Abstract
The first part of the work aimed to study the survey of apple trees borers that attack apple orchards in two different geographical regions, at Abo-Mashour and Al-Khatatba locations (Menoufia governorate). Five species were recorded in the study showed, these borers were Synantheden myopaeformis Borkh., Zeuzera pyrina L., Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood., Scolytus amygdali Guer. and Chlorophorus varius Mull (non recorded at Al-Khatatba) . Highest percentages of infestation (26.08 & 21.33 %) were recorded for Sy. myopaeformis followed by Z. pyrina (17.83 &13.01%) at Abo-Mashour and Al-Khatatba, respectively. An annual increase of infested trees with these borers, especially Sy. myopaeformis (10.59 & 9.59) and Z. pyrina (9.22 & 6.62 )give serious indicators to quick devastation and the death of infested trees. The weather factors detected a significant correlation with infestation by different borers except Ch. varius. Also significant differences for both Z. pyrina and S. amygdale were detected in the two regions under study, while the infestation showed insignificant differences of both Sy. myopaeformis and H. eruditus The second part of the study aimed to investigate the role of phytochemical components within apple trees and their relation to the infestation with apple clearwing moth Sy myopaeformis. The analysis by GC-MS chromatograph showed differences in both Chemical composition and the percentages of compounds in the tested wood samples from apple trees under study. In the uninfested young trees (resistant trees), the levels of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid), 9-Hexadecanoic acid and Ethyl iso-allocholate were found at higher rates than the uninfested old trees, as they were 31.42%, 14.83% and 5.37% respectively. The infested old trees showed high levels of these chemical compounds compared to uninfested ones as the percentages of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid), 9-Hexadecanoic acid and Ethyl iso-allocholate increased by 5.8 fold, 3.1 fold and 3.1 fold, respectively, while the percentages in uninfested old trees were 7.42%, 5.39% and 3.34% respectively.
Highlights
Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) are cultivated worldwide and are considered the most widely consumed fruits in the world
The previous studies point that all borers that have been found in the study have been established as pests on fruit trees in Egypt, for instance, Willcocks 1924, Batt 2002, 2008, Hegazi et al 2010, 2014, Tadros 1994 a, 1994 b, Girgis 198, Abd El-Moaty et al 2013
Changes of Infestation: At the two geographical regions in our study, under the different effects for each of weather factors, the new infestations of various borers attacking the apple trees were recorded in the Table (1) and Table (2). 1
Summary
Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) are cultivated worldwide and are considered the most widely consumed fruits in the world. Aphids, Codling moth, Leopard Moth, Clearwing Moth, dogwood moth, scale insects, leafminers, leafrollers, jewel beetles and bark beetles are the main insect pests attacking fruit trees, including apple orchards (Blommers 1994, Abdel-Azim 1997, Pfammatter & Vuignier, 1998, Anonymous 1999, Brown et al 2008, Karaca et al 2010, Simon et al 2010, Hegazi et al 2010, Hegazi et al 2014, Batt & Abd El-Raheem 2017). The first and second instar larvae of the apple clearwing moth feed superficially within the bark whereas the older instar larvae feed on the vascular tissues between the bark and cambium. Several studies were carried out by many authors (Abd El-Kader & Zaklama 1971, Awadallah et al 1978, Tadros 1993, Tadros 1994 a, 1994 b, Girgis et al 1995, Abdel-Azim, 1997, Shehata et al.1999, Tadros et al 2003, Batt & Abd El-Raheem 2017) which aimed to study the Ecology, Biology, monitoring and control of this dangerous pest
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