Zero Tolerance Research Articles

Parental Perspectives on Principals’ Responses to Homophobic, Biphobic, and Transphobic Bullying in Australian High Schools: An Exploratory Study

AbstractSchool principals may be well-placed to establish safe and affirming school climates for gender and sexuality diverse students by upholding zero-tolerance policies for homophobic, biphobic, and/or transphobic (HBT) bullying. Few qualitative investigations have examined how leaders are perceived, by those with vested interest, to be exercising their powers in this regard. Parents and caregivers (N = 16) completed a qualitative online questionnaire about their experiences navigating school responses to the HBT bullying of their child. Responses were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings indicate that principals were often either a first point of contact or an option for escalation. Intervention efforts were favourably appraised where empathy for the targeted student was accompanied by quick and decisive action. When this did not occur, participants described the injurious effects of inaction, prejudiced attitudes, and minimisation of the impact of non-physical bullying on both them and their child. We discuss implications for principals and schools with respect to the significant consequences of non-intervention.

When addressing resources is not enough: lessons learned from a respectful maternal and neonatal care provider training intervention evaluation in Kenya and Tanzania

BackgroundRespectful Maternal and Neonatal Care (RMNC) maintains and respects a pregnant person’s dignity, privacy, informed choice, and confidentiality free from harm and mistreatment. It strives for a positive pregnancy and post-pregnancy care experiences for pregnant people and their families, avoiding any form of obstetric violence. Though RMNC is now widely accepted as a priority in obstetric care, there is a gap in resources and support tools for healthcare wproviders to clearly understand the issue and change long-established practices such as non-humanized caesarean sections. MSI Reproductive Choices (MSI) manages 31 maternities across 7 countries with a zero-tolerance approach towards disrespectful maternity care and obstetric violence. MSI developed and implemented a hybrid training package, which includes an online module and 1-day in-person workshop that allows healthcare providers to explore their beliefs and attitudes towards RMNC. It leverages methodologies used in Values-Clarification-Attitudes-Transformation (VCAT) workshops and behaviour change approaches.MethodsThe impact of this training intervention was measured from the healthcare providers’ and patients’ perspectives. Patient experience of (dis)respectful care was collected from a cross-sectional survey of antenatal and postnatal patients attending MSI maternities in Kenya and Tanzania before and following the RMNC training intervention. Healthcare providers completed pre- and post-workshop surveys at day 1, 90 and 180 to measure any changes in their knowledge, attitudes and perception of intended behaviours regarding RMNC.ResultsThe results demonstrate that healthcare provider knowledge, attitudes and perceived RMNC practices can be improved with this training interventions. Patients also reported a more positive experience of their maternity care following the training.ConclusionRMNC is a patient-centred care priority in all MSI maternities. The training bridges the gap in resources currently available to support changes in healthcare wproviders’ attitudes and behaviours towards provision of RMNC. Ensuring health system infrastructure supports compassionate obstetric care represents only the first step towards ensuring RMNC. The results from the evaluation of this RMNC provider training intervention demonstrates how healthcare provider knowledge and attitudes may represent a bottleneck to ensuring RMNC that can be overcome using VCAT and behaviour change approaches.

Dilemmas and implications related to U.S. zero-tolerance criminal policy for juve nile offe nde rs

Dilemmas and implications related to U.S. zero-tolerance criminal policy for juve nile offe nde rs

Effects of workplace incivility and workload on nurses' work attitude: The mediating effect of burnout.

The study's aim was to examine how workplace incivility and workload influence nurses' work attitudes (turnover intention, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment) using the stress-strain-outcome framework. There is a lack of comprehensive research on the combined effects of workplace incivility and workload on nurses' work attitudes. Two workplace stressors, incivility and workload, were hypothesized to lead to burnout, which in turn influences nurses' work attitudes. A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study was conducted. Survey data were collected from 1,255 direct care nurses with a minimum of 6 months' nursing experiences in 34 general hospitals across Korea. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. This study is reported using the STROBE checklist. As hypothesized, both workplace incivility and workload increased burnout. Heightened burnout correlated with increased turnover intention, lowered job satisfaction, and reduced organizational commitment. While workplace incivility impacted these outcomes both directly and indirectly via its effect on burnout, workload influenced the outcomes solely through burnout. The study's findings are based on one, nonrandomized sample of nurses working at South Korean hospitals. Despite such study limitations, the study findings support the adverse impact of two workplace stressors on burnout and nurses' work attitudes. Evidence-informed interventions for both workplace stressors include training programs, clear policy guidelines, open communication channels, and supportive work environments. Zero tolerance and equity, diversity and inclusivity policies to promote workplace civility must be enforced. Workload needs to be patient-centered, ensuring a "fit" between patient needs and nurse staffing.

