Operating Zones Research Articles

A hydropower scheduling model to analyze the impacts from integrated wind and solar powers

For deterministic hydropower scheduling problems, the modeling plays a more crucial role than algorithms or methods in handling real-world industrial challenges that shift engineers face. This paper presents a hydropower scheduling model that prioritizes multiple objectives and takes into account constraints on the plant-based operating zones, day-ahead transactional energy, water level targets, as well as the wind and solar powers integrated so as to analyze their impacts on the hydropower scheduling. The model is applied to the Lancang River, which, with 11 cascaded reservoirs involved, presents a large-scale hydropower system. Typically, it takes about 4 s for the CPLEX 12.6 Solver to find the optimum for a quarter-hourly hydropower scheduling during a day. The case studies show that integrating the wind and solar powers into the power systems will make hydro-plants fluctuate in generation and put in generating capacity more in dry seasons than in wet seasons, causing loss of hydropower generating efficiency and increase of turbine maintenance pressure in dry seasons.

Comparison of the effect of bipolar coagulation and fibrillar structured oxidized cellulose on formation epidural fibrosis in rats

Background/aim Epidural fibrosis (EF) is a common cause of failed back surgery syndrome seen after spinal surgeries. The most frequent reason for the formation of EF is accumulated blood and its products in the operation zone. On the development of EF, the effect of bipolar coagulation and fibrillar oxidized cellulose, which are used frequently to control bleeding, was investigated.Materials and methodsIn the study, 45 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups (control, fibrillar, and bipolar). Lumbar laminectomy was applied to all rats under sterile conditions. In the control group, the epidural area was washed with saline solution. Bleeding was controlled with fibrillar oxidized cellulose in the fibrillar group, with bipolar coagulation in the bipolar group. The area to which laminectomy had been applied was removed as a block 6 weeks later and evaluated histopathologically and genetically in terms of EF development. Fibrosis degree was determined histopathologically by counting fibroblasts using the modified Lubina and EF He grading systems. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), and mRNA levels were measured by the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction method.ResultsThe number of epidural fibroblasts, percentage of modified Lubina, amount of IL-6, and He grading rates were significantly lower in the fibrillar group than in the bipolar and control groups (p ˂ 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference among the control, fibrillar, and bipolar groups in terms of TGFβ-1 values (p= 0.525).ConclusionThe use of fibrillar oxidized cellulose was more effective for hemostasis than bipolar coagulation in reducing the development of EF.

Analysis of the thermo-fluidic transport around counter-rotating tandem circular cylinders

The work physically relates to the influence of thermal buoyancy on the flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid around two counter-rotating circular cylinders arranged in tandem configuration within an unconfined domain. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted using a finite volume based computational fluid dynamics tool to explore the problem. The Reynolds number is taken as 100 with Prandtl number 0.71, keeping the non-dimensional spacing between the cylinders fixed at 1.5. The cylinder rotations are considered in the range of a dimensionless speed of 0 to 5. The upstream cylinder is rotating in the clockwise sense, whereas, the downstream one in the counter-clockwise sense. The buoyancy effect is analyzed for the Richardson number range 0 to 1. The flow is unsteady periodic characterized by vortex shedding around the stationary cylinders at the chosen value of the Reynolds number. The flow shows unsteadiness with vortex shedding initially with increasing rotational speed; however, at a critical value of the rotation, the flow becomes stabilized with suppression of vortex shedding. On the contrary, the cross thermal buoyancy effect destabilizes the flow into an unsteady periodic pattern. This complex interplay among the free stream flow, cross buoyancy, and counter-rotation produces intriguing fluid dynamic and thermal phenomena. The critical rotational speeds for the range of Richardson numbers are obtained as [Formula: see text] respectively for Ri = 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1. A corresponding regime diagram is also constructed to depict the unsteady and steady zones of operation.

