Zeuzera Pyrina Research Articles

Apple Tree Borers at Menoufia, Egypt with Special Reference to the Phytochemical Changes and Their Relation to the Infestation with Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkh. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae).

The first part of the work aimed to study the survey of apple trees borers that attack apple orchards in two different geographical regions, at Abo-Mashour and Al-Khatatba locations (Menoufia governorate). Five species were recorded in the study showed, these borers were Synantheden myopaeformis Borkh., Zeuzera pyrina L., Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood., Scolytus amygdali Guer. and Chlorophorus varius Mull (non recorded at Al-Khatatba) . Highest percentages of infestation (26.08 & 21.33 %) were recorded for Sy. myopaeformis followed by Z. pyrina (17.83 &13.01%) at Abo-Mashour and Al-Khatatba, respectively. An annual increase of infested trees with these borers, especially Sy. myopaeformis (10.59 & 9.59) and Z. pyrina (9.22 & 6.62 )give serious indicators to quick devastation and the death of infested trees. The weather factors detected a significant correlation with infestation by different borers except Ch. varius. Also significant differences for both Z. pyrina and S. amygdale were detected in the two regions under study, while the infestation showed insignificant differences of both Sy. myopaeformis and H. eruditus The second part of the study aimed to investigate the role of phytochemical components within apple trees and their relation to the infestation with apple clearwing moth Sy myopaeformis. The analysis by GC-MS chromatograph showed differences in both Chemical composition and the percentages of compounds in the tested wood samples from apple trees under study. In the uninfested young trees (resistant trees), the levels of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid), 9-Hexadecanoic acid and Ethyl iso-allocholate were found at higher rates than the uninfested old trees, as they were 31.42%, 14.83% and 5.37% respectively. The infested old trees showed high levels of these chemical compounds compared to uninfested ones as the percentages of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid), 9-Hexadecanoic acid and Ethyl iso-allocholate increased by 5.8 fold, 3.1 fold and 3.1 fold, respectively, while the percentages in uninfested old trees were 7.42%, 5.39% and 3.34% respectively.

The Impact of the Leopard Moth Zeuzera pyrina L., (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Infestation in Casuarina Trees on the Neighboring Pear Orchards in Egypt

The impact and relative susceptibility and monitoring of the Leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina L., (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) infestation in pear orchards neighboring and non-neighboring to casuarina trees were evaluated at Borg el-Arab district, Alexandria Governorate , Egypt, during the two successive years 2015 and 2016. The mean rate of Z. pyrina infestation in pear trees neighboring to casuarina trees were 15 – 21% (mean, 18%). However, pear trees far away and not neighboring to casuarina trees showed significantly lower rate of the borer infestation (7 - 9%, mean 8%). On the other hand, the rate of Z. pyrina infestation in casuarina trees neighboring to pear trees 13 – 18% (mean, 15.5%). The degree of Z. pyrina infestation in casuarina trees surrounding pear trees was high (0.42 – 0.57, mean 0.5 moths / tree / year). The degree of infestation in pear trees surrounded by casuarina wind break trees was high (0.55 – 0.77, mean 0.66 moths / tree / year). The degree of infestation in pear trees not-surrounded by casuarina wind break trees was almost half degree (0.28 – 0.37, mean 0.325 moths / tree / year). In all cases, and during the two years of study, moths started to emerge in April and sometimes in May and continued mostly until November sometimes in October. Peaks of moths’ emergency were mostly in August. Summer months showed that, the majority of moths’ activity. Less mean numbers of emerged moths / tree were noticed in spring months, while autumn showed few numbers, and moths stopped emergence during winter months. The seasonal cycle of Z. pyrina moths consisted of 7 – 8 months of moths’ activity in casuarina trees and pear orchards. Generally, infestation in pear orchards rabidly multiplied and increased more than twice at the end of only two years. These rapid increases impose the urgent need of control Z. pyrina in casuarina trees as well as in pear orchards especially when they are surrounded by infested casuarina wind break trees.

