Zinc Finger Nucleases Research Articles

A critical review on therapeutic approaches of CRISPR-Cas9 in diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (D.M.) is a common metabolic disorder caused mainly by combining two primary factors, which are (1) defects in insulin production by the pancreatic β-cells and (2) responsiveness of insulin-sensitive tissues towards insulin. Despite the rapid advancement in medicine to suppress elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and insulin resistance associated with this hazard, a demand has undoubtedly emerged to find more effective and curative dimensions in therapeutic approaches against D.M. The administration of diabetes treatment that emphasizes insulin production and sensitivity may result in unfavorable side effects, reduced adherence, and potential treatment ineffectiveness. Recent progressions in genome editing technologies, for instance, in zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR-Cas)-associated nucleases, have greatly influenced the gene editing technology from concepts to clinical practices. Improvements in genome editing technologies have also opened up the possibility to target and modify specific genome sequences in a cell directly. CRISPR/Cas9 has proven effective in utilizing ex vivo gene editing in embryonic stem cells and stem cells derived from patients. This application has facilitated the exploration of pancreatic beta-cell development and function. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 enables the creation of innovative animal models for diabetes and assesses the effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies in treating the condition. We, therefore, present a critical review of the therapeutic approaches of the genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 in treating D.M., discussing the challenges and limitations of implementing this technology.

Bacteriophage genome engineering for phage therapy to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance as an alternative to antibiotics.

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that mainly infect bacteria and are ubiquitously distributed in nature, especially to their host. Phage engineering involves nucleic acids manipulation of phage genome for antimicrobial activity directed against pathogens through the applications of molecular biology techniques such as synthetic biology methods, homologous recombination, CRISPY-BRED and CRISPY-BRIP recombineering, rebooting phage-based engineering, and targeted nucleases including CRISPR/Cas9, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Management of bacteria is widely achieved using antibiotics whose mechanism of action has been shown to target both the genetic dogma and the metabolism of pathogens. However, the overuse of antibiotics has caused the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria which account for nearly 5million deaths as of 2019 thereby posing threats to the public health sector, particularly by 2050. Lytic phages have drawn attention as a strong alternative to antibiotics owing to the promising efficacy and safety of phage therapy in various models in vivo and human studies. Therefore, harnessing phage genome engineering methods, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome the limitations such as phage narrow host range, phage resistance or any potential eukaryotic immune response for phage-based enzymes/proteins therapy may designate phage therapy as a strong alternative to antibiotics for combatting bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, the current trends and progress in phage genome engineering techniques and phage therapy are reviewed.

Genome Editing and Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants.

Genome editing aims to revolutionise plant breeding and could assist in safeguarding the global food supply. The inclusion of a 12-40 bp recognition site makes mega nucleases the first tools utilized for genome editing and first generation gene-editing tools. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are the second gene-editing technique, and because they create double-stranded breaks, they are more dependable and effective. ZFNs were the original designed nuclease-based approach of genome editing. The Cys2-His2 zinc finger domain's discovery made this technique possible. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are utilized to improve genetics, boost biomass production, increase nutrient usage efficiency, and develop disease resistance. Plant genomes can be effectively modified using genome-editing technologies to enhance characteristics without introducing foreign DNA into the genome. Next-generation plant breeding will soon be defined by these exact breeding methods. There is abroad promise that genome-edited crops will be essential in the years to come for improving the sustainability and climate-change resilience of food systems. This method also has great potential for enhancing crops' resistance to various abiotic stressors. In this review paper, we summarize the most recent findings about the mechanism of abiotic stress response in crop plants and the use of the CRISPR/Cas mediated gene-editing systems to improve tolerance to stresses including drought, salinity, cold, heat, and heavy metals.

