Zingiberene Content Research Articles

Resistance to whitefly mediated by the Mi gene, acylsugars, and zingiberene in tomato

This study aimed to quantify and compare the effects of Mi gene, high leaf levels of acylsugars (AA), and zingiberene (ZGB) individually and in combination, regarding resistance of tomato lines to Bemisia argentifolii. The experiment included 21 genotypes selected simultaneously for high AA and ZGB content, cloned through rooting of axillary shoots with homogeneous sizes, and seven control lines produced from seeds, including 2 genotypes rich in AA (TOM-687 and TOM-688), two genotypes rich in ZGB (TOM-703 and TOM-704), and three lines with low levels of allelochemicals (cv. Santa Clara, TOM-584, and TOM-684), where the TOM-684 line carried the Mi gene. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design, comprising 28 treatments with 4 replications and 1 plant per plot. The AA and ZGB-rich lines showed higher resistance compared to the other control lines with low levels of allelochemicals, but the TOM-684 control line carrying the Mi gene was more resistant than the non-carriers ('Santa Clara' and TOM-584). The level of resistance conferred by ZGB was similar to that presented by AA. Both ZGB and AA provided higher levels of resistance compared to the Mi gene. The clones selected for both ZGB and AA simultaneously exhibited lower numbers of eggs and nymphs compared to the susceptible controls and were more resistant than the TOM-684 treatment. Overall, the clones even outperformed the lines rich in only one of the allelochemicals, demonstrating a synergistic effect between AA and ZGB for resistance when combined in the same tomato line.

Development of BC3F2 Tomato Genotypes with Arthropod Resistance Introgressed from Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI127826)

Arthropod pests are among the biggest problems faced in tomato production worldwide. To overcome the losses caused by these pests, one of the most sustainable and economical strategies is the use of resistance introgressed from wild species. We aimed to develop BC3F2 tomato genotypes with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB) and resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci biotype B), South American tomato pinworm (Tuta absoluta), and the two-spotted spider mite (Tatranychus urticae), from the wild accession of Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (accession PI127826). The quantification of ZGB in 520 BC3F2 genotypes and in the parentals yielded the selection of five genotypes with high ZGB content and three with low ZGB content, which were then infested with B. tabaci, T. absolute, and T. urticae. In these eight genotypes and in the parents, the types and amounts of trichomes on the leaves were determined. Additionally, molecular markers were used to identify the genotypes with a higher recurrent genome recovery. The results confirmed the transfer of resistance from S. habrochaites to the BC3F2 genotypes and showed that this resistance seems to be directly related to high concentrations of ZGB and the presence of type IV trichomes.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accessions and species

We performed this study to evaluate the resistance of 36 wild and cultivated tomato accessions to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) under greenhouse conditions in fall 2017. Phenotypically, accessions of species S. chilense, S. habrochaites, S. cheesmaniae, S. chmielewskii, and S. galapagense showed significantly fewer plant damages, i.e. less sensitivity. We re-evaluated nine resistant accessions of various species in vitro compared to susceptible “Moneymaker” by choice and no-choice tests to describe the level and mechanism of resistance. Ches-3 (S. cheesmaniae AusTRCF312323), Gal-1 (S. galapagense LA317), Chil—2 (S. chilense LA1967), Chil-3 (S. chilense LA1969); and Hab-7 (S. habrochaites CGN 15391) showed antixenosis (reduced oviposition and larval penetration) and antibiosis resistances (inhibited larval and pupal development and lack of new offspring). In addition, resistance was related to increased leaf content of zingiberene and acyl sugars, particularly in CGN15391. Resistant accessions Ches-3, Gal-1, Chm-2 (S. chmielewskii LA1327), Chil-2 and Hab-7 shared some polymorphic bands in SDS-PAGE analysis, indicating their similarity in gene expression and metabolic activity under T. absoluta infestation conditions. Hab-7 is considered more resistant than other resistant accessions because its low plant damage, high leaf content of zingiberene and acyl sugars, and coding of all resistance-related proteins.