PERSPECTIVE FROM THE WESTERN BALKANS AND STRENGTHENING THE NATO’S EASTERN FLANK

A reflection process shall be launched to see if the NATO is ready to face the challenges of tomorrow. The main aim of this paper will be to outline what are the perspectives and challenges according to the Balkan countries and what is the role of NATO in the Eastern Flank. Collecting of views from the region will give some ideas and propositions how to make the Alliance stronger and more effective politically and militarily.
 The western Balkans is one of the longest lasting and largest investments that NATO has made throughout time. The Western Balkans is the most articulate because of the complexity of the region. As the WB is so articulate and complex and the relationships since the 1990s between NATO and the region of the WB have evolved. The three main pillars of the NATO strategic concept are deterrence and defence crisis management and cooperative security. Now we have two new NATO tools that are helping the region - capacity building to the civil military team (NATO advisory team which support the set up of security force in Kosovo) and enhanced interaction which is a basket of tailored activities (it is not a partnership because there are some of the Allies that do not the declaration of independence of Kosovo) that have been revised by the North Atlantic Council- building integrity and civil emergency planning. The common point between all the countries of the WB which have joined the partnership of peace is the contribution that they give to the security and stability of the region and to this idea of projecting stability. When NATO’s neighbours are stable the Alliance itself will be more stable. The open door policy a cornerstone of the Washington treaty– for many countries of the WB it is a cornerstone for becoming members and to assume the responsibilities and the obligations (and the willingness and ability to assume them) that come with this membership. Political dialogue and practical cooperation are crucial for the countries especially from the region of the Western Balkans to foster the regional understanding and to share common expertise. Speaking about the Geopolitics in the Balkans and in South Eastern Europe, my first point is about the current geopolitical dynamics. SE Europe and even The Balkans are not anymore in the centre of world politics in the role of the trouble maker in the region, like it was in the late 90s of the last and in the beginning of this century. But they continue to be a field for political manoeuvring of the geopolitical players dominated by the desire to confer spheres of interest and to mutually deter each other. We shall not forget that precisely democracy is the element that binds all members and the liberal economic principles are the cornerstone of this common identity. A more equitable burden sharing and ascending defense spending (2% or less currently) is an important benchmark for the future preparedness of the Alliance. The transatlantic relation was a point discussed largely in reflection process. A future goal for the Alliance shall be defining a mutually beneficial strategic and burden sharing equilibrium between North American and European members. An advance in the foreign and security policy objectives of Washington in Asia will be a good addition to this. What can be more is that NATO must continue to deepen and strengthen the already existing relationship. This mainly can be conducted through expanding its roster of partnerships, gaining actionable intelligence, strengthening early warning systems and improving crisis management to be nimbler politically and operationally.
 B9 Alliances members need to leave their operational comfort zones and look to further their contributions in zones of instability in Africa and Middle East that could spill over to Europe.

Overcurrent protection against multi-phase faults in MV networks based on negative and zero sequence criteria

Adequate power system protection plays crucial role in ensuring reliability of electricity supply, thus it is a key challenge for distribution system operators to increase the effectiveness of protection schemes operation and protection equipment itself. The main goal of the paper is presenting a multi-criteria protection algorithm that may boost effectiveness of power lines’ short-circuit overcurrent relays in medium voltage networks in case of various two phase faults. The idea of enhancing protection performance is based on fault current symmetrical components’ analysis and specifically on using negative and zero sequence currents as criterial values for overcurrent line protection used against such faults. The paper describes in detail the proposed solution and analyses its performance based on medium voltage network simulations carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. Promising simulation results can be observed for definite time overcurrent protection relays used in reactance-earthed networks, as introduction of the proposed method proved to increase the zone of effective operation twice comparing to the traditional phase current based solutions. Moreover, in the proposed solution, coordination of protection settings for small earth-fault current values, which are identified by other protection relays, is not necessary. The proposed solution may complement the traditional algorithms for short-circuit protection (I≫) used in modern protection relays monitoring the level of negative and zero sequence current, and therefore may significantly improve the effectiveness of detecting various phase-to-phase faults in the considered MV line protection zone.