Field Control of Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkh and Zeuzera pyrina L. Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Insecticides and Microbial Agents

Three field trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of two local strains of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ( Ar-4 and Ht strains) isolated from EL-Arish and Giza in Egypt and two commercially available nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain) and H. bacteriophora (HP88 strain) for the control of fruit tree borers, Synanthedon myopaeformis and Zeuzera pyrina on apple trees. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) were used alone or combined with recommended dose of the microbial pesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Diple2X), and insecticides, diazinon and phenthoate. The obtained results showed that the combined EPNs with insecticides were more effective as injection technique than spray method. Mortality percentages of S. myopaeformis ranged between 47.61 to 88.88 % in the injection treatments while in the spraying one it ranged between 37.14 to 74.07 %. In comparison between the efficacy of native and imported entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling Z. pyrina using spray technique, percentage mortality resulted from the combination of native nematodes i.e. H.bacteriophora (Ht strain) and H. bacteriophora (Ar-4 strain) and insecticides either penthoate or diazinon reached 69.23; 64.00 and 22.72; 64.18%, respectively. Whereas, percentages mortality were 44.44; 50.00 and 52.94; 54.16% with S. carpocapsae (All strain) andH. bacteriophora (HP88 strain), respectively. The susceptibility of Z. pyrina to the nematode species differed greatly according to the nematode species used either alone or in combination with the recommended dose of B. thuringiensis. The entomopathogenic nematode H. bacteriophora (HP88 strain) was more virulent than S. carpocapsae (All strain) in controlling Z. pyrina with percentage mortality reached 77.5 and 62.1%, respectively

Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Threat to Olive Trees, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) in Fayoum Governorate and Its Suppressing Trials Using IPM Tactics

Olive tree, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales:Oleaceae) is an economically important and strategic crop which widely spreadsthroughout the Mediterranean basin countries including Egypt. It suffers fromseveral serious insect pest attacks especially those arising from wood-boringinsects such as leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae).Present study concerns with the dispersion power of this cossid borer attackingolive groves at several localities in Fayoum governorate. Additionally,population fluctuation, infestation rates and degrees have been studied

Control of leopard Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), by imidaclorprid in olive Trees.

Olive tree is subjected to attack by many insect pest species that effect on the yield quality and quantity. Among the most common pest species surveyed in Egypt is; the leopard Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), which considered a serious pest in olive fields causing a lot of damage and loss in olive trees. Imidacloprid is one of the natural insecticide cause the infestations decrease of many insect pests. The effect of Imidacloprid was tested under laboratory and field conditions against Z. pyrina. Results showed that the LC50 of Imidacloprid recoded 120 ppm when Z. pyrina treated with different concentrations. When the nano imidaclorprid applied on the target pests the LC50 recorded 47 ppm. Under field conditions, the infestations were significantly decreased to 23±8.9 and13±2.1 individuals after treated with Imidacloprid in Ebn Malek and Ismailia, respectively. In the same last places the nano Imidacloprid application showed a significant decrease in the pests infestations reached to 15±5.1 and 6±6.6 larvae as compared to 95±1.9 and 96±3.4 larvae in the control. The yields weights in both two regions were significantly increased as the result of nano imidacloprid applications.

Internal Morphology and Comparison between the Reproductive Systems of Solitary Carpenter Moth, Paropta paradoxa (Herrich-Schaffer) and Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera :Cossidae).

Internal Morphology and Comparison between the Reproductive Systems of Solitary Carpenter Moth, Paropta paradoxa (Herrich-Schaffer) and Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera :Cossidae).

Pomegranate arthropod pests and their management in the Mediterranean area

Here we review the arthropod pests most damaging to pomegranate cultivation in the main production regions of the Circum-Mediterranean area, and discuss the eventual phytosanitary risks linked to some newly introduced species in this geographical area. The arthropod species mentioned here are based on their occurrence and economic importance. These are either mites (Tenuipalpidae) or insects belonging to Hemiptera (Flatidae, Aphididae, Aleyrodidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, and Pseudococcidae), Lepidoptera (Cossidae, Lycaenidae, Erebidae, and Pyralidae), Diptera (Tephritidae), and Coleoptera (Bostrichidae and Nitidulidae). In the Circum-Mediterranean area, the major pests are Aphis punicae, A. gossypii, Planococcus spp., Zeuzera pyrina, Apomyelois ceratoniae, Deudorix livia and Cryptoblades gnidiella. A nod is also given to those species normally considered as minor pests that, in some environment and under specific conditions, can be of major concern. Particular attention should be paid toward avoiding the introduction of two species that could become a serious problem for pomegranate that are Thaumatotibia leucotreta and Deudorix isocrates. The main morphological and biological characteristics of each pomegranate pest species and the tools available in their integrated and organic control are briefly presented.

