Zinc Phosphate Cement Research Articles

Evaluation and Comparison of the Effect of Three Dental Luting Cements on Mineralized Bone Derived from Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc phosphate (ZnP) cement, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and nano-integrated bio-ceramic (NIB) cement on mineralization when placed in contact with bone tissue-forming cells. Materials and Methods: ZnP cement, GIC, and NIB cement were divided into direct and indirect groups. A total of 72 cement pellets (24 pellets of each test sample) of 3 × 1 mm (width × height) were prepared using polytetrafluoroethylene molds. A total of 3 sample groups were demarcated using 96- cell well culture plates. In the control group, 24 wells were filled with mineralized osteoblasts and 1 µL of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In test group 1, to show a direct effect, 36 samples were plated with mineralized osteoblasts and 1 µL GCF for 24 h; the cells were directly exposed to cement pellets. A total of 36 samples were immersed in GCF for 24 h; later the supernatant was transferred to the mineralized osteoblasts to demonstrate an indirect effect in test group 2. To assess the mineralization, osteoblasts were stained with alizarin red and later observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences. An independent t-test compared the direct and indirect effects of the ZnP cement, GIC, NIB cement, and control groups on the mineralization of osteoblasts derived from hDPCs. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the ZnP cement, GIC, and NIB cement groups (p < 0.05). ZnP cement exhibited a moderate, NIB cement the least harmful effect, and GIC showed the most harmful effect on the mineralization of osteoblast cells. Conclusions: The biocompatibility of dental luting cements is an important aspect that clinicians should consider during their selection. Nano-integrated bio-ceramic cement showed the least negative effect on the mineralization of osteoblast cells which is beneficial for the cementation of cement-retained implant prostheses. However, further studies are needed to evaluate osteoblast and osteoclast activity in vivo.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the "Double Finish Line Technique" on Full-Crown Retention for Short Abutments: An In Vitro Study.

Achieving clinically adequate retention for cast crowns in prepared short abutments represents a major challenge for practicing dentists. Despite the important developments with adhesive cement, only a few teeth can be treated this way, and conventional preparation techniques are still employed for most crowns. Numerous options for auxiliary features exist; however, there is no consensus about one preferred method. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a new innovative technique called the "double finish line technique" on full-crown retention for short abutments and to compare it with another modified preparation method. A comparative in vitro experimental study was conducted at the Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Damascus University. The study sample consisted of 30 chromium-cobalt abutments and 30 metal crowns. The sample was divided into three equal groups. The first group was a control group (CG) with a 20-degree total occlusal convergence, 3 mm height, and a 0.5 mm chamfer finish line. The second group had a reduced total occlusal convergence (TOC) in the cervical 1.5 mm of the axial wall from 20 to 8 degrees. The third group implemented the so-called "double finish line technique," adding another 0.5 mm chamfer finish line 1 mm above the first finish line (DFL group). The metal crowns were cemented to metal dies with zinc-phosphate cement. Pull-off tests were applied until failure. Data were analyzed, and the differences between the three groups were detected using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc tests (p<0.05). The mean tensile strength values for the specimens were 115.36 (SD=14.59), 149.60 (SD=11.10), and 42.46 (SD=11.54) for the TOC, DFL, and CR groups, respectively. The reduced total occlusal convergence and double finish line techniques effectively increased full crown retention and resistance cemented on short abutments.

Survey of screw-retained versus cement-retained implant restorations used in both education and private dental practices.