Tactical Risk Assessment Method for Resilient Fuel Supply Chains for a Military Peacekeeping Operation

The article focuses on research on the functioning of liquid fuel supply chains, supplying troops carrying out peacekeeping and stabilisation operations in a foreign territory. Timely and complete supplies of fuels in war conditions determine the achievement of the assumed goals of a military operation. They often determine the health and life of soldiers. For this reason, the role of building the resilience of supply chains to disruptions, the type and frequency of which is entirely different from the undesirable events occurring in civil goods flows, is increasing. Therefore, the critical concept supporting building the resilience of fuel supply chains is risk management in these chains. The authors have developed a risk analysis method that integrates the Kaplan and Garrick approach and the fuzzy theory. The analysis identifies the existing disturbances and assigns them to the individual phases of the supply process. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed method, the authors analyse nine scenarios for the three most important stages of the procurement process in terms of building the resilience of the entire chain: Planning, delivery and storage. The fuzzy theory estimates the risk level for the analysed scenarios of adverse events. The proposed method is universal. It can be implemented to analyse the resistance of supply chains of other materials. It can also support the decision-making process for those responsible for planning, organisation and proper functioning of supply systems in all high-risk conditions, not only in the zone of war and stabilisation operations.

FACILITATING MICROMOBILITY FOR FIRST AND LAST MILE CONNECTION WITH PUBLIC TRANSIT THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN: A CASE STUDY OF CALIFORNIA BAY AREA RAPID TRANSIT STATIONS

AbstractMicromobility has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, traffic congestion, and air pollution, particularly when replacing private vehicle use in conjunction with public transit for first- and last-mile travel. The design of the built environment in and around public transit stations plays a key role in the integration of public transit and micromobility. This research presents a case study of rail stations in the California Bay Area, which are in the operation zone of seven shared micromobility operators. Nineteen stations and their surroundings were surveyed to inventory design features that could enable or constrain use of micromobility for first- and last-mile access. Shared mobility service characteristics, crime records, and connections to underserved communities were also documented. Key design solutions were identified based on the findings, including protected bike lanes, increased shared bike and scooter fleet size and service area, and clear signage indicating parking corral and docking points.

The Role of Internal Irreversibilities in the Performance and Stability of Power Plant Models Working at Maximum ϵ-Ecological Function

Abstract The proposal of models that account for the irreversibilities within the core engine has been the topic of interest to quantify the useful energy available during its conversion. In this work, we analyze the energetic optimization and stability (local and global) of three power plants, nuclear, combined-cycle, and simple-cycle ones, by means of the Curzon–Ahlborn heat engine model which considers a linear heat transfer law. The internal irreversibilities of the working fluid measured through the r-parameter are associated with the so-called “uncompensated Clausius heat.” In addition, the generalization of the ecological function is used to find operating conditions in three different zones, which allows to carry out a numerical analysis focused on the stability of power plants in each operation zone. We noted that not all power plants reveal stability in all the operation zones when irreversibilities are considered through the r-parameter on real-world power plants. However, an improved stability is shown in the zone limited by the maximum power output and maximum efficiency regimes.

Structural and logical model of the mechanism for regulating technogenic safety in emergency situations of military-technogenic origin

To ensure stable management of technogenic safety and civil protection in these conditions, it is necessary to develop an information model for managing technogenic security under verious conditions of use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the provision of minimal risks and threats of emergencies of military technogenic origin. The information model provides for three components, namely: the first is a model for managing technogenic security safety in the zone of ​​the joint forces operation in a steady state; the second is a model for managing technogenic safety in the area of ​​the joint forces operation in an emergency of natural or technogenic origin; third is a model for managing technogenic security in the area of ​​the joint forces operation in an emergency of military-technogenic origin. The paper shows that the information model of the mechanism of man-made safety regulation during emergencies of military-man-made origin is a set of specific methods, forms, techniques, tools and levers of man-made safety regulation, through the improvement of which, in fact, the man-made safety system is improved. regional level. On the example of solving the practical problem of determining the depth and area of ​​distribution of the primary cloud of highly toxic substances and its impact on military facilities, shows the use of information model to provide the decision maker with necessary and sufficient information to make management decisions to ensure military-man-made security . To assess the effectiveness of mechanisms for state regulation of man-made safety at the regional level, it is proposed to use the method of hierarchy analysis. According to this model, the subject of management (management bodies in the field of technogenic safety) exerts a controlling influence (on the basis of laws, decrees, by-laws, standards, resolutions, orders, programs of ecological direction) on the object of management (social facilities, enterprises, natural objects), which in accordance with the received control impact, changes its state, activity, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the state or impact on the environment.