A Review on Revolutionary Strategy for Crop Improvement: Genome Editing

Genome editing technology revolutionized crop improvement technology through sequence-specific, precise, site-directed, safe genetic manipulation and combat the major 21st century challenge such as achieving world food security meeting rising global food demand and improving food nutrition in the face of rapidly changing climate conditions. Crop improvement using conventional and molecular breeding approaches takes time, causing biosafety concerns and cannot equipoise with raising demand. Genome editing system like zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) made a desirable targeted modification in crops for improving crop yield, nutraceutical quality and also enhance tolerance to environmental stress (biotic or abiotic) through add the desirable trait(s) and remove the undesirable. Genome manipulation tools progression creates new breakthroughs and speeds up crop improvement through site-directed mutagenesis efficiently for crop improvements to meet the ever-increasing global demand for food and produce more resilient crop with great flexibility to combat climate change.

Nature's Needle: Harnessing Bacterial Molecular Syringes

Nature's Needle: Harnessing Bacterial Molecular Syringes

CRISPR Technology- A New Horizon in Clinical Dentistry- A Review

Clustered Regularly InterSpaced Palindromic Repeats is known as CRISPR. It is a protein that can be programmed to change, eliminate, or activate the genome. This cutting-edge technology offers a broad range of possible implementation and is poised to revolutionise oral healthcare in the years to come. The most widely utilised genome editing techniques include homing endonucleases, Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases, Zinc-Finger Nucleases, and CRISPR- CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). These adaptable genome-editing tools can alter the genomes in ways that are sequence-specific. Because it is highly effective and accurate, the genome editing method CRISPR-Cas9 has drawn attention as a potent weapon in the fight against cancer. This method and its uses, particularly in dental field, are covered in this review. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.22 (Special Issue) 2023 p.42-46

Improvements in Bioremediation Agents and Their Modified Strains in Mediating Environmental Pollution.

Environmental pollution has been a significant concern around the globe as the release of toxic pollutants is associated with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic impacts on living organisms. Since microorganisms have the natural potential to degrade toxic metabolites into nontoxic forms, an eco-friendly approach known as bioremediation has been used to tackle toxic-induced pollution. Bioremediation has three fundamental levels, i.e., natural attenuation, bio-augmentation, and biostimulation in which the synthetic biology approach has been lately utilized to enhance the conventional bioremediation techniques. Recently, a more advanced approach of programmable nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases, tale-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Cas is being employed to engineer several bacterial, fungal, and algal strains for targeted mutagenesis by knocking in and out specific genes which are involved in reconstructing the metabolic pathways of native microbes. These genetically engineered microorganisms possess heavy metal resistance, greater substrate range, enhanced enzymatic activity, and binding affinity which accelerate the biodegradation of toxic pollutants to environmentally safe levels. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of how we can correlate the novel genetics-based approaches employed to produce genetically engineered microorganisms to enhance the biodegradation of hazardous pollutants, hence, developing a clean and sustainable ecosystem.

50 Gene Editing Applications in Livestock Production

Abstract Gene editing is a technology that allows changes in the DNA of organisms from plants to animals, to humans. Its application in research has been around for a long time, and different techniques were developed over the years such as Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs and more recently the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The latter has gained popularity for being much simpler to implement and at the same time being able to perform more precise edits with less off targets. Scientists and farmers have been using genetics selection to improve productivity and sustainability of agriculture for many decades using information from phenotypes, pedigrees, and more recently genomic information. With the increasing demand for food production, the investigation and adoption of new technologies will continue to drive and accelerate genetic improvement in animals and plants to meet consumer demands and expectations. A lot of effort has been devoted to developing gene editing research and applications for a variety of traits to improve production, health, and wellbeing of farmed animals. Although gene editing and more specifically the CRISPR technology was met with great expectations for genetic improvements in animals, a few challenges are still unresolved and are under constant research and development. For instance, many of the economically relevant traits for animal production are controlled by many genes with small effects (polygenic traits). For these traits, editing many loci would be required to make significant improvements, which adds a lot of complexity for the current technologies. Another challenge for further development, and deployment of this technology has been on the regulatory side, in which legislation for the use of gene edited animals for food production is still under development, and many regulatory aspects are not clear. These have been largely addressed on case-by-case basis, with recent approvals for Atlantic Salmon (fast growing), swine (hypoallergenic) and beef cattle (slick coat) being granted for specific use cases. Other examples of applications of gene editing are the coat color change, and creation of polled animals in cattle, which target improvements on environmental adaptability and animal welfare. In swine, researchers have been working on developing pigs that are resistant to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) which could lead to a great health and economic benefits for the swine industry. These are a few examples of how gene editing could help improve disease resistance, well-being and climate adaptation traits for many livestock and aquaculture species in the future. Further refinements of the technology, the development of policies and legislation, and strategies for deployment in commercial applications will continue to be key aspects to guide a safe and responsible use of gene editing in livestock production.