In the literature, it is still unclear if the decisions for selecting the type of implant crown-retaining system are based on scientific-based research or if the Universities' choices, Implant marketing trends, or finances could have a major influence on the private dentists' decisions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the crown-retaining system (cement- or screw-retained) used in dental schools and private dental practices. A 13-item questionnaire was sent to Canadian dental schools (n=10) and dental offices in London (n=298), Canada. The questionnaire included demographic questions and questions to reveal the dentists' perspectives on prosthetic implant treatment between the two-retaining systems. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression (p=0.05). Twenty-four private dentists and five dental schools responded to the survey - 62.5% of private practitioners and 60% of universities reported using both systems. A trend was observed in using screw-retained systems by dentists who graduated 5-10 years ago. Straumann, Astra, and Nobel Biocare were the private practices and dental schools' preferred implant systems. The use of platform switching for all cases was selected by 54.2% of the private practitioners and 40% of the dental schools. Resin cement was the private practice's preferred cementation method; the dental schools used glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cement. The multinomial logistic regressions showed no statistical difference between the crown-retaining system chosen and the decision factors. The laboratory technician's recommendations and cost influenced the decision-making process for private dentists. For the universities, perio-restorative outcome, implant position, survival rates, institute preferences, and evidence-based research influenced the crown-retaining system's decision-making process. CONCLUSION: The Canadian dental schools and private practice reported using both screw- and cement-retaining systems. However, there was a difference in the selection criteria as the universities showed a tendency towards a more research-based approach in their decision, while for the private practices, the technicians' recommendations and cost played a major role in the decision process. It was noted that the implant systems preconized by the Universities were observed to be used in private practices.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Bonding Strength, Marginal Adaptation, and Microleakage of Dental Cements in Prosthodontics: An In Vitro Comparative Study.

The primary function of dental cement is to seal and support prosthodontic restorative materials. Proper selection of the dental cement contributes to the clinical success of the restoration. A total of 166 molar tooth samples were prepared to simulate the type of toothcommonly found in prosthodontic practice. Each sample was restored using one of the tested dental cement materials employing a prestabilized methodology. The performance of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (GC Fuji PLUS Capsule, GC America, Alsip, IL), zinc phosphate cement (ZPC) (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC), and resin cement (RC) (RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE, Saint Paul, MN) in bonding strength, marginal adaptation, and microleakage was evaluated and compared. The bonding strength, marginal adaptation, and microgroove were tested using specific established methodologies. The outcomes were then analyzed using statistical analyses for means and standard deviations to compare different types of dental cement. The total outcome shows that the highest bonding strength with the highest mean was the resin cement, rating 24.8 MPa, followed by RMGIC and ZPC at 20.5and 18.9 MPa, respectively. The marginal adaptation scores indicate that RC had the highest score at a mean of 4, followed by ZPC at 3.2 and RMGIC at 2.5. The dye penetration measurements in millimeters revealed that ZPC had a penetration of 0.31 mm, RMGIC had a penetration of 0.25 mm, and RC had the least penetration at 0.20 mm. The results of the statistical data analysis show significant differences between the dental cements in bonding strength and marginal adaptation. In conclusion, resin cement demonstrated superior performance in bonding strength, marginal adaptation, and resistance to microleakage compared to RMGIC and zinc phosphate cement. These findings highlight the importance of selecting resin cement for achieving optimal clinical outcomes in prosthodontic restorations.

Comparison of properties of conventional zinc phosphate cement and zinc phosphate cement containing sodium free BAG: An in-vitro Study

Comparison of properties of conventional zinc phosphate cement and zinc phosphate cement containing sodium free BAG: An in-vitro Study

Effect of Luting Materials on the Accuracy of Fit of Zirconia Copings: A Non-Destructive Digital Analysis Method.

The marginal accuracy of fit between prosthetic restorations and abutment teeth represents an essential aspect with regard to long-term clinical success. Since the final gap is also influenced by the luting techniques and materials applied, this study analyzed the accuracy of the fit of single-tooth zirconia copings before and after cementation using different luting materials. Forty plaster dies with a corresponding zirconia coping were manufactured based on a single tooth chamfer preparation. The copings were luted on the plaster dies (n = 10 per luting material) with a zinc phosphate (A), glass-ionomer (B), self-adhesive resin (C), or resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (D). The accuracy of fit for each coping was assessed using a non-destructive digital method. Intragroup statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon signed rank tests and intergroup analysis by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Accuracy of fit was significantly different before/after cementation within A (0.033/0.110 µm) and B (0.035/0.118 µm; p = 0.002). A had a significantly increased marginal gap compared to C and D, and B compared to C and D (p ≤ 0.001). Significantly increased vertical discrepancies between A and B versus C and D (p < 0.001) were assessed. Of the materials under investigation, the zinc phosphate cement led to increased vertical marginal discrepancies, whereas the self-adhesive resin cement did not influence the restoration fit.

Influence of cement type, excess removal, and polishing on the cement joint.