A Hybrid Evolutionary Approach Applied to the Economic Dispatch Problem with Prohibited Operating Zones and Uncertainties

In order to be able to implement a solution to a real world problem, it must be solved taking into account the uncertainties in the associated model. In fact, there is a possibility that the action of a small uncertainty on a nominal solution obtained for a real world problem may become completely meaningless in practice. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm, HEA-GA-SA, to solve the Economic Dispatch Problem with Prohibited Operating Zones and Uncertainties. HEA-GA-SA considers the worst case of parametric uncertainties. The parameter in which the uncertainties have been considered is the power of generating units. The proposed algorithm proved to be effective to solve this problem. Despite having higher computational and dispatch costs than that of the nominal optimal solutions, the robust solutions found by HEA-GA-SA do not become unfeasible in the presence of uncertainties. Therefore, they can be implemented in the real world. The experiments showed that all nominal optimal solutions analyzed (including two in literature) became infeasible in the presence of uncertainties. They violated some of the constraints imposed on the problem, such as the Prohibited Operation Zones (POZs) or the power intervals in which each generator can operate. It was also observed that the presence of POZs makes the problem more difficult and vulnerable to uncertainty.

Gender analysis of the specificity of neurotic disorders in different categories of persons affected by hostilities

Post-stress mental disorders caused by military actions in the east of Ukraine become one of the important internal barriers during adaptation to the conditions of peaceful life due to the layering on this substrate of new stresses associated with social maladaptation. The study of the specificity of the clinical structure, the peculiarities of the diagnostic process, the prevention and treatment of post-stress disorders in persons who have survived combat operations, is definitely becoming one of the most important medical and social issues of our society at the moment. We conducted a comprehensive examination of 299 patients with non-psychotic mental disorders, both sexes, with an average age of (30.6±4.7) years. The I group included 96 servicemen of the Ukrainian Armed Forces who took direct part in hostilities in the Joint Forces Operations (JFO) zone (30 women and 66 men); The II group – 98 volunteers whose activities are related to the support of servicemen in the JFO zone (54 women and 44 men); Group III - 105 forced migrants (53 women and 52 men). The clinical structure of post-traumatic stress disorders in the examined patients was represented by: post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1); adaptation disorders (prolonged anxiety-depressive reaction) (F43.21); anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder (F41.1); panic disorder (F41.0). When analyzing the clinical symptoms, we have the following gender differences: in women, compared to men, neurotic disorders were manifested by a greater expressiveness of longing, and in men, irritability and anxiety manifestations came to the fore in the clinical structure. The data obtained during the work formed the basis for the development of a comprehensive personalized program for the correction of non-psychotic mental disorders and the rehabilitation of persons affected by combat stress with the differentiated use of psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and psychoeducation methods. Keywords: hostilities, non-psychotic mental disorders, combatants, volunteers, internally displaced persons (IDPs).

Two-stage robust railway line-planning approach with passenger demand uncertainty

A railway line-planning problem is one of the fundamental problems in the strategic planning of railway operations. Operation zone, frequency, stop schedule, and passenger distribution for each train based on passenger demand are determined to minimize both the operation cost of the railway enterprise and the total travel cost to the passengers. However, passenger demand uncertainty makes balancing transport capacity and fluctuating demand challenging. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimization model wherein the nominal line plan is determined in the first stage (i.e., the case in which passenger demand has no fluctuation) and the rescheduled line plan based on the nominal line plan is determined according to the demand realization in the second stage. A Lagrangian relaxation algorithm and some strengthening techniques are designed. The model and algorithm are tested on real-world instances of the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway line under uncertain passenger demands. Computational results indicate that the proposed solution algorithm can yield a high-quality solution in 3600 s. In addition, the proposed two-stage robust solution can help minimize both operation and travel costs on average when compared with the nominal solution under uncertainty realization.

