Zone Of Vulnerability Research Articles

The Geographical Conditioning of Regional Differentiation Characterising the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Countries.

The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of selected geographical factors on the diversity of the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe's regions, and on its dynamics across the continent. The work took into account 250 of NUTS-2 regions. The datasets included the course of the COVID-19 pandemic (two dependent variables), intervening actions (four variables of the research background), and potential environmental and socio-economic conditioning (twelve independent variables). The dependent variables' set was composed of two indexes: morbidity and temporal inertia. The temporal scope of the research was 23 March 2020-15 May 2022, with weekly resolution. By means of multiple linear regression model, the influence of the administrative actions and of the selected natural and socio-economic factors was assessed. Finally, a synthetic Regional Epidemic Vulnerability Index (REVI) for each individual region was calculated. It allowed us to classify the regions into three categories: resistant, neutral, or sensitive. REVI's spatial distribution indicates that the zone of above-average vulnerability occurred in the western part of Europe and around the Alps. Therefore, focus ought to extend beyond regional statistics, towards spatial relationships, like contiguous or transit position. This research also validated the strong impact of national borders.

Biochemical Screening, Fabrication of Green Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Studies of Endophytic Fungus Phlebia Species.

Endophytes are organism dwelling totally dynamic and novel biotopes this makes them able to produce novel biochemicals that may become assets to the future. This study aims at understanding the biochemical components of the endophytic fungus Phlebia sp. synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from it, and the antimicrobial as well as antioxidant ability of these green synthesised nanoparticles. Aqueous fungal extract was subjected for HRLCMS analysis which revealed 34 biochemicals within the extract. Silver and gold nanoparticles were also produced from the fungal extract. UV-vis analysis revealed a peak at 450nm for silver nanoparticle and 550nm for gold nanoparticles. FESEM analysis confirmed the presence of these nanoparticles with its spherical shape. Both of these nanoparticles were able to produce a conspicuous zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial tests against Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi. For both of the organisms under study, a concentration-dependent expansion of the zone of inhibition was discovered in the nanoparticles. However, with silver nanoparticles, a relatively high zone of inhibition and vulnerability of the organism was discovered. Four in vitro free radical scavenging assays, including the DPPH, Hydroxyl, Superoxide, and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays, were used for antioxidant analysis. The results of every test demonstrated that green synthesisedsilver nanoparticles had higher activity than gold nanoparticles. All of the tests showed that silver nanoparticles were more active than gold nanoparticles with the maximum value of 86.254 ± 0.296% being discovered at the greatest concentration of superoxide radical scavenging assay.

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using the Integration of Frequency Ratio and Weight of Evidence Model in North Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Masamba area of North Luwu Regency has been hit by a flash flood disaster on July 13, 2020. The flash flood claimed dozens of lives, hundreds of people were injured and thousands of houses were submerged. Based on the analysis of several information, the cause of the flash flood in Masamba was due to high rainfall and landslides that occurred in the upstream area. Land movement vulnerability zoning is needed in this area to provide information in making disaster mitigation policies for post-disaster planning and development. Frequency Ratio and Weight of Evidence methods were applied in this study by using parameters such as: slope, lithology, land cover, rainfall, slope direction, slope convexity, distance from river, distance from fault and soil type. The Weight of Evidence method provides more accurate results with an accuracy rate of 99.83%. Vulnerability zoning of landslides in the Masamba area are grouped into 5 classes; The zone of vulnerability to soil movement is very high, around 6,822.27 ha or about 25.47% of the research area. The high ground movement vulnerability zone is about 4261.84 ha or about 15.91% of the research area.

Ecological vulnerability assessment of natural oasis in arid Areas: Application to Dunhuang, China