To compare marginal gap width and depth with different cementation systems, excess removal, and after polishing. In total, 80 composite crowns were milled, divided into ten groups, and cemented on identical artificial teeth. Eight crowns per group were fixed with (i) zinc phosphate cement (ZnOPh), (ii) glass-ionomer cement (GIC), (iii) resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (GIC mod), (iv) dual-curing adhesive composite (Comp dual), or (v) dual-curing self-adhesive composite (Comp SE dual). Excess removal was performed with a scaler after brief light-cure (tack-cure), final light-cure, during rubber or gel phase or by wiping with foam pellet. Curing was completed in chemical, dark cure, or light-curing modus. The specimens were polished and stored in water (37°C). The margins were digitized using a 3D laser-scanning microscope (VK-X100 series, Keyence). The width and the depth of the marginal gap were measured at 10 points between the crown margin and the preparation margin. The width after excess removal varied between 65.1 ± 15.7 µm (Comp dual, wipe, with polishing) and 208.6 ± 266.7 µm (Comp SE dual, dark cure, without polishing). The depth varied between 29.8 ± 22.2 µm (Comp dual, wipe, with polishing) and 89.5 ± 45.2 µm (Comp SE dual, dark cure, without polishing). The impact on gap width and depth was detected for fixation material, excess removal, and polishing. The gap depth and width depend on the luting material and the mode of access removal. Polishing can improve the gap quality, especially for GIC and resin-based systems.

Evaluation of Marginal Adaptation of Metal Ceramic Crown with Different Luting Cement

The study aims to evaluate and compare the microleakage of three different luting materials. The materials compared are Zinc phosphate cement, Variolink II Refill and Glass ionomer resin cement. Eighteen recently extracted caries-free wisdom teeth were used . The teeth were cleaned then stored in distilled water until use. The molars were assigned randomly into three groups of 6 teeth of each . The metal ceramic crowns were constructed by means of an indirect laboratory technique. In group A, the crowns were cemented with a traditional Zinc Phosphate. In group B, the tooth preparations were sealed with Variolink II Refill. In group C, the tooth preparations were sealed with glass ionomer resin cement prior to cementation with the crowns. The results showed higher value of microleakage for Zinc phosphate cement. While the least value was for the Variolink II . The value for Glass ionomer resin cement was low. Statistically analysis revealed difference between the Zinc phosphate cement ,Variolink II and Glass ionomer resin cement in microleakage. There was no significant difference in microleakage between Variolink II and Glass ionomer resin cement. This may indicated that the degree of microleakage may influenced by the type of the luting system used.

Microleakage of Root Canal Sealed with Temporary Endodontic Sealing Materials

To measure the microleakage of different materials used as temporary endodontic sealing materials and to compare between them. Sixty sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose, caries and cracks free were used. Teeth were divided into 6 groups depending on type of temporary materials (glass ionomer cement, zinc phosphate cement, amalgam, temporary filling "zinc oxide eugenol") for temporization and control groups (negative and positive). For each tooth, an access opening was done followed by instrumentation, irrigation and dryness. Then application of different temporary materials. Evaluation of marginal microleakag e (tooth – restoration interface) were done by using dye penetration test. The study was done in Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul. The results showed significant differences (p&lt; 0.05) in marginal microleakage among groups tested. But there were no significant difference between buccal and lingual tooth restoration – interface for each group. Glass i onomer cement showed less microleakage at tooth – restoration interface when compared with other temporary filling mater ials which used in this study. Glass ionomer cement has sup erioer effect on reduction of microleakage when compared with other temporary filling,when used for temporization had more ability to reduce microleakage than zinc phosphate cement, amal gam and lastly temporary filling (zinc oxide eugenol).

Original Research Article Effect of Radiotherapy on Flexural Strength of Luting Cementsan In Vitro Study

Aim - The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the flexural strength of luting cements due to radiotherapy. Methodology- Total of 90 rectangular specimens of 25×2×2 mm dimension were fabricated by utilizing the putty consistency polyvinyl siloxane rubber mould. They were grouped based on their type. Group A included 30 specimens made of zinc phosphate cement, Group B included 30 specimens fabricated using glass ionomer luting cement, and Group C consisted of 30 specimen’s fabricated using resin luting cement. Once the specimens were set, they were stored in distilled water between the experiments. After 24 hours, 15 from each group of the mentioned cements were subjected to irradiation fractionally upto 60 Gy by a Cobalt-60 external beam machine. Remaining specimens from each group were used as controls. After radiotherapy, the specimens were stored in distil water for 24 hours until performing the 3 point bend test. All the specimens were subjected to 3 point bend test on universal testing machine for checking flexural strength. Statistics- Kruskal Wallis Test followed by Mann Whitney test as post hoc analysis was used to compare the mean values of different parameters between three groups of Irradiated and controlled samples. The level of significance was set at P&lt;0.05. Results- After exposure to fractional irradiation for 4 weeks, in the zinc phosphate luting cement (Group-A) and glass ionomer luting cement (Group-B), showed a slight decrease in flexural strength. The resin luting cement (Group-C) showed slight increase in flexural strength. Conclusion- Among all the groups, the resin luting cement showed a slight increase in flexural strength when compared to the other luting cement groups after fractional irradiation