Persistence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungi in Soil around Olive Trunks and Their Virulence to Zeuzera pyrina L.

The present work has been conducted through a project for biological control of olive pests in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia Kingdom. (Steinernema spp., SAK1 isolate), (Ord. Rhabditida: Fam. Steinernematidae) and (Heterorhabditis spp., SAK2 and SAK3 isolates), (Ord. Rhabditida: Fam. Heterorhabditidae) were applied in soil around trunks of olive trees. Successive soil samples were tested for persistence and their virulence to larvae and pupae of Zeuzera pyrina L; where it is attacking olive trees and strongly considered one of the most dangerous pests. Heterorhabditis spp., SAK2 and SAK3 isolates achieved 100 % mortality to larvae and pupae of Z. pyrina at the second day, where mortality gradually decreased to 22.2 and 11.1 % after 16 days for both larvae and pupae, respectively. Steinernema spp., SAK1 isolate was less virulent, it caused 88.9 and 50.5 % mortality after two days and no mortality achieved after 16 days for both larvae and pupae of Z. pyrina, respectively. After two and four days, mortality due to the fungus is 66.7 and 44.4 %, respectively, where no mortality achieved after 8 and 16 days for both larvae and pupae of Z. pyrina, respectively. On the other hand, applying nematodes either via spraying or injection in olive branches infested with Zeuzera pyrina larvae and /or pupae caused 100% control to the insect stages inside the branches within seven days.

Efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae for control of the leopard moth borer Zeuzera pyrina (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) larvae under laboratory conditions

The biological traits of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, against the larvae of the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina were evaluated in the laboratory. The traits included pathogenicity, penetration potential as well as foraging behaviour. Plate assays were performed using a range of EPN concentrations (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs) per larva). The LC50 values for S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora were 6.4 and 8.4 IJs larva−1 after 72 h. Both EPN species caused high mortality in branch experiments. Significantly higher mortality rates occurred in the larger larvae after exposure to S. carpocapsae. Both EPN species successfully penetrated the Z. pyrina larvae as well as larvae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Galleridae).The proportional response of H. bacteriophora to host-associated cues was strongly higher than S. carpocapsae in Petri dishes containing agar 1, 12 and 24 h after EPN application. These results highlight the efficiency of EPNs for the control of Z. pyrina larvae. However, due to the cryptic habitat of Z. pyrina larvae in their galleries in the trees, field trails need to be conducted to further evaluate this potential.

Population dynamics and economic losses caused by Zeuzera pyrina, a cryptic wood‐borer moth, in an olive orchard in Egypt

Abstract The leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina L. (ZP) is an invasive pest from Europe of increasing significance in North Africa, in particular for olive cultivation. We followed the temporal dynamics by combined light/pheromone trapping over a 10‐year period (2002–2011) in a 240‐ha olive farm in Northern Egypt. The ZP had an annual cycle with one or two peak flights, from late April until October. Time series analysis showed a 2‐year cycle of trap catch. This cycle is likely related to the ‘on/off’ bearing pattern of the olive, where years of high and low yield are observed to alternate. Larval damage in both ‘on’ and ‘off’ years in the infested trees gave fruit yield losses of 37–42%. The loss was estimated to 2.1–4.8 t/ha among susceptible varieties. The relative losses were the same during on and off years. Infestation of four susceptible and five resistant olive cultivars in different cropping systems varied within and between adjacent plots. The results suggest less infestation by intercropping of resistant varieties, which could assist in ZP management. Both temporal and spatial dynamics strongly influence population dynamics and the dynamics are related to variation in the moth host plant.