Oasis vegetation contains a variety of ecological functions and can quickly indicate changes in the environment. According to the vegetation dynamics of natural oasis, this study constructed a natural oasis ecological vulnerability assessment model (NOEV) The model is based on Pressure-Sensitivity-Resilience framework, combined with redundancy analysis, minimum cumulative resistance model, and ecological risk sensitivity index to effectively assess the ecological vulnerability of natural oasis. The results showed that human activities, represented by the expansion of farmland and population growth, were the main factors affecting the vegetation dynamics of natural oasis in the last 30 years, and their contribution to the change of vegetation area is 42.08%. In the temporal dynamics, a serie of economic and environmental policies implemented by the government after the 21st century have promoted the recovery of vegetation. Vulnerability decreased on the whole oasis but increased in some local areas during 2005–2020. In the spatial dynamics, the transition zone of vulnerability from high to low occurred, it a distance of approximately 30 km from an artificial oasis located also in the area. We suggest that the governments should set up an ecological buffer zone in this area and implement different environmental protection policies inside and outside the buffer zone. Few vulnerability assessment models have been constructed for oasis ecosystems, and the NOEV model constructed in this study helps to formulate more direct and effective policy recommendations for the government's ecological protection and restoration work.

PENENTUAN ZONA KERAWANAN GERAKAN TANAH DENGAN METODE HEURISTIK DAS SERANG KABUPATEN KULON PROGO (Determination of mass movement vulnerability zone using heuristic methods in Serang watershed Kulon Progo District)

Landslide, one of the physical environmental disasters, can be defined as the movement of rock mass, soil, or shredded material that forms a slope down the slope Kulon Progo Regency has always been a landslide-prone area that most often occurs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the last three years. One way to reduce the risk of hazards is by mapping the hazard assessment of mass movement disasters. The purpose of this study is to determine the zone of vulnerability to landslides in the Serang watershed, Kulon Progo. The method used is heuristic, where the assessment of the potential for ground motion is based on a geomorphological approach with a weighting analysis of each parameter. The parameters used are slope, rock type, geological structure (distance to fault), land use, and landslide event distribution. Each parameter is assigned a value and a weight variable based on the factors that most influence slope safety. They are then calculated in a linear variable manner, resulting in an index value for soil movement vulnerability. The index value is grouped spatially into four (4) hazards with equal interval class division, very low hazard with an area of 95.93 km2 (46%); low hazard with an area of 72.02 km2 (34%); moderate hazard with an area of 38.56 km2 (18%); and very high hazard with an area of 1.96 km2 (0.01%). Based on the spatial analysis, the distribution of the existing landslide events are increasing correlatively with the higher the hazard zone.

Geotechnical Characteristics of Benin Formation, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria

A good road network consists of a constant stretch of asphalt laid down for a smooth ride. The spot in the smooth ride on the pavement is commonly referred to as "pavement failure." Soil type, load bearing capacity of materials, zone of vulnerability, resistance to permeation, compressibility, shrinkage limit, and other details are frequently required in order to construct a very good and solid foundation for the planned bridge site. In Nigeria, numerous factors contribute to the failure of road construction projects. They are primarily insufficient research on subgrade and other pavement materials (sub-base and base courses) prior to the start of road projects; flawed engineering, including a poor drainage system and supervision throughout road construction; and shoddy workmanship that was superimposed with asphaltic concrete to improve strength. Within the Niger Delta basin, the study area is located between latitude 5.485°N and longitude 7.035°E. The Benin Formation underpins the study area. It is composed primarily of friable sands, conglomerates, very coarse sandstone, and isolated gravel units, as well as intercalation of Pliocene to Miocene shale/clay lenses. Natural Moisture Content (NMC), Linear Shrinkage (LS), Particle Size Distribution, and California Bearing Ratio were among the laboratory tests performed on samples collected at failed and stable sections of some selected road segments (CBR). When compared to the stable sections, the NMC along the failed sections was on the high side (ranging from 13.11 percent to 26.89 percent) (ranging from 11.11 percent to 16.40 percent). The majority of the tested soils passed the 0.075mm sieve with a percentage greater than the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing's maximum of 35% for subgrade materials. The maximum dry density (MDD) for the samples at failed and stable sections was 1550 kg/m3 to 1860 kg/m3; 1650 kg/m3 to 1980 kg/m3; and the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) was 8.30% to 20.30%. The soaked CBR values ranged from 2 to 17 percent, while the unsoaked values ranged from 4 to 25 percent.