Results of a study of zinc-phosphate cements for fixation of fixed orthopedic structures under the influence of material hardening time

Patients often prefer non-removable prosthesis designs to replace dental row defects, given their undeniable benefits. However, there is a possibility of developing complications during prosthetics, it is impossible to completely exclude medical errors and errors of the dental technician.&#x0D; Dentists know that in 20% of cases, prosthetics with non-removable types of prostheses end unsuccessfully due to errors in treatment, as well as improper use of fixing cements at the stage of storing the prosthesis. About 20% of cases are complications in the near future after prosthetics during the operation of the prosthesis. The proportion of complications due to carious tooth damage under prostheses can reach more than 49%.&#x0D; Non-removable prostheses, firmly fixed by zinc-phosphate cements, gain a number of advantages by choosing this particular material: a slight percentage of shrinkage; low percent solubility; increased strength; creation of a holding layer between tissues of the oral cavity and a selected type of prosthesis.&#x0D; Our study is devoted to the issues of assessing the most significant qualities of fixing cements, which is of great practical importance.

A comparative evaluation of microleakage in three different luting agents used for posterior full metal crown: An in vitro study

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the microleakage at the margins of nickel – chromium full metal crowns cemented with Zinc Phosphate cement, glass ionomer cement. And resin cement.: thirty freshly extracted human molars were selected for the study. Standardized tooth preparation is done with the help of customized metal zig attached to dental surveyor. On prepared teeth castings were fabricated and devided into three groups for the three luting agents namely zinc phosphate cement – Harvard, Glass ionomer cement – Ketac Cem and Resin cement – Rely X U200, each containing 10 samples. After cementation the cemented specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours. The teeth were then thermocycled between 5°C and 50°C and then treated with 50% silver nitrate stain for 60 minutes. Samples were placed under 150 watt flood lamp for 5 minutes to allow proper fixation of unfixed stain. Then they were embedded in clear acrylic resin and sectioned twice longitudinally. The sections were observed under the stereomicroscope and stain penetration were recorded at tooth cement interfaces. The readings were tabulated and analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test. .Zinc phosphate cement showed significantly maximum microleakage as compared to glass ionomer cement and resin cement. Resin cement showed significantly less microleakage as compared to glass ionomer cement and zinc phosphate cement. Glass ionomer cement showed more microleakage as compared to resin cement but less as compared to zinc phosphate cement

THE EFFECT OF CEMENT AND SCREW ON THE RESISTANCE OF AN IMPLANT CROWN TELESCOPICALLY ENGAGED TO A HEXAGONAL-SHAPED ABUTMENT UNDER COMPRESSIVE DYNAMIC CYCLIC FATIGUE LOADING.

To investigate the resistance of an implant crown telescopically engaged to a geometrically defined hexagonal abutment with and without cement under compressive dynamic cyclic fatigue loading. 40 crowns, 9 mm in height, were cast from prefabricated plastic copings, each telescopically engaged to a 3-mm-high machined hexagonal abutment. 20 crowns were retained with zinc phosphate cement, and 20 crowns were retained with a screw. A vertical load of 15 kg was applied to all samples under oscilla)on. A Periotest was used to measure the mobility of the implant crown in Periotest values (PTV). Test endpoints were defined by the following: fatigue cycles ≥ 20 million; crown PTV > 10; or if samples became visibly loose or component fracture. Cement-retained crowns failed on average at 2.60 x 106 cycles ± 2.27, while screw-retained crown samples failed at 2.17 x 106 cycles ± 1.27 with no significant difference (P > .05). Implant and abutment screw fractures were the most prevalent mode of failure in the cement-retained group, while in the screw-retained group, failures were caused by the loosening of one or both screw joints. The rate of increase in PTV was higher in the screw-retained group than in the cement-retained group. Under the experimental conditions, an implant crown telescopically engaged vertically to a 3-mm-tall hexagonal abutment, under compressive dynamic cyclic fatigue loading with or without cement, demonstrated no differences in resistance or failure outcomes. A cement-retained implant crown with telescopic engagement to the abutment is more rigid, resulting in more implant and abutment screw fractures than loosening.