Artificial neural networks and genetic dissimilarity among saladette type dwarf tomato plant populations

Studies have shown that dwarf plants have the potential for use in obtaining hybrids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential and genetic dissimilarity of saladette type dwarf tomato plant populations through the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs). The following traits were analyzed: mean fruit weight, transverse and longitudinal fruit diameter, fruit shape, pulp thickness, locule number, internode length, soluble solids content, and β-carotene, lycopene, and leaf zingiberene contents. A dendrogram obtained by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOM) agreed in the distinction of the BC1F3 populations from the dwarf donor parent. SOM was more consistent in identifying the genetic similarities among the BC1F3 dwarf tomato plant populations and allowed for the determination of weights of each variable in the cluster formation. The UFU SDi 13-1 BC1F3 population was revealed to be a promising option for obtaining saladette type dwarf tomato plant lines.

Can Spectrophotometry Be Used to Quantify Zingiberene Sesquiterpenoids in Tomato Leaflet Extracts?

The presence of 7-epi zingiberene in wild tomatoes has been associated with arthropod resistance. Consequently, tomato breeders are attempting to introgress 7-epi zingiberene from wild to cultivated tomato requiring quantification of zingiberene. 7-Epi zingiberene likely absorbs UV light due to its conjugated double bonds and others have claimed that measurement of absorbance at 270 nm of tomato leaflet washes can be used to quantify zingiberene. However, this claim has never been critically evaluated. We initially evaluated this claim in an interspecific hybrid tomato generation that was segregating widely for zingiberene. Results indicated that the method does not obey the Beer–Lambert law. Consequently, we examined in detail aspects of the UV-absorbance of isolated zingiberenoids and leaflet washes obtained from parents and interspecific generations that were segregating for 7-epi zingiberene. Results indicated that isolated zingiberenoids, as well as leaflet washes containing zingiberenoids, have broad absorbance spectra with a λmax of 264 nm. For isolated zingiberenoids, the relationship between abundance and absorbance at 264 nm did obey the Beer–Lambert law. Average absorbance spectra for leaflet washes from interspecific generation plants showed subtle λmax shifts. Furthermore, the relationship between absorbance at 264 nm and zingiberenoid content of these generations did not obey the Beer–Lambert law. The use of multiple wavelengths for estimation of zingiberenoids in these breeding generations was explored and the inclusion of additional absorbances at one or two wavelengths always improved estimates. However, identified wavelength(s) differed among generations. Taken together, the results indicate that measurement of absorbance of tomato leaflet washes at a single wavelength is not a reliable quantitative estimate of zingiberenoids in leaflet washes. Estimates can be improved by utilizing absorbance at multiple wavelengths, but the particular wavelengths will vary among generations. Lastly, measurement of absorbance may be useful for identifying those relatively rare individuals in a generation that is widely segregating for zingiberenoid content. However, even in this situation, the determination of the actual 7-epi zingiberene content would need to be backstopped by a valid quantitative method.

Pengaruh Gelombang Mikro terhadap Kualitas Hasil Minyak Atsiri Jahe (Zingiber officinale) dengan Hidrodistilasi

Essential oil commodity is one form of strategic export product that has high economic value, one of which is ginger essential oil. The optimal method of extraction ginger essential oil is still a research topic in an effort to increase its quantity and quality. The purpose of this research is to obtain the optimal heating process parameters with microwave. Ginger essential oil produced by hydro-distillation and microwave pretreatment with 100 and 180 W of maximum output and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min of pretreatment duration. Parameters of essential oil obtained were evaluated, i.e. yield, density, refractive index; total acid number, and zingiberene content. The results indicated that microwave pretreatment with 100 W and 2 min as the best microwave pretreatment combination. The combination produced ginger essential oil with 1.364% of yield, 0.889 g/mL of density, 1.49 of refraction index, 1,5 of total acid number, and 24.7% of zingiberene content. The parameters of the microwave heating process as pretreatment have succeeded in producing ginger essential oil with better quantity and quality.