Analysis of the Role of Dispersion of Rural Settlements against Natural Hazards in South Khorasan Province

INTRODUCTION: Identification of the settlements located in high-risk zones in terms of natural hazards is one of the first steps in risk management and development planning. This study aimed to identify villages exposed to earthquakes and floods in South Khorasan province. METHODS: The present study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process method to evaluate the validity and reliability of measuring instruments through exploratory factor analysis. Since the value of the KMO index was 0.879, the number of samples was sufficient for analysis. Moreover, the significance of the Bartlett test was less than 5% and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.856; accordingly, the questionnaire was reliable. FINDINGS: Based on the spatial analysis of the seismic vulnerability, 214 and 502 villages were in the zone of very high and high vulnerability, respectively. Moreover, the results of flood vulnerability showed that the southern and northwestern parts of South Khorasan province had the lowest vulnerability. The number of villages located in the very high vulnerable zone was very limited and included only seven villages of Chenesht, Kalateh Abbas, Takti Ti, Tangel Behdan, Ebru, Khankuk, and Ostan Siah, which are located in the east of the province. CONCLUSION: Based on the integrated results of two hazards (i.e., earthquakes and floods), it is observed that 523 rural settlements are in a very high-risk zone, which accounts for 14.7% of the total settlements in the South Khorasan province, compared to the total rural settlements. Furthermore, the highest dispersion frequency of rural settlements is in the zone of moderate vulnerability. This zone with 1,344 settlements includes about 37.7% of the total settlements in the province

Long term assessment of the geochemical integrity of offshore wellbore cement– results from numerical modeling

Oil and gas wells across different offshore fields are currently experiencing plugging and abandonment. With this comes the risk associated with leakage of fluids from wellbores. One area of the long-term integrity of oil and gas wells that has received less attention is the geochemical assessments of cement and cement-rock integrity. This study investigates rock-fluid-cement interactions over long time scales using numerical models of coupled heat and fluid flow and reactive solute transport. Four different kinds of brine compositions from the Gulf of Mexico formations are used to simulate chemical interactions in wellbore plug, cement, and adjacent rock. Porosity changes are used as indicators of the geochemical integrity of the plugging and cement materials. Results demonstrate the impact of temperature, pH, and depth of cement placement in integrity predictions. At greater depths, higher temperatures and pressure will be encountered leading to the precipitation of gypsum and the dissolution of ettringite, calcite, and portlandite which adversely affects the integrity of the wells. The cement-rock interface is a zone of vulnerability and subject to greater loss of integrity. Other modeling parameters from our study which influenced integrity include reactive areas, diffusion coefficients, flux rates, boundary conditions, and the presence of mechanical damage. This study highlights the importance of brine specific geochemical assessments as well as the importance of thermodynamic properties when investigating geochemical wellbore integrity, and the approach used can be applied by practitioners for predictive analysis of geochemical longevity of cement and plugs in subsurface conditions.

Modeling the risks of marine submersion on the Saidia coastal- Cap de l'Eau (Northeast Morocco)

The coastline is an area of ecological and environmental balance between the continent and the sea. The coastline from Saidia to Cap de l'Eau, located on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, is the subject of this study. The goal of this work is to produce maps of the risk of marine submersion. The methodology followed consists of entering storm meteorological data and land use data into the Iber 2D software. In addition, we mapped the hazard as well as the vulnerability of this submersion. The results of this 2D modeling of the hazard have shown that the coastline of Saidia - Cap de l'Eau presents a high risk of marine submersion, and this by the water levels rises to more than 4 meters and overflow on a width of more than 20 meters towards the mainland. In addition, the coastal strip constitutes a zone of high vulnerability compared to the continent.

Fiduciary Law and the Preservation of Trust in Business Relationships

This chapter explores the role of mandatory fiduciary obligations in preserving trust between business parties. Because contracts are inevitably incomplete, after investment there is always a risk of opportunism. While the parties could try to draft a more detailed agreement prohibiting various forms of opportunism, the very act of haggling over such protections may signal distrust, eliciting costly reactions (defensive measures/hedging/lack of intrinsic motivation) in the counterparty. In the absence of fiduciary protections, a vulnerable party may decide to forgo important protections against opportunism, not because such protections are suboptimal or hard to specify ex ante but because bargaining for them would signal distrust. By contrast, state-imposed fiduciary obligations remove the invocation of distrust by either party to the agreement. We further observe that while fiduciary protections can help prevent distrust among a small number of contracting parties, fiduciary protections may prove inadequate in some settings, especially in addressing horizontal conflicts between beneficiaries. The chapter concludes by observing that the limits of contract and fiduciary law leave a residual zone of vulnerability in which trust and other mechanisms of risk reduction play a significant role.