Determination of the retentive ability of different luting agents in titanium abutments on implant-supported crowns

Implant-supported crowns are either cement-retained or screw-retained. Recently, function and esthetics have been given major focus as advances in implants have greatly improved the longevity of implant restoration. Superior esthetics is seen with cement-retained restoration and is more preferred. However, it is a controversial topic to select the ideal cement type for luting the implant-supported crown. The present study aimed to assess the retentive ability of different luting agents in titanium abutments on implant-supported crowns. The study assessed 60 samples divided into 3 groups of 20 subjects each where luting was done with three different types of cement, namely glass ionomer cement, zinc polycarboxylate, and zinc phosphate, respectively. A testing machine was used to assess the retentive strength of the three types of cement. The study results conclude that the highest retentive strength is seen with zinc polycarboxylate cement, followed by the glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cement.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ADHESIVE ABILITY OF ZINC-PHOSPHATE CEMENTS TO THE DENTIN OF THE TOOTH

Improving the reliability of fixing fixed orthopedic structures of dentures is an urgent issue at all times. Due to the increase in the variety of materials in the modern world, the choice for dentists has become even more difficult. Various types of fixing materials are used in the clinic, and their choice depends on the specifics of the clinical situation and the material of the structure from which it is made.&#x0D; One of the types of cements are zinc-phosphate, which are used in practice for a long time and are characterized by sufficient adhesion strength. Representatives of this group have become less popular in the orthopedic dental clinic, since its properties are considered insufficiently satisfactory. Undoubtedly, any fixing material has both pros and cons. It is possible to get high-quality treatment with a dental prosthesis in the oral cavity if the fixing materials are correctly selected, the principles of preparation are observed and a high-quality adhesive protocol is performed.&#x0D; The article describes a study of the adhesive ability of individual zinc-phosphate cements, which was carried out in laboratory conditions at the technical base of LLC "Tselit" Voronezh. 30 teeth of the chewing group were used, which were divided into groups according to the use of materials: "NeoDent" LLC Celit, "VISCIN" LLC Raduga-R, "Adhesor" SpofaDental (Czech Republic).&#x0D; The strength of adhesion was studied using the method - shear test, which determines the strength of the connection of dentine tissue with zinc-phosphate cement.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF ZINC-PHOSPHATE CEMENTS

The most common manifestation of a complication in the treatment of patients with fixed denture structures is a violation of fixation. An orthopedic dentist places high demands on fixing cements and most refuse zinc-phosphate cements, preferring materials of a different class. Zinc-phosphate cements are one of the first representatives of fixing materials in the history of dental prosthetics and their formulation, accordingly, is undergoing constant modernization. After the introduction of certain modifications, as a result, the properties are improved. The physicomechanical properties of zinc-phosphate cements used today as fixing materials for fixed structures of dentures in a comparative aspect have been studied. The importance of our research is dictated by the paramount importance of the studied properties. The materials of domestic production were used in the work - "NeoDent" LLC "Celit" Voronezh, "VISCIN" LLC "Raduga-R" Voronezh and a foreign representative of zinc-phosphate cement "Adhedor" SpofaDental, Czech Republic. The research methods included the measurement of compressive strength, the thickness of the cement film and the determination of the net hardening time.

Non-Vital Discolared Teeth Bleaching Using the Walking Bleach Technique: A Case Report

Recently a visually pleasing smile has become a major concern for the patients; therefore, dental bleaching has gained importance due to its safety and great aesthetic results. A female patient presented with intrinsic discolorated maxillary central incisors after endodontic therapy. Maxillary central incisors were isolated with rubber dam and 2mm of the gutta-percha was removed in an apical direction beyond the cemento-enamel junction. Glass ionomer cement was used a barrier material. Mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate placed in the pulp chamber and the teeth were temporarily restored with zinc phosphate cement. Following the treatment, a satisfactory aesthetic result was achieved. In this case, using the walking bleach technique was found to be successful in whitening discolared teeth after endodontic therapy. This method can be recommended as a safe alternative for treating with discolored devitalized teeth.

Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Restorations with Four Different Framework Designs.

Objectives: This study assessed the fracture resistance of zirconia crowns with four framework designs, fabricated by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a maxillary central incisor was prepared and scanned with a CAD/CAM scanner, and 40 frameworks with 4 designs (N=10) were fabricated as follows: simple core, dentine core with a design similar to dentine, 3mm trestle design collar in the lingual aspect with proximal buttresses, and monolithic or full-contour. After porcelain applying and 20h immersion in distilled water (37°C), crowns were cemented on metal dies using zinc phosphate cement. Fracture resistance was measured by a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05). Results: Fracture resistance was maximum in the monolithic group, followed by the dentine core, trestle design, and simple core groups, respectively. The mean fracture resistance of the monolithic group was significantly higher than that of the simple core group (P<0.005). Conclusion: Zirconia restorations with frameworks that provided higher and more support for porcelain, showed increased fracture resistance.

The Effect of Dentine Desensitizing Agents on the Retention of Cemented Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: The use of desensitizing agents (DA) after tooth preparation to prevent hypersensitivity is well documented in the literature. A fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) should have good retention to be successful. Inadequate retention may result in microleakage, secondary caries, and, eventually, dislodgement of the FDP. The effect of DAs on the retention of FDPs has been widely studied in the literature, but the results are conflicting. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the effect of dentine desensitizing agents, used to prevent post-cementation hypersensitivity, on the retention of cemented FDPs. The null hypothesis framed was that there is no effect of dentine desensitizing agents on the retention of cemented FDPs. The focused PICO question was as follows: "Does the application of dentine desensitizing agents (I) affect the retention (O) of cemented fixed dental prosthesis (P) when compared to non-dentine desensitizing groups (C)"? Materials and Methods: Four electronic databases were systematically searched and, on the basis of the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 articles were included in this systematic review. A modified CONSORT scale for in vitro studies was used to assess the quality of the selected studies, as all included studies were in vitro studies. Results: Most of the studies compared the effect of more than one type of DA on retention. The results of the selected studies varied due to differences in the composition of tested dentine DAs and types of luting cements. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the retention values of FDPs cemented using zinc phosphate cement were reduced with most of the DAs, whereas retention values increased when GIC, resin-modified GIC, and resin cements were used with the majority of DAs. These findings are important, as they can guide dentists in selecting the DA before cementing the crowns with the luting agent of their choice, without compromising the retention of the crowns.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity Against Streptococcus mutans and Solubility of Different Dental Luting Cements In Vitro

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antibacterial and solubility properties of four luting cements in artificial saliva at varying pH and clarify the composition by chemical analysis. Samples of bioceramic (C1), two resin-modified glass ionomer (C2 and C3), and zinc phosphate (C4) cements were stored on media with Streptococcus mutans and artificial saliva (pH 4.6 and pH 6.5). The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate antibacterial activity. In the solubility test, cement discs were stored in artificial saliva (pH 4.6 and pH 6.5) and distilled water (pH 7). After 48 and 120 hours, the solubility of the cement specimens was determined. Chemical analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence. The growth inhibition zones of S. mutans induced by C4 were the largest in any pH values tested (p &lt; 0.05). The solubility of C4 was significantly higher than the solubility of other cements. C2 had the smallest inhibition zones and was least soluble in all media during the observation period, but without significant differences. After 48 hours, the solubility of C4 was significantly higher at pH 4.6 compared to control. The solubility of the cements, excluding C2, was significantly higher after 120 hours at pH 6.5. A significant association was found between larger amount of zinc oxide in cement composition and a larger zone of inhibition. Lower solubility was associated with higher amounts of aluminium and silicon oxides in the cement. Thus, cement containing higher amounts of zinc oxides had the highest antibacterial activity. In the solubility test, cements were more soluble in acidic media than in neutral media, and lower solubility was detected in cements containing more aluminium and silicon oxides. In clinical practice, C1 or C3 may be suggested when there is a higher risk of caries due to more desirable combination of antibacterial activity and lower solubility, for a lower caries risk C2 might be suggested.