external politics. He adopted new dimensions regarding Pakistan's Foreign policy goals. He tried to free Pakistan from US influence and dependence and desired Pakistan to acquire nuclear capabilities. The paper aims to throw light on the factors that led to the drift in Pak-US relations. The findings of the study concluded that Bhutto adopted socialist policies and promoted friendly relations with socialist countries like the Soviet Union and the Peoples' Republic of China. All these steps were against the US interests. Pakistan also abandoned SEATO and CENTO pacts during this phase.