A Legal and Forensic Medicine Approach to Police Physical Intervention Techniques in High-Risk Situations.

Background: The physical intervention techniques (PITs) typically used by the police in troublesome situations are examined in terms of injuring potential depending on whether they target a body zone of high, medium or low vulnerability. Based on legal and forensic considerations, and principles of congruence, opportunity and proportionality, a need exists to favor opponent locking and arrest techniques targeting non-vulnerable zones to minimize the risk of severe damage. Methods: A search of the training manuals for the different kind of law of enforcement officers was carried out. Revision of injuries was available from electronic databases of academic o medical journals. Results: Three different locking and arrest PITs based on operational tactical procedures (OTP) that avoid zones of high or medium vulnerability are proposed. The new techniques use blocking, diverting and grabbing of the upper and lower limbs, followed by dislocation and locking of the same targets. Conclusions: The damaging potential of such PITs was assessed in terms of anatomical region and most were found to have a high risk of severe damage. The alternative PITs proposed here, which rely on OTP, improve in legal and forensic medical terms on existing choices and dramatically reduce the risk of injuring arrestees.

Spatial Analysis to Evaluate Groundwater Vulnerability to Contamination of Unconfined Aquifer in Semarang Lowland Area Using DRASTIC Method

The increasing population up to 1.67% per year in the urban coastal city such as Semarang affects enormous stress on the natural resources – groundwater, in particular. To assess groundwater vulnerability to contamination the DRASTIC method was applied. DRASTIC was one method in compiling a zone of groundwater vulnerability to contamination. This method required seven parameters, namely D (water table depth), R (recharge zone), A (media aquifer), S (soil media), T (topography), I (vadose zone), and C (hydraulic conductivity). Processing of each parameter to calculate the Drastic Index (DI) was developed by using spatial analysis in ArcGIS. The results conduct there is three-level of groundwater vulnerability to contamination namely low, medium, and high. The low vulnerability has the number of DI of 61 to 100, while the DI of moderate is around 101-140. The high level is represented by 141-180 of DI. The low level is distributed in some areas in the south of Semarang, while the medium is dominated in the Ngaliyan area, Gajahmungkur, Semarang Selatan, also found in Tugu, Semarang Barat, Candisari, and some areas in the Semarang Tengah. Indeed, the high level is found in the plains areas in the northern, in the western, and eastern part of Semarang.

The Resilience of Adolescent Participants in Social Projects for Sport.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the resilience of adolescents participants and non-participants of social projects for sports relating it to their sociodemographic profile. Cross-section Study, comparative and analytical, covered 134 adolescents, from ages 12 to 17, residing in a social zone of high vulnerability in a Northeastern Brazilian city. The data collected was obtained through structured interviews and a questionnaire/resilience scale, developed by Wagnild and Young (1993). The descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was used, especially the Student 'T' Test for the independent samples and the chi-square test. In both cases, the statistical significance level adopted was p < 0.05. The overall mean resilience was 110.6 (±15.9) and the participants in social projects demonstrated better resilience (p = 0.063), with a predominance of male gender, age group 15 to 17 years old, without health problems, parents (father/mother) self-employed, retired, pensioner or unemployed with income less than 1 minimum wage, without alcohol/cigarette and other drugs. The participants of the social projects presented a better level of resilience, even though there were several unfavorable situations and many risks presented as well.

Mathematical modeling of forest fire extinguishing using water capsules with a thermoactive shell