FUNGAL SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH A SEVERE DECLINE OF OLIVE IN SOUTHERN ITALY

A severe olive decline of unknown aetiology is currently under investigation in Apulia, (southern Italy). The decline affects mainly aged trees (100 years or older) growing in the Gallipoli bay, on an area extending about 10.000 ha located on the western coast of the Salento peninsula. The disease is characterized by a rapid dieback of shoots, twigs and branches followed by death of the entire tree. Leaf tips and margins turn dark yellow to brown, a condition that spreads inward, eventually leading to desiccation. Symptoms progress in severity from older to younger leaves. Desiccated leaves and mummified drupes remain attached to the shoots. Trunks, branches and twigs viewed in cross section show more or less extensive discolorations of the vascular elements, as reported earlier by Carlucci et al. (2008), plus sapwood and vascular cambium. Numerous galleries of the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina and bark beetles occurr on the trunks, branches and twigs of affected plants. Isolations from discolored sapwood made on different growing media allowed the recovery of a number of fungi, Phaeoacremonium spp. in particular, which were identified based on morphometric characters and sequencing of ITS and β-tubulin gene regions (Mostert et al., 2006). P. parasiticum was the most frequent species, followed by P. rubrigenun, P. aleophilum, P. alvesi,. Fungi belonging to the genus Phaemoniella were also found. This is the first report of P. parasiticum and P. alvesii on olive in Italy. The role of these fungal species, alone or in combination with other plant pathogens, in determining the symptoms observed on olive trees is currently under investigation.

Applications and Mechanisms of Wax-Based Semiochemical Dispenser Technology for Disruption of Grape Root Borer Mating

Grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is an important pest of cultivated grapes (Vitis spp.) in the eastern United States from Michigan to Florida. There are few registered insecticides for control of this pest, and their efficacy is limited. Pheromone-based mating disruption is a potential alternative to insecticides for management of V. polistiformis. Wax-based Specialized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology (SPLAT) was tested as a mating disruption method. Deployment densities of 150 dispensers per ha dosed with 5 mg of V. polistiformis pheromone were sufficient to achieve 95% mating disruption during a 7-wk trapping period. The disruption mechanism was determined to be competitive attraction. The release rate of pheromone from these dispensers was quantified to be approximately linear, 77.4 microg/g SPLAT/d. At this release rate, a minimum initial load of 5.4 mg of pheromone per dispenser would be needed to maintain disruption over a 9-10-wk V. polistiformis flight season, approximately 19 August to 21 October in central Florida. It should be noted, however, that the main pheromone component alone, (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienyl acetate (ODDA), was effective (presumably by a noncompetitive mechanism) at higher loads per area of crop. Due to the cost of synthesis of highly pure isomers of the V. polistiformis pheromone components, mating disruption of V. polistiformis may be more practical with higher doses of commercially produced Zeuzera pyrina L. blend [95% (E,Z)-2,13-ODDA:5% (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol] or with (E,Z)-2,13-ODDA alone than with the V. polistiformis blend at lower rates.

Synthesis of allylic trifluoromethyl ketones and their activity as inhibitors of the sex pheromone of the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Trifluoromethyl ketones (TFMKs), structurally related to the pheromones, are good inhibitors of pheromone communication in insects. To determine their activity on Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), a polyphagous pest, the authors have prepared two diunsaturated TFMK analogues of the major (3) and the minor (4) pheromone components, and two monounsaturated ones (5, 6). Their biological activity in electroantennogram (EAG), wind tunnel and field tests is presented. The synthetic strategy to obtain the allylic TFMKs 3 and 5 is based on the reactions of diene 10 and 1-octadecene with trifluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal, followed by Dess-Martin oxidation of the resulting homoallylic trifluoromethyl alcohols. In EAG, topical application of analogues 3 and 4 on male antennae significantly reduced the pheromone response. In the wind tunnel, compound 4 reduced the number of contacts with the pheromone source. In the field, traps baited with mixtures of pheromone and inhibitors captured significantly fewer males than the pheromone alone. An efficient synthesis of allylic TFMKs is reported, with good overall yield, regiospecificity and diastereoselectivity. These compounds are good inhibitors of the pheromone in electrophysiology, wind tunnel and field tests. The results show the importance of two unsaturations at positions 2 and 13 of the trifluoroacyl group in the structure of the analogues, the latter being critical for inhibitory activity.