Utilization of Genome Editing for Livestock Resilience in Changing Environment

Climate change poses a significant threat to livestock production systems, including changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and the spread of diseases. The use of genome editing technologies presents a potential solution to mitigate the impacts of climate change on livestock. This paper reviewed the prospects of utilizing genome editing in mitigating the impact of climate change in livestock. Applications of genome editing in development of heat-tolerant, and disease-resistant as well as animals with improved feed and water use efficiency and reduced methane emissions are explored. Additionally, a potential breeding program for gene edited animals is proposed. There are several different genome editing techniques that can be used in livestock breeding, including CRISPR/Cas9, TALENs, and zinc-finger nucleases. These techniques involve introducing specific changes to the animal's genome, such as deleting or replacing genes, or introducing new ones. The technology has enormous potential for improving livestock breeding, as it allows for the creation of animals with desirable traits in a much shorter time frame than traditional breeding methods. Generally, it may take years or even decades to breed an animal with a specific trait using traditional breeding methods, whereas genome editing can achieve the same result in just a few generations. Genome editing can be used to mitigate the impact of climate change on livestock production by reducing the methane emissions by improving the efficiency of feed conversion and modifying the genes responsible for methane production. Technology can be utilized to improve livestock feeds by modifying genes involved in plant growth, development, and nutrient use. This lead to the creation of forages that are high yielding, more nutritious and better adapted to diverse production environments. Genome editing allows development of animals that are more resistant to diseases, which can help reduce the need for antibiotics and other treatments. This is particularly important given the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, which is a major concern in both human and animal health. Genome editing has the potential of developing animals that are thermo-tolerant, as well as animals with improved feed and water use efficiency. The proposed breeding program for gene-edited animals will ensure that the animals produced are healthy, genetically diverse, and meet the desired traits. In terms of ethical concerns, policies for genome editing ought to consider the potential for unintended consequences or the creation of animals with characteristics that are viewed as undesirable or unethical. Overall, genome editing technology has the potential to revolutionize livestock production and contribute to the global effort to mitigate the impact of climate change.

Development of Medicinal Products Based on Gene-Editing Technology: Regulatory Practices

Somatic cell genome-editing systems are the most recent gene therapy technology to treat patients with monogenic hereditary cancer or HIV. Gene editing allows for changing or completely removing a defective gene with regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR), zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) systems.The aim of the study was to analyse the existing international experience and regulatory requirements relating to the development of medicinal products based on genome editing of postnatal somatic cells.This article describes the mechanism of action of CRISPR, ZFN, and TALEN systems and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Regulatory and legislative authorities should take a special approach to the development, manufacture, and assessment of medicinal products based on genome editing, as well as to the ethical aspects of their use. Current requirements and recommendations for the development of medicinal products based on genome editing are mostly limited to the need to evaluate the risks of off-target effects and late-onset adverse events and the possibility to adapt clinical trial design to surrogate endpoints, exclude healthy volunteers and comparison groups, and select initial doses for clinical trials based on scientific data. Thus, a regulatory approach should also be developed for the marketing authorisation of medicinal products based on genome-editing systems.

Unclasping potentials of genomics and gene editing in chickpea to fight climate change and global hunger threat.