Selection of F2BC1 tomato genotypes for processing containing high levels of zingiberene and resistant to tomato pinworms

An alternative for the management of the tomato moth is genetic resistance obtained through interspecific crosses. The aim of this study was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcrossing (F2BC1) between the cultivar Redencao, which presents processing characteristics, and the wild access Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’, containing high levels of zingiberene and resistant to tomato moths, using different damage evaluation methodologies. For this purpose, F2BC1 genotypes with different zingiberene levels were submitted to a pest resistance test comprising ten treatments. The treatments consisted of five F2BC1 genotypes with high zingiberene content, three with low content, and the parental plants. The damage caused by the caterpillars were evaluated using two methodologies, a graded visual evaluation and estimates of the percentage of damaged leaf areas. Additionally, population growth was evaluated based on the count of the number of caterpillars present on leaflets. Zingiberene-rich F2BC1 genotypes were less damaged compared to those containing low levels of this substance and the recurrent parent. The two methodologies for assessing damages were demonstrated as feasible. The RVTZ 2011–079-117 and RVTZ 2011–079-335 genotypes presented potential as resistant tomato moth sources.

The effect of ginger oil extraction using Microwave Assisted Hydro-distillation (MAHD) method on zingiberene content

The ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil has been produced using microwave assisted hydro-distillation extraction process and evaluated using GC-MS. The effects of different power of microwave (450, 600, 800 Watt) and material-solvent (w/v) ratio (1:8; 1:9; and 1:10) on the yield, density, and refraction index of ginger essential oil were investigated. The results indicated that microwave power and material-solvent ratio significantly affects yield, density, and zingiberene content of ginger essential oil. The highest yield was obtained in 600 Watt with 1:8 of material-solvent ratio (w/v), i.e., 1.71% w/w. The best density of ginger oil was obtained in 600 W with 1:10 of material-solvent ratio (b/v), i.e., 0.875 g/ml. The best refractive index value of ginger oil was obtained in 800 Watt with 1:8 of material-solvent ratio (b/v), i.e., 1.494. The refractive index of essential oils is influenced by the presence of carbon chains and double bonds in oil, free fatty acid levels, oxidation processes, and temperature. The best contents of ginger oil zingiberene were obtained in 600 Watt with 1:8 of material-solvent ratio (w/v), with 27.79%.

Tomato Breeding for Sustainable Crop Systems: High Levels of Zingiberene Providing Resistance to Multiple Arthropods

In sustainable cropping systems, the management of herbivorous arthropods is a challenge for the high performance of the tomato crop. One way to reduce the damage caused by these pests is the use of resistant cultivars within a sustainable integrated management system. The host selection of Tetranychus urticae, Bemisia tabaci, and Tuta absoluta was evaluated, characterizing their preference among the tomato genotypes RVTZ2011-79-503-143, RVTZ2011-79-335-164, RVTZ2011-79-185-250 (high zingiberene content—HZC), and RVTZ2011-79-117-273 (low zingiberene content—LZC). Such genotypes were selected in the F2BC2 generation (the F2 generation of the 2th backcross towards Solanum lycopersicum after the inicial interspecific cross S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites var. hirsutum), resulting from crossing Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum PI-127826 (HZC and resistant to mites) and the commercial cv. Redenção (S. lycopersicum) (LZC and susceptible to mites). In choice and no-choice bioassays by T. urticae, and in choice bioassays by B. tabaci and T. absoluta, arthropods preferred to stay and oviposit in an LZC genotype. In contrast, genotypes with HZC showed repellency to pests and induced a non-preference for oviposition. The F2BC2 genotypes selected for HZC are considered sources of resistance genes to these pests for tomato breeding programs, and therefore have excellent potential for sustainable cropping systems. These results represent an advance in obtaining tomato genetic materials which can be used in sustainable production systems with less loss from pests.

Optimization On Subcritical Fluid Extraction Of Zingiberene

The establishment of subcritical fluid application for zingiberene extraction was studied by employing water as a green solvent. The zingiberene content was observed by using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrofotometry and regarding to the independent variable of temperature, extraction time, ginger-solvent ratio and aging time. By applying subcritical water, the critical value of zingiberene content obtained was 0.036%. This value was approached by the surface modeling of alpha for rotatability design which performed at 125  C, 20 min of extraction time, 0.08 of ginger to solvent ratio and 9 min of aging time of extraction parameters. The surface modeling was validated by plotting the observed and predicted value of zingiberene content and evidenced by the value of R-square at 0.76.

Trichomes and Allelochemicals in Tomato Genotypes Have Antagonistic Effects Upon Behavior and Biology of Tetranychus urticae.