Suppression of Leopard Moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Populations in Olive Trees in Egypt Through Mating Disruption

The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is a damaging pest for many fruit trees (e.g., apple [Malus spp.], pear [Pyrus spp.] peach [Prunus spp.], and olive [Olea]). Recently, it caused serious yield losses in newly established olive orchards in Egypt, including the death of young trees. Chemical and biological control have shown limited efficiency against this pest. Field tests were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate mating disruption (MD) for the control of the leopard moth, on heavily infested, densely planted olive plots (336 trees per ha). The binary blend of the pheromone components (E,Z)-2,13-octadecenyl acetate and (E,Z)-3,13-octadecenyl acetate (95:5) was dispensed from polyethylene vials. Efficacy was measured considering reduction of catches in pheromone traps, reduction of active galleries of leopard moth per tree and fruit yield in the pheromone-treated plots (MD) compared with control plots (CO). Male captures in MD plots were reduced by 89.3% in 2005 and 82.9% in 2006, during a trapping period of 14 and 13 wk, respectively. Application of MD over two consecutive years progressively reduced the number of active galleries per tree in the third year where no sex pheromone was applied. In all years, larval galleries outnumbered moth captures. Fruit yield from trees where sex pheromone had been applied in 2005 and 2006 increased significantly in 2006 (98.8 +/- 2.9 kg per tree) and 2007 (23 +/- 1.3 kg per tree) compared with control ones (61.0 +/- 3.9 and 10.0 +/- 0.6 kg per tree, respectively). Mating disruption shows promising for suppressing leopard moth infestation in olives.

Antalya ilinde nar zararlıları üzerine araştırmalar: Gövde ve dallarda zarar yapanlar

This study was carried out trough 1999-2000 in order to determine harmful pests in stem and branch in pomegranate orchards in Antalya province, Turkey. Samplings were done at the 8 orchards in districts along coast in Central Antalya, Serik, Kumluca and Finike. Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), Schistocerus bimaculatus Ol. and Apate monachus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) were determined as harmful pest. As a result of this study, Z. pyrina was found to be main pest and S. bimaculatus and A. monachus populations can lead important harmful level unless management and pruning are not applied properly.

Efficient Mass-Trapping Method As an Alternative Tactic for Suppressing Populations of Leopard Moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

Abstract The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is a xylophagous species that has become a serious pest in the olive (Olea spp.) orchards in Egypt. Both chemical and biological control have scored poorly against this pest and additional methods are needed. A simple, but efficient UV-light-pheromone sticky trap (“Hegazi model”) was devised for leopard moth mass trapping. Activity of leopard moth and efficiency of pheromone-baited, light, and pheromone and light traps were evaluated. The combination of light and sex pheromone was optimally attractive to leopard moth populations in olive orchards. A comparison between light traps baited with sex pheromone in mass-trapping method and conventional controls (insecticidal and physical removal of larvae) in heavily infested plots was carried out between 2002 and 2005. Leopard moths have long flight period, starting in mid-May and lasting until early November. Females of leopard moths were rarely trapped, but all had eggs. In mass-trapping plot, the seasonal captures and active galleries diminished from one year to the next, which may indicate the effectiveness of the method. From May 2003 to October 2005 greater reduction in total counts of active galleries was observed in mass-trapping plot compared with those recorded in the control field, in which chemical sprays and manual killing were performed. Yield from trees in mass-trapping field was significantly increased in comparison to control trees. The study strongly recommends the use of mass-trapping method instead of pesticides against the leopard moths, not only to control them but also to mass trap and monitor other lepidopterous pests of olive trees.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF ZEUZERA PYRINA L. IN POMEGRANATE ORCHARDS USING ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE TREATMENTS

Alternative non-conventional and environmentally safe means (sex pheromone mass trapping, horticultural, mechanical, microbiological and local chemical treatments) for reduction Zeuzera pyrina L. infestation, were evaluated in infested pomegranate orchards during three successive years (2005, 2006, and 2007) at Wady El-Natroun district, Behera governorate.Z. pyrina infestation was reduced by 59.78, 68.92 and 80.00% due to whole year pheromone treatment, 56.87, 80.15 and 88.21% due to pruning treatment, 36.76, 55.85 and 65.03% due to worming treatment, 7.92, 12.77 and 17.48% due to bacterial treatment, 6.23, 11.38 and 15.89% due to fungal treatment, 68.26, 79.69 and 84.23% due to whole year local spraying, 60.99, 75.38 and 81.99% due to whole year local painting, 83.52, 92.15 and 96.29% due to whole year complete coverage spraying, when applied for 1, 2, and 3-successive years, respectively. The respective combined treatments resulted in 71.41, 85.85 and 92.58% due to partial pheromone and pruning, 47.18, 62.00 and 74.30% due to partial pheromone and worming treatments, 31.72, 40.62 and 52.84% due to partial pheromone and bacterial treatment, 28.81, 38.77 and 51.52% due to partial pheromone and fungal treatment, 81.36, 92.46 and 96.03% due to partial pheromone and local spraying, 78.69, 91.38 and 94.44% due to partial pheromone and local painting and 65.38, 77.69, 83.97% due to partial pheromone and complete coverage spraying