Genomics and genome editing promise enormous opportunities for crop improvement and elementary research. Precise modification in the specific targeted location of a genome has profited over the unplanned insertional events which are generally accomplished employing unadventurous means of genetic modifications. The advent of new genome editing procedures viz; zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), homing endonucleases, transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs), Base Editors (BEs), and Primer Editors (PEs) enable molecular scientists to modulate gene expressions or create novel genes with high precision and efficiency. However, all these techniques are exorbitant and tedious since their prerequisites are difficult processes that necessitate protein engineering. Contrary to first generation genome modifying methods, CRISPR/Cas9 is simple to construct, and clones can hypothetically target several locations in the genome with different guide RNAs. Following the model of the application in crop with the help of the CRISPR/Cas9 module, various customized Cas9 cassettes have been cast off to advance mark discrimination and diminish random cuts. The present study discusses the progression in genome editing apparatuses, and their applications in chickpea crop development, scientific limitations, and future perspectives for biofortifying cytokinin dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase, superoxide dismutase to induce drought resistance, heat tolerance and higher yield in chickpea to encounter global climate change, hunger and nutritional threats.

Research Progress in The Application of CRISPR Gene Editing Technology in Virus Detection and Treatment

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) gene editing (GE) technique is the latest generation of GE technology, which can carry out targeted and precise modification of the genome. In this article, a comparison of the Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) , CRISPR/Cas and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) is presented, which indicates that CRISPR/Cas has significant advantages. For example, synthesis and screening are simpler and faster, and multiple genes can be edited simultaneously. To keep abreast of the times, current progress in the application of CRISPR in virus detection as well as treatment will be introduced in this paper. Firstly, CRISPR and its characteristics will be briefly introduced. Then the current application of CRISPR about detecting and treating viruses will be reviewed. Finally, the paper summarizes the shortcomings of CRISPR and looks forward to its future development.This article attempts to give readers a brief introduction to the emerging technology based on CRISPR and highlights its potential applications in virus detection and treatment.

An overview of genome engineering in plants, including its scope, technologies, progress and grand challenges.

Genome editing is a useful, adaptable, and favored technique for both functional genomics and crop enhancement. Over the years, rapidly evolving genome editing technologies, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), have shown broad application prospects in gene function research and improvement of critical agronomic traits in many crops. These technologies have also opened up opportunities for plant breeding. These techniques provide excellent chances for the quick modification of crops and the advancement of plant science in the future. The current review describes various genome editing techniques and how they function, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 systems, which can contribute significantly to the most accurate characterization of genomic rearrangement and plant gene functions as well as the enhancement of critical traits in field crops. To accelerate the use of gene-editing technologies for crop enhancement, the speed editing strategy of gene-family members was designed. As it permits genome editing in numerous biological systems, the CRISPR technology provides a valuable edge in this regard that particularly captures the attention of scientists.

CRISPR/Cas9: From research to therapeutic application

For several decades, genome engineering has raised interest among many researchers and physicians in the study of genetic disorders and their treatments. Compared to its predecessors, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEN), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) is currently the most efficient molecular tool for genome editing.This system, originally identified as a bacterial adaptive immune system, is capable of cutting and modifying any gene of a large number of living organisms.Numerous trials using this technology are being developed to provide effective treatment for several diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and ophthalmic disorders.In research, this technology is increasingly used for genetic disease modelling, providing meaningful models of relevant studies as well as a better understanding of underlying pathological mechanisms.Many molecular tools are now available to put this technique into practice in laboratories, and despite the technical and ethical issues raised by manipulation of the genome, CRIPSR/Cas9offers a new breath of hope for therapeutic research around the world.