Tomato genotypes selected for their high foliar zingiberene (ZGB) contents in a segregating F2 population were assessed to determine their effect on behavior and biology of Tetranychus urticae Koch, the putative resistance mechanisms involved and the role of trichomes on that resistance. Genotypes with contrasting ZGB content (RVTZ-09 = low ZGB, RVTZ-79 = high ZGB, RVTZ-142 = high ZGB, and RVTZ-331 = high ZGB) were selected from an interspecific cross between wild S. habrochaites var. hirsutum accession PI-127826 (high ZGB content and resistant to mites) and S. lycopersicum cv. Redenção (low ZGB content and susceptible to mites). To determine the effect of these genotypes on mite behavior and biology, free- and no-choice tests, as well as biological studies were performed. Types and densities of trichomes on the foliar surface and their correlation with ZGB contents was determined. Genotypes rich in ZGB (RVTZ-79, RVTZ-142, and RVTZ-331) presented a high number of types IV and VI glandular trichomes, and both type IV and VI densities were positively correlated with ZGB content. In the free-choice test, T. urticae showed a high preference toward S. lycopersicum cv. Redenção and the genotype RVTZ-09 (low ZGB content), whereas, genotypes with high ZBG content were less preferred. Moreover, on high ZGB genotypes, increase in the egg incubation period and in total mortality of nymphs, and decrease of fecundity rate were observed, indicating deleterious effects in mite biology. Results indicated that high ZGB/high glandular trichome densities genotypes present both non-preference and antibiosis mechanisms of resistance to the mite.

Selection of tomato genotypes for processing resistant to spider mite and whitefly

The objective of the research was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcross (F 2 BC 1 ) between the tomato cultivar for processing S. lycopersicum cultivar Redencao and the wild access S. habrochaites var. hirsutum PI-127826, with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB), resistant to the mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci biotype B). From the F 2 BC 1 population the ZGB content was quantified and then five plants with high zingiberene was selected (RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503) and four with low zingiberene content (RVTZ 2011-079-417, RVTZ 2011-331-460, RVTZ 2011-079-538 and RVTZ 2011-079-548). Genotypes selected for high and low ZGB content and the parentals S. habrochaites var. hirsutum access PI-127826 and ‘Redencao’ were evaluated for repellency to the mite T. urticae and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B. There was a significant and inverse correlation between ZGB content and average distances traveled by mites on tomato leaflets. Plants of PI-127826, wild parental with high ZGB content, showed averages for number of whitefly eggs significantly lower in relation to the group of F 2 BC 1 , genotypes with low-ZGB. Genotypes of the F 2 BC 1 generation with high zingiberene levels RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503 are promising for progress in achieving lines with background for processing, resistant to arthropod pests. Among them RVTZ 2011-079-117 stands out for both pests evaluated.

Selection of processing tomato genotypes resistant to two spotted spider mite

ABSTRACT One of the major problems in cultivation of tomato is the occurrence of pests and diseases. The objective of the research was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcross (F2BC1) between the tomato cultivar for processing S. lycopersicum (cv. Redenção) and the wild access S. habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826), with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB), resistant to the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). From the F2BC1 population. The ZGB content was quantified and five plants with high zingiberene selected (RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503) and four with low zingiberene content (RVTZ 2011-079-417, RVTZ 2011-331-460, RVTZ 2011-079-538 and RVTZ 2011-079-548) were selected. Genotypes selected for high and low ZGB content and the parentals S. habrochaites var. hirsutum access PI-127826 and ‘Redenção’ were evaluated for repellency to the twospotted spider mite. There was a significant and inverse correlation between ZGB content and average distances travelled by mites on tomato leaflets. The genotypes of the F2BC1 generation with high zingiberene levels RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503 are promising for progress in achieving resistant lines to arthropod pests. Among them RVTZ 2011-079-117 stands out for resistance to twospotted spider mite.