Experimental muscle reinnervation by allogeneic biomaterial illustrates restoration of interlevel relations in human body

The objective of our study was to reveal the morphofunctional interactions between allografts and the recipient nervous system from the experimental model of the mimetic musculature reinnervation. Materials and Methods. The experiments were conducted on Chinchilla rabbits (n=36). All animals were subjected to the facial nerve transection. No other manipulations were performed in the Control Group (n=9). In Treatment Group 1 (n=12), an autograft fragment of the masseter muscle with a neurovascular bundle was attached to the denervated buccinator. In Treatment Group 2 (n=15), allogeneic biomaterials – specifically, Regeneration Stimulator and Vasculogenesis Stimulator, were inserted between specified muscles. The animals were removed from the experiment on days 10, 30, 60 and 180. Tissue pieces from the operation zone were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Results. It was established that compensatory and restorative processes in the Control Group and Treatment Group 1 end with scarring of the boundary zone and contracture of mimetic muscles. In Treatment Group 2, we observed revascularization of mimetic musculature, as well as axonal ingrowth into the buccinator and restoration of neuromuscular synapses. Conclusion. Allogeneic biomaterial transplantation creates adequate conditions for the restoration of the organ vascular bed and the innervation apparatus of denervated mimetic muscles. The results of our experiments could be regarded as an example of restoring the interlevel relations in the human body following the use of allogeneic biomaterials.

A proposal for the dynamic strain interpolation on hydroelectric turbine runner

The large operation range of hydroelectric turbine, caused by the increasing changes in the electrical network usage, leads to higher dynamic stress fluctuation on runner. However, the experimental data cannot cover all the possible operating conditions. The missing data in some turbine operation zones generates a challenge for the recovery of the highest dynamic strain. This paper proposes a methodology for the interpolation of such strains between operating conditions by using the kriging method. The case study focuses on the interpolation of the part load rope which is an important component in the dynamic strain of a Francis turbine runner. Two interpolation approaches, inspired by spatio-temporal kriging and cokriging, are applied and compared. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve the recovery of operating conditions using interpolation process.

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ЗОНЫ МАНЕВРИРОВАНИЯ РТК НА ОСНОВЕ ТАКТИЛЬНОЙ И ЗРИТЕЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

To increase the capabilities and expand possible applications of robotic systems for specialpurposes, switching from the currently being adopted remote control systems to semi-autonomoussystems that monitor operator actions and perform part of his functions is proposed. Moving toautonomous control systems capable of functioning in the "silent" mode, in shielded areas andbeyond the range of radio communications is proposed as a next step. Such intellectualization ofon-board control systems will allow to eliminate fundamental limitations and disadvantagescaused by the communication channel and ensures the implementation of robot group control. It isshown that the basis for robot autonomy increasing of on-board control systems, both for movementand tool control, is onboard environment model generation and determining the coordinatesof the control object. External environment model and current coordinates makes it possible toautomate the trajectory planning and movement, which ensures the autonomous functioning ofrobotic systems. The complex problem of environment segmentation according to geometric andground passability is considered, taking into account the characteristics of the chassis, the geometryof the relief and the supporting properties of the ground. The existing methods are describedand the results of experimental studies are given to solve the following main tasks: – classificationof the operation zone according to geometric passability based data from the onboard technicalvision system; – ground types recognition according to the integrated technical vision system; –using the apparatus of neural networks to improve the reliability of ground types recognition; –determination of ground reference characteristics by measuring the reactions of the chassis duringmovement. The promising directions for further research in integrating tactile and visual informationto improve the reliability of the classification of operation zone according to the complexcriterion of geometric and support passability are formulated.

Determination of an Effective Heating Radius in District Heating Systems in terms of Reliability

The paper presents a method developed to determine an effective heating radius (EHR) in district heating systems (DHSs) in terms of reliable heat supply to consumers. The search for EHR for various heating mains from the considered district heating source in DHS involves identifying heat source operation zones in various city areas. At the same time, apart from the search for EHR, the nodal reliability indices are estimated for each consumer and then used (if necessary) to adjust the obtained EHR. The paper briefly discusses some of the practical research results.