511 Eliminating System xc- Signaling Between Astrocytes and Neurons Selectively Impairs Complex Cognition

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aim to discover safer and more effective therapeutics for CNS disorders. Current therapeutic development is hindered by dosing out drugs for safe consumption. By identifying proteins with narrow functional roles in the brain (i.e., behavioral control), we can develop drugs targeting these proteins for improved treatment safety and efficacy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We focused on an evolutionarily new, non-neuronal, non-synaptic glutamate signaling mechanism, system xc- (Sxc). Sxc activity was eliminated by mutating the gene Slc7a11 through pronuclear injection of zinc-finger nucleases into Sprague Dawley rat embryos to create a line of rats lacking Sxc (MSxc). To confirm Sxc mutation, we verified that tissue from MSxc rats had a complete lack of xCT, which is the regulatory subunit of Sxc that is encoded by Slc7a11. We also verified that astrocyte cultures generated from MSxc tissue lacked cystine-evoked glutamate release. Next, we measured development (body weight), CNS regulation of metabolism, and other indicators of generalized, non-specific brain function as well as behaviors that are reliant on behavioral control, such as impulse control and response inhibition. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eliminating Sxc was not lethal and did not impair development or produce widespread changes in brain function as is commonly observed when deleting other glutamate mechanisms. MSxc rats did not differ from wildtype in growth rate, central regulation of metabolism as reflected by absolute or diurnal changes in core body temperature, locomotor activity in a familiar or novel environment, or simple forms of cognition such as novel object recognition, or operant responding (food and cocaine-reinforced). In contrast, behaviors that rely on behavioral control were impaired. MSxc rats displayed deficits in impulse control and behavioral flexibility. We hypothesize that MSxc rats will also show deficits in response inhibition using the stop signal reaction time task, a common metric used in clinical populations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Eliminating Sxc activity in rats produced deficits in behaviors reliant on impulse control, without impacting development or simple brain function. These results show the potential of targeting Sxc to restore behavioral control without generating therapeutically limiting adverse effects resulting from non-specific changes in brain function.

Improvement of Workflows and Assay Reproducibility by The Introduction of "Assay-Ready" Culturing of MDCK Cells for Transport Studies.

In previous studies, we established and validated three Madin Darby Canine Kidney MDCKII cell lines, recombinantly modified with zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology. Here, we investigated the applicability of seeding these three canine P-gp deficient MDCK_ZFN cell lines, directly from frozen cryopreserved stocks without previous cultivation for efflux transporter and permeability studies. This technique is referred to as "assay-ready" and allows for highly standardized conduction of cell-based assays and shorter cultivation cycles. To obtain a rapid fitness of the cells for that purpose, a very gentle freezing and thawing protocol was applied. Assay-ready MDCK_ZFN cells were tested in bi-directional transport studies and compared to their traditionally cultured counterparts. Long-term performance robustness, human effective intestinal permeability (Peff) predictability and batch to batch variability were assessed. Efflux ratios (ER) and apparent permeability (Papp) results were highly comparable between assay-ready and standard cultured cell lines with R2 values of 0.96 or higher. Papp to Peff correlations obtained from passive permeability with non-transfected cells were comparable independent of the cultivation regime. Long-term evaluation revealed robust performance of assay-ready cells and reduced data variability of reference compounds in 75% of cases compared to standard cultured MDCK_ZFN cells. Assay-ready methodology for handling MDCK_ZFN cells allows more flexibility in assay planning and reduces performance fluctuations in assays caused by cell aging. Therefore, the assay-ready principle has proven superior over conventional cultivation for MDCK_ZFN cells and is considered as a key technology to optimize processes with other cellular systems.

DECIPHERING THE ROLE OF GENE EDITING: RETORT FOR PERPLEXED UNHEALTHY AND DISEASED CONDITIONS

A breakthrough approach that unleashed the function of bacterial nucleases and the engineered ones has prompted the Creation of innovative gene editing technologies and procedures. In practically all eukaryotic cells, puzzled unclear Situations can be resolved by directly addressing certain genomic sequences and modifying them for use in various tactics. This expanding field of research has made this possibility possible. The ability to detect unique phenomena linked to the Genetic and epigenetic variables driving the development of disease have been enhanced through genome editing. It has majorly promoted the way for creating more precise cellular and animal models for elucidating pathological pathways and has shown remarkable potential in varying fields such as biotechnology, crop engineering, and biomedical science research Is under way. The creation of sophisticated methods based on nucleases, such as those connected to the CRISPR system, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR-Cas-Associated nucleases, has greatly enhanced their practical utility in designing most promising biotechniques. Surprisingly, The applications of genome editing are leading to a variety of therapeutic and therapy options. This review will focus on Some applications and research that have revealed their implementation and strategies. Keywords: Epigenetic, Biotechnology, CRISPR, ZFN, TALENs, Nucleases. Cite this article- Shweta Sharma, Parul Singh, AkshitaTiwari, Faizan ul Haque, Vijaylaxmi Tripathi, Nupur Raghav, Shweta Sharma, Priyambada Kumari, 2023, “Deciphering the Role of Gene Editing: Retort for Perplexed Unhealthy and Diseased Conditions” journal of Science Innovations and Nature of Earth, Vol. 3(1), page- 46-51 www.doi.org/10.59436/https://jsiane.com/archives3/12/73