Determination of Influential Factors during Enzymatic Extraction of Ginger Oil using Immobile Isolated Cow Rumen Enzymes

With respect to its multiple uses, such as in cosmetics, foods, aromatherapy and the pharmaceutical industry, ginger oil has a high value in the world market. The ginger oil obtained from conventional extraction usually has low zingiberene content, possibly due to thermal degradation. To overcome this problem, an alternative ginger oil production process by enzymatic extraction using cow rumen enzymes is investigated. The aim of the research is to obtain the optimum conditions for zingiberene-rich ginger oil extraction by using immobile isolated cow rumen enzyme. The experiments were conducted under varying temperatures (40–60oC), enzyme-substrate ratios (0.05–0.2) and extraction times (1–5 days). The microwave assisted distillation was conducted for 90 minute to separate the ginger oil from its mixture. The zingiberene content in the oil was measured by GC analysis. The most influential factor in the enzymatic extraction of ginger oil was determined by experimental design 23. Analysis of the results shows that for the extraction with a rumen ratio of 1:5 at 60oC, the most influential factor was the extraction time, in this case 5 days, and ginger oil was obtained with zingiberene contents of 21.56% and 26.28% at pH 5 and pH 4 respectively. Prolonging the extraction time to 6 days with pH 5 caused a decrease in zingiberene content to 20.76%.

Research Article Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera mediated by zingiberene and glandular trichomes in tomatoes for industrial processing

The Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is a recent pest in Brazil, causing losses in tomato production in the Espirito Santo and Goias states, in Brazil. A promising alternative to control this insect pest is the development of resistent tomato varieties. The breeding programs have aimed to introduce alleles of resistance present in the wild tomato accessions in the cultivated tomato. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify resistance to in tomato genotypes with high zingiberene leaf contents in the segregating population (F2) from the first backcross to Solanum lycopersicum 'Redencao' from S. habrochaites var. hirsutum accession 'PI-127826'. For this, the glandular trichomes present in the leaves of the selected genotypes were quantified and submitted to two antixenosis and one antibiosis test of resistance to H. armigera. The genotypes 'RVTZ-2011-pl#117', 'RVTZ-2011-pl#185', 'RVTZ-2011-pl#335', and 'RVTZ-2011-pl#503' showed a high density of type IV and type VI glandular trichomes. These genotypes showed higher resistance levels to H. armigera by antixenosis and antibiosis than the Redencao variety. The indirect selection for high zingiberene content and high density of type IV and type VI trichomes was effective to obtain tomato genotypes with higher levels of resistance to H. armigera

Selection of tomato genotypes for processing with high zingiberene content, resistant to pests

ABSTRACT Tomato cultivars resistant to arthropod pests are an important tool to reduce the use of pesticides. Resistance sources can be found in wild Solanum species such as S. habrochaites, which shows high levels of zingiberene (ZGB). This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of a tomato F2 progeny to spider mite and whitefly by evaluating the ZGB content, in laboratory, in plants from the F2 population of the interspecific crossing Solanum lycopersicum cultivar Redenção x Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826), F1 plants, susceptible plants (cultivar Redenção) and plants of the wild species (PI-127826). From the F2 population, six plants with high content and three with low content of ZGB were selected. For evaluating the impact of ZGB on the spider mite behavior, the distance walked by spider mites from a central point was measured on the selected plants and their parents. For whitefly, the number of eggs and nymphs were quantified. Spider mites travelled shorter distances in plants with high ZGB content. Also, the number of whitefly eggs and nymphs was lower in these plants. Higher ZBG contents affected negatively both the spider mite and the whitefly behavior.

Indirect selection of industrial tomato genotypes rich in zingiberene and resistant to Tuta absoluta Meyrick.

Obtaining tomato cultivars resistant to pests through interspecific crosses between commercial cultivars and wild accessions is an important tool in integrated pest management. The aim of this study was to select tomato genotypes with high zingiberene (ZGB) levels that are resistant to the South American tomato moth (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) and to estimate genetic parameters of ZGB inheritance from the interspecific cross Solanum lycopersicum cultivar 'Redenção' x Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826 accession). F2 plants with different ZGB contents were selected and submitted to a tomato moth resistance test. ZGB content exhibits high broad sense heritability, with incomplete dominance of lower ZGB content. Furthermore, the level of ZGB in leaflets was estimated to be controlled by two genes. These results show that high ZGB levels are effective at conferring resistance to the South American tomato moth.