Performance analysis of a transient-based earth fault protection system for unearthed and compensated radial distribution networks

This paper deals with the protection against earth faults in distribution networks with unearthed or compensated neutral. A transient-based protection system is proposed and assessed through electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) simulations. The fault detection algorithm is based on the estimation of the angle between the zero-sequence voltage and current phasors. The estimation is carried out at the dominant transient frequency of the network response within the first milliseconds after the fault. The implementation of an improved filter and a zero-padding process allows for the identification of high resistance faults with a relatively low sampling frequency. An operation zone is proposed and assessed, also for unbalanced or mixed bare and cable line networks. The performances of the protection system are evaluated for a distribution network in both the cases of unearthed and compensated neutral through a Monte Carlo method that considers the fault resistance, incidence angle and fault location variations as random variables in the EMTP simulations.

Data-driven two-stage stochastic optimization model for short-term hydro-thermal-wind coordination scheduling based on the dynamic extreme scenario set

A data-driven two-stage stochastic optimization model for solving short-term hydro-thermal-wind coordination scheduling problem with complicated time-coupled and space-related characteristics is proposed in this paper. The generation, emission and power fluctuation costs in the day-ahead scheduling stage and power regulation costs by hydro-thermal units, wind curtailment and load shedding costs in the real-time scheduling stage is formulated as the objective function of proposed model. Moreover, a dynamic extreme scenario generation and reduction method is introduced to deal with wind power uncertainty. The relationship between hydropower output, volume, inflow, discharge and upstream water for the multi-reservoir cascaded hydro plants is converted into a series of linear constraints, and the practical constraints of prohibited operation zones for thermal units are taken into account. As a result, the proposed model can be transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem to solve. Finally, case studies are carried out on the modified IEEE 24-bus system comprising of six thermal units, a multi-chain cascade of four hydro plants and one wind farm, and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed coordination scheduling model and method. • Two-stage stochastic optimization for hydro-thermal-wind system is proposed. • Dynamic extreme scenario set is constructed to describe wind power uncertainty. • Spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of cascaded hydro plants is considered. • A mixed-integer linear programming is built for solving the scheduling problem.

Plasmonic Optical Tweezers for Particle Manipulation: Principles, Methods, and Applications.

Inspired by the idea of combining conventional optical tweezers with plasmonic nanostructures, a technique named plasmonic optical tweezers (POT) has been widely explored from fundamental principles to applications. With the ability to break the diffraction barrier and enhance the localized electromagnetic field, POT techniques are especially effective for high spatial-resolution manipulation of nanoscale or even subnanoscale objects, from small bioparticles to atoms. In addition, POT can be easily integrated with other techniques such as lab-on-chip devices, which results in a very promising alternative technique for high-throughput single-bioparticle sensing or imaging. Despite its label-free, high-precision, and high-spatial-resolution nature, it also suffers from some limitations. One of the main obstacles is that the plasmonic nanostructures are located over the surfaces of a substrate, which makes the manipulation of bioparticles turn from a three-dimensional problem to a nearly two-dimensional problem. Meanwhile, the operation zone is limited to a predefined area. Therefore, the target objects must be delivered to the operation zone near the plasmonic structures. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art target delivery methods for the POT-based particle manipulating technique, along with its applications in single-bioparticle analysis/imaging, high-throughput bioparticle purifying, and single-atom manipulation. Future developmental perspectives of POT techniques are also discussed.

Thermal Comfort Analysis of Residential Home in Coastal City Based on Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) Index and Operative Temperature Zone

Hot and humid tropical conditions in the coastal city have specific problems with the building thermal comfort. An important fact in creating thermal comfort is strongly influenced by two main factors that are the thermal environment and thermal balance of the human body. The differences in physical adaptation, physiological adaptation, behavior, and expectation of each human make thermal comfort varied as well. This research aim is to find out the level of thermal comfort for living home in the coastal city based on physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index and operative temperature zone. The research used simulation methods with RayMan software to analyze the thermal comfort of outdoor space and CBE Thermal Comfort to analyze the thermal comfort of indoor space. There are 4 (four) different subjects simulated in this research. The results showed that the condition could be categorized as comfortable if the thermal sensation is in a neutral position with a PET index of 20.5 – 27.0 and operative temperature zone at 22.8-28.8°C. Effective thermal comfort only happened in a short period. The 2nd floor is more comfortable for activity, and old female subjects need special attention to reach thermal comfort.