Research and prospect of CRISPR system in marine biological system

Gene editing is a widely used and promising technology in biology field. Its ability to precisely edit the endogenous genes of organisms is a major boost to the research process in the biological sciences. Among these gene editing technologies, CRISPR is a more effective system and it is in a wider range of applications. The CRISPR system has advantages over Zinc finger nuclease (ZFNs) technology and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALENs) technology, including higher efficiency, gentler construction and a decreased risk of off-target effects. Currently, the treatment of diseases, the creation of animal models, and the genetic breeding of plants all make extensive use of CRISPR technology. Despite its wide request in model construction, its application in marine organisms is just beginning. This review systematically introduces the classification, development of gene editing technology, and summarizes the current status and development prospects of the application of CRISPR system in marine organisms.

The progress of molecules and strategies for the treatment of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus infections have always been associated with high levels of mortality. In 2019, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases resulted in approximately 555,000 deaths globally. In view of its high lethality, the treatment of HBV infections has always presented a huge challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) came up with ambitious targets for the elimination of hepatitis B as a major public health threat by 2030. To accomplish this goal, one of the WHO's strategies is to develop curative treatments for HBV infections. Current treatments in a clinical setting included 1 year of pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) and long-term nucleoside analogues (NAs). Although both treatments have demonstrated outstanding antiviral effects, it has been difficult to develop a cure for HBV. The reason for this is that covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), integrated HBV DNA, the high viral burden, and the impaired host immune responses all hinder the development of a cure for HBV. To overcome these problems, there are clinical trials on a number of antiviral molecules being carried out, all -showing promising results so far. In this review, we summarize the functions and mechanisms of action of various synthetic molecules, natural products, traditional Chinese herbal medicines, as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas)-based systems, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), all of which could destroy the stability of the HBV life cycle. In addition, we discuss the functions of immune modulators, which can enhance or activate the host immune system, as well some representative natural products with anti-HBV effects.

Advances in Genetic Editing of the Human Embryo.

Genetic engineering has allowed a major development of research in this field, with specialists attempting to edit the human genome, after the successful editing of the genomes of plants and animals. However, human gene editing technologies are at the center of ethical debates around the world. Ethical concerns about genetic editing of the human embryo raise several issues that can be viewed through the prism of optimism and reluctance leading to a number of recommendations regarding the acceptance of what may soon become a reality. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, MEDLINE, Plus, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015-2022) using combinations of keywords, including: human genome or gene editing plus ethics. Gene therapy is seen by researchers as a way to solve congenital diseases, multifactorial diseases in general or specific diseases such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, or can increase resistance to HIV infection. Genome editing technologies, germline gene editing, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats gene editing technology, technologies such as zinc finger nucleases are not only advanced gene therapies that require solving technical problems, but also techniques that require complex and complete analysis of ethical problems. Genetic engineering raises many ethical concerns such as: safety concerns especially the risk of off-target effects; autonomy of the individual-with the limitation of the future generations to consent for an intervention over their genome; social justice-keeping in mind the costs of the procedures and their availability to the general population. Discussions can go further from questions such as "How can we do this?" to questions such as "Should we do this?" or "Is society ready to accept this technology and is it able to manage it rationally?" The ethics of biomedical research should be based on global dialogue, on the involvement of experts and the public, to achieve a broad social consensus. The fundamental review of the ethics of genetics is a desire and an opportunity of the current period.