Selection of Tomato Hybrids With Zingiberene Concentration for Breeding Programs to Pest Resistance

The zingiberene is a sesquiterpene that is present in tomato leaves. This compound is known to promote resistance to pests and diseases. The Brazil has a germplasm bank of vegetable at Universidade Federal de Viçosa (HGB-UFV) crops with over 8 million accesses. One technique that helps in the choice of progenitors with favorable concentrations of zingiberene is the diallel crosses. The diallel crosses allow the estimation of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). Thus, the aim of this study was to find out tomato hybrids with high zingiberene concentrations. The genitors were divided into two contrasting groups for resistance to pests. The characterization and quantification spectrophotometric of zingiberene was performed, obtaining absorbance values at 270 nm. To determine the content of zingiberene in hybrids those were coming from the diallel cross. The analysis from the spectrophotometric method was performed. The estimates of GCA and SCA of these hybrids at combinations HGB 2119 x LA716, HGB 2119 x PI 12786, HGB 2214 x HGB 674, HGB 2064 x HGB 674, HGB 2214 x PI 127826, HGB 985 x LA 716 and Santa Clara x HGB 674 have high potential in tomato plant breeding aiming of resistance to pests and diseases.

Essential oil composition of fresh ginger cultivars from North-East India

Essential oils of seventeen cultivars of fresh ginger from North-East India were isolated by hydrodistillation and chemoprofiled by gas chromatograph (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Among all the constituents of essential oil, seventeen major constituents of all cultivars were emphasized. Major volatile constituents including camphene (8.49±0.41%), neral (4.95±0.34%), geranial (12.36±0.46%), zingiberene (20.98±2.34%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (7.96±0.66%) were observed. Assam Fibreless cultivar showed highest yield of essential oil (4.17±0.05%) and higher monoterpene hydrocarbon content (38.65±0.11%) than sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (25.38±2.3%), which is unique among all cultivars. Among all these cultivars, Assam Tinsukia had the highest citral content (23.66±1.60%) and Meghalaya mahima had the highest zingiberene content (29.89±0.42%). These results can serve as a valuable database for ascertaining the quality of fresh ginger for trading and manufacturing sectors engaged in ginger processing. This study is the first of its kind where the essential oil compositions of seventeen major ginger cultivars from North-East India are identified and compared.

Influence of cultivar and maturity at harvest on the essential oil composition, oleoresin and [6]-gingerol contents in fresh ginger from northeast India.

Severe flooding of the Brahmaputra River during the monsoon season and continuous rainfall in the northeast region (NER) of India cause an enormous loss of ginger crop every year. In this context, the present study investigates the variation in the essential oil composition and oleoresin and [6]-gingerol contents in 10 different fresh ginger cultivars harvested at 6- and 9-month maturity from five different states of NER. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and citral composition in the essential oil were evaluated to ascertain their dependence upon the maturity of ginger. Except Mizoram Thinglaidum, Mizoram Thingria, Nagaland Nadia, and Tripura I ginger cultivars, all other cultivars showed an increase in the citral content during the maturity that was observed for the first time. At 6-month maturity, a higher undecanone level was found in Nagaland Nadia (7.36 ± 0.61%), Tripura I (6.23 ± 0.61%), and Tripura III (9.17 ± 0.76%) cultivars, and these data can be used as a benchmark to identify those immature varieties. Interestingly, the Nagaland Nadia cultivar showed higher ar-curcumene (9.57 ± 0.58%) content than zingiberene (5.84 ± 0.24%), which was unique among all cultivars. Ginger harvested at 9-month maturity from the Tripura II cultivar had the highest citral content (22.03 ± 0.49%), and the Meghalaya Mahima cultivar had the highest zingiberene content (29.89 ± 2.92%). The oleoresin content was found to decrease with maturity in all cultivars, except Assam Fibreless and Manipur I. Moreover, the highest oleoresin (11.43 ± 0.58 and 9.42 ± 0.63%) and [6]-gingerol (1.67 ± 0.03 and 1.67 ± 0.05 g) contents were observed for Tripura II and Nagaland Nadia, respectively. This study suggests that Tripura and Nagaland are the most ideal locations in NER for ginger cultivation to obtain high yields of oleoresin and [6]-gingerol contents and harvesting at the 6-month maturation will compensate for the loss of ginger crop caused by the Brahmaputra River flooding in NER every year.