The paper proposes a new mathematical model of the process of extinguishing a forest fire with dispersed water delivered to the fire source with water capsules with a thermoactive shell. When moving in a medium with a temperature above the critical, the capsule shell accumulates the integral value of the damage with the intensity proportional to the distance traveled and the critical temperature exceed. When the integral parameter of the thermal stability of the shell is reached, the capsule ruptures and water is released in dispersed form. During the sequential discharge of several capsules, each of them is affected by the temperature of the medium formed after exposure to the previous capsules. After calculating the distribution of dispersed water from the capsules, the calculation of the dynamics of a forest fire based on a physical and mathematical model is resumed. The analysis of key parameters and effects that determine the effectiveness of extinguishing is carried out. The extinguishing dynamics is shown for a different number of capsules per unit length of the fire front, an integral parameter of thermal stability, and the amount of water in the capsule. The results of numerical modeling showed that in the case of a small value of the capsule integral parameter of thermal stability, the capsule ruptures in the upper part of the vegetation layer, and therefore a great number of water capsules must be sequentially dumped to extinguish. Too high value of the thermal stability coefficient leads to rupture of capsules on the ground and to continuation of the combustion process in the upper part of the vegetation layer. The greatest efficiency of forest fire extinguishing occurs when the thermoactive shell of capsules ruptures in the middle of the combustion front. Sequential discharge of capsules allows one to distribute water vertically, more fully covering the zone of vulnerability of the fire. It is shown that the use of capsules with a thermoactive shell allows one to deliver water in the zone of vulnerability of the fire, thereby providing more effective firefighting.

Inhibition deficits are modulated by age and CGG repeat length in carriers of the FMR1 premutation allele who are mothers of children with fragile X syndrome

Individuals who carry a premutation (PM) allele on the FMR1 gene may experience executive limitations associated with their genetic status, including inhibition deficits. However, poor understanding of individualized risk factors has limited clinical management of this group, particularly in mothers who carry the PM allele who have children with fragile X syndrome (FXS). The present study examined CGG repeat length and age as factors that may account for variable expressivity of inhibition deficits. Participants were 134 carriers of the PM allele who were mothers of children with FXS. Inhibition skills were measured using both self-report and direct behavioral assessments. Increased vulnerability for inhibition deficits was observed at mid-range CGG lengths of approximately 80–100 repeats, with some evidence of a second zone of vulnerability occurring at approximately 130–140 CGG repeats. Risk associated with the genotype also became more pronounced with older age. This study identifies personalized risk factors that may be used to tailor the clinical management of executive deficits in carriers of the PM allele. Inhibition deficits may contribute to poor outcomes in carriers of the PM allele and their families, particularly in midlife and early old age, and clinical monitoring may be warranted.

Artistic priorities of theater innovation: the challenges of time or the departure from archaic perception

It has been found that how modern theater is an art that postulates the priorities of a new cultural field and reveals the trajectories of its dynamics in new dimensions. The «Theater of Modernity» strives to be always super-actual and initiates the most effective principles of appeal to the mind. Therefore, a new intonation has been heard recently in the usual many-sided forms of presenting ideas by the theater. It is not defined by the usual framework and is determined by factors of a special order, in particular, the concept of post-dramatism, which carries a new theatrical «enzyme», a new world outlook. The prevailing situation in art highlights the idea of the basics of the formation of the modern image of the world, and therefore denotes the vector of art evolution as a new type of visuality and dominance of the visually oriented art form of the present as such. Thus, modern theater, often referred to as post-dramatic, the nature of which lies mainly in the global trend of separation from the tradition of drama, becomes an influential tool that expands the horizons of heightened empathy and vision in the context of updating the visual strategy. What actually erases the boundaries of traditional artistic aesthetics, deepening the genre-species connection, demanding constant updating of ideas about the possibilities of art and its merging with those areas of life that have never before been perceived in an artistic context.Therefore, a free experiment suppresses tradition and creates an experimental space for stimuli to reflection, rather than sensory perception, an invitation to reflect on the proposed problems, an invitation to take part in a special intellectual ritual. Accordingly, it can be said that stage art embodies in the current situation general invariant trends in the development of a new landscape of culture.In conclusion, we emphasize that this is a statement of a special kind of aesthetics, a special field of art, which can be considered, firstly, a new aesthetic philosophy; secondly, a special artistic space, and thirdly a laboratory of the latest theatrical formulas and forms; fourthly, — both the first, and the second, and the third, — taken together, — as art grafting in a zone of vulnerability.