FIELD EVALUATION OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES AND INSECT PATHOGEN NEMATODE AGAINST ZEUZERA PYRINA (LINNUAEUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: COSSIDAE) INFESTED OLIVE TREES IN NORTH SINAI, EGYPT

Field experiments were conducted on Zeuzera pyrina L. infested olive trees at El-Arish, North Sinai for three successive years 2002, 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of insecticides and insect pathogen against this pest. The treatments suppressed significantly the population of the pest. Cidial was effective compound against Z. pyrina where the reduction of infestation reached 76.04%, 72.66% and 72.17% during the three successive years 2002, 2003 and 2004, respectively. While using amixture of Diazinon & Kaple 2 and Lebacid & Kaple 2 reduced the infestation by 77.95% and 72.75%, respectively during 2002. Reduction percentage by using insect pathogen nematodes was 100%. Conclusively, all experiments by using different pesticides on Zeuzera pyrina L. showed that the general mean percentage of reduction with Cidial 50% E.C. alone during studying period were between 72.66 % and 72.16 %. Also, the general percentage of reduction by using insect pathogen nematodes with direct injection in tunnels by rate 3000 individual pathogen nematodes/ ml. reached 100%.

Luta biotécnica contra as principais pragas da nogueira

The concerns and difficulties felt by the farmers to control the main pests of walnut, the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) and the leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina L.), together with the growing concern about food quality, increased the interest on and the development of, new control methods that constitute real alternatives to the systematic use, often irrational, of pesticides. The biotechnical control, namely the technique of mating disruption, appears as a viable alternative, since effective biological or cultural methods for the control of these pests are not available at this moment. This control method reduces gradually the population of the pests, doesn't cause deposit residues on the fruits, doesn't induce resistance and doesn't disturb the beneficial fauna, facilitating the protection of the crop against secondary pests as mites [Panony chus ulmi (Koch)] and aphids [Panaphis juglandis Goeze, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach)]. In this work, some results obtained with the use of the mating disruption method during the years 2002 to 2004 will be presented and discussed. These results point towards a high effectiveness of the method, mainly in the control of the leopard moth. However, concerning relatively to the codling moth, the infestation levels observed along the three years were relatively low. The decrease of the population levels of both pests along the three years was evident. The infestation levels were always lower in the plots under mating disruption than in the control plots. This decrease was noticed along the three years of experiments.

MATING DISRUPTION AND ATTRACT-AND-KILL AS REDUCED-RISK STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF GRAPE ROOT BORER VITACEA POLISTIFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) IN FLORIDA VINEYARDS

Mating disruption and attract-and-kill (A&K) gels were evaluated for control of grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis Harris (Lepidoptera:Sessidae), in Florida grape (Vitis sp.) vineyards. For mating disruption, pheromone twist-ties with leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), pheromone were placed in vines at a rate of 635 per ha. Attract-and-kill (A&K) gels containing the GRB pheromone and a pyrethrin (botanical insecticide) were applied to vine trunks at a rate of 112.5 g per hectare. These treatments were compared with chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), an organophosphate insecticide, and an untreated control in a randomized complete block design. Two wing-style sticky traps with GRB pheromone were placed in each treatment to monitor male moth activity and determine levels of trap shutdown. Complete trap shutdown occurred in the twist-tie sections for both 2003 and 2004 suggesting disruption of mating. Traps placed in the A&K and the pheromone twist-tie sections caught significantly fewer GRB than the Lorsban treatments in 2003. In 2004, significantly fewer moths were caught in the pheromone twist-tie and Lorsban treatments than the A&K and untreated controls. The differences between 2003 and 2004 for A&K treatments were due to the use of the incorrect pheromone blend in the 2004 batch of A&K. Whereas the differences in Lorsban treatments between both years may be related to residual activity of the pesticide. The economics of adopting A&K and mating disruption with twist-ties containing leopard moth pheromone is discussed. Both A&K and mating disruption with the leopard moth pheromone show promise as reduced-risk control tactics to be used in a GRB integrated pest management program and warrant further study.