Quantitative assessment model of ecological vulnerability of the Silk Road Economic Belt, China, utilizing remote sensing based on the partition–integration concept

The various patterns of spatial heterogeneity in the eco-environment of the Silk Road Economic Belt of China differ greatly. In this study, a partition–integration concept was introduced to assess the ecological vulnerability of the Silk Road Economic Belt in China. To confirm the comparability of ecological vulnerability among different sub-regions, the net primary productivity (NPP) was utilized to determine the ecological vulnerability thresholds for different sub-regions. The results indicated that: (1) the new assessment model of ecological vulnerability based on the partition–integration concept was strongly operational and practical for the study region; (2) NPP was conducive to the continuous expression of ecological vulnerability, which can ensure better comparison and analysis of ecological vulnerability among the three sub-regions; (3) the spatial patterns of zones at different vulnerability levels differed greatly. The mild vulnerability zone was the most widely distributed, whereas the zone of slight vulnerability covered the smallest area. (4) Specific environmental protection and treatment measures should be conducted in the three sub-regions with different dominant ecological problems. These results can provide decision-making support in realizing the great strategy of the “one belt and one road” idea.

Risk assessment of arsenic from contaminated soils to shallow groundwater in Ong Phra Sub-District, Suphan Buri Province, Thailand

Study regionThe Arsenic (As) concentrations found in Ong Phra sub-district, Dan Chang district, and Suphan Buri province are approx. 20 times higher than the average concentration of As in agricultural soils of Thailand. Study focusThe objectives of this current study were to investigate the As contamination in soil and groundwater and further develop the risk assessment map of As from contaminated soils releasing to shallow groundwater by combining DRASTIC method with contamination factor (CF) and mobility factor (MF). New hydrological insights for the regionAccording to the sequential extraction result, the concentrations of total As in 39 soil samples ranges from 4.8 to 1070.4 mg/kg. The highest As concentration in shallow groundwater was found at well number 3, located within <0.5 km. downstream from the old tin mine. The Index of DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability, is in the range of 59–147, which is categorized into three vulnerability zones as follows: low (<100), moderate (100–130) and high (>130). The high vulnerability area, found along the waterway, is approximately 35 km2 (18.65% of the study area). Interestingly, the DRASTIC index of the old tin mine is indicated as the zone of moderate and high vulnerability. The findings in this study reveal that the integration of the DRASTIC risk map with CF can well elucidate As contaminated in shallow groundwater.

A fuzzy multicriteria categorization of the GALDIT method to assess seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers

Groundwater constitutes the primary source of fresh water for >1.2 billion people living in coastal zones. However, the threat of seawater intrusion is widespread in coastal aquifers mainly due to overexploitation of groundwater. In the present study, a modified fuzzy multicriteria categorization into non-ordered categories method was developed in order to modify the standard GALDIT method and assess seawater intrusion vulnerability in a coastal aquifer of northern Greece. The method is based on six parameters: groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater level, distance from the shore, impact of the existing status of seawater intrusion, and aquifer thickness. Initially, the original method was applied and revealed a zone of high vulnerability running parallel to the coastline and covering an area of 8.6km2. The modified GALDIT-F method achieved higher discretization of vulnerability zones which is essential to build a rational management plan to prevent seawater intrusion. The GALDIT-F approach also distinguished an area of the aquifer that is influenced by geothermal fluids. In total, twenty-five categories were produced corresponding to different vulnerability degrees according to the initial method (High, Moderate, Low) as well as the area influenced by geothermal fluids. Finally, a road map was developed in order to adapt management strategies to GALDIT-F categories and prevent and mitigate seawater intrusion. The proposed management strategies of the coastal aquifer include managed aquifer recharge (MAR) implementation, reallocation of existing wells, optimization of pumping rates during the hydrological year, and a detailed monitoring plan.

Influence Analysis of Nonlinear Stress–Strain Behavior in Pulverizing Wheel of Fan Mill

Recent failures of pulverizing wheels in fan mills of a steam turbine power plant show that the dovetail-groove area of the main components (the front disk and the back disk) is vulnerable. With the purpose of improving strength and optimizing design, this work analyzes different material sets used in components and compares various supporting strategies of the critical section to decrease maximum stress in the zone of vulnerability (ZoV). Finite element method is applied in modeling the pulverizing wheel, and nonlinear material property is formed based on bilinear kinematic hardening rule. Typical loading conditions in operation are applied to compare the nonlinear stress and strain distributions and the maximum. The results show that using an alternative material introduces a series of variations of the stress and strain in the assembly. Also, optimizing the supporting strategy can significantly decrease the maximum stress and strain, and the variation of the ZoV should also be considered to compare the enhancement of strength of the whole structure.