Accra Airport City I: A Global Space and An Exclusionary Enclave

Airport cities are global spaces used by countries to improve non-aeronautical revenue and to attract foreign direct investment. The planning of such spaces is underpinned by neoliberal ideology and market-dominated policy which often do not make them inclusive. Yet the United Nations SDG 11 and New Urban Agenda calls for inclusive communities in planning urban spaces. Meanwhile GACL maintains a commoditised enclave with zero tolerance policy towards unwarranted use of the open spaces for informal food vending. The results show that the lower class are finding alternatives to address their basic need and their actions are blurring the hegemonic planning.

THE LEGAL DILEMMA OF MANAGING AND REGULATING PRIVATE CONSUMPTION OF CANNABIS IN RELATION TO THE WORKPLACE

In South Africa, consumption of cannabis was a criminal offence in past decades. However, in September 2018, the Constitutional Court judgment in the Prince case decriminalised the private consumption of cannabis. Although the judgment was welcomed by many South Africans, including employees, its interpretation and implementation has been marred by legal ambiguity. The Constitutional Court did not prescribe how employers should manage and regulate the private consumption of cannabis in relation to the workplace. In order to maintain workplace safety, a majority of employers have adopted and enforced a zero-tolerance policy on alcohol, drugs and substance abuse. A majority of employers have relied on urinalysis testing to detect cannabis in the workplace. Some employees, after testing positive for cannabis, have been dismissed for contravening their employer’s zero-tolerance policy, without conclusive evidence of impairment. This thorny issue is explored in this article. First, it seeks to examine whether merely testing positive for cannabis is sufficient to prove intoxication that may result in an employee’s impairment. Secondly, the question is whether urinalysis testing precisely determines whether an employee cannot function and perform their duties normally.

Legal Expertise as a Tool of Countering Violent Extremism in the Web 2.0

The paper deals with the results of the study aimed to countermeasure violent extremism in Web 2.0. The paper focuses on the results of the research entitled “Russian Legal Concept of Media Security” and implemented within the framework of the “Priority-2030” Academic Strategic Leadership Program. The increased number of public crimes committed in the new media using telecommunications technologies makes the study relevant. The study is aimed to improve the understanding of current and future global media security challenges and to explain how to resist them based on legal expertise. Legal expertise is characterized as a tool that can contribute to raising the general level of legal culture and, in this regard, the authors highlight that availability of law and language knowledge is relevant in solving criminal law issues regarding implementation of basic rights and freedoms in the digital environment. The authors examine public relations in the field of education, family relations and youth policy related to those who share traditional morality and focus on countering a destructive ideological impact on children, adolescents, and the youth, carried out in order to neutralize inimical inculcation of spiritual values alien to Russian society. The authors scrutinized social networking, a combination of mini web pages, blogs and searchable communities, to detect signs of extremist propaganda shared via internet communication as a key challenge Russian society is facing nowadays. They elucidate the importance of undertaking effective measures to protect the population from harmful effect of destructive extremist ideology and its negative psychological impact. An interdisciplinary study of media security in the paradigm of criminal law sciences was conducted on the basis of legal expertise — a comprehensive criminalistic, criminology, forensic, psychological and linguistic approach to counteracting a destructive ideological impact on adolescents and neutralizing the mechanisms of implanting alien moral values. The authors have systematized threats to traditional Russian spiritual values and proposed to amend legislation and law enforcement practice to improve media security. Deep efforts should be made to encourage zero tolerance for extremist actions in the information sphere among people, to form their competence to ensure media security, including effective recourse to legal (or forensic) experts and authorized entities in case of violations of the law.

Zero Tolerance for Bullying: Effective Measures to Stop and Prevent Harassment in Schools

Bullying of students is a problem that is widespread in Jakarta. This bullying is caused by several factors such as parenting patterns, school, self-esteem and group norms. The aim of this research is to socialize to stop and prevent bullying at Sejahtera Vocational School. The research method uses quantitative descriptive to describe the conditions that occurred during the research. The focus of the research was Sejahtera Pare Vocational School, Kerdiri Regency, East Java with 40 students as respondents. Sampling was carried out through random sampling and data collection using a questionnaire as a tool. Quantitative Research Methods are used to research certain populations or samples. The data analysis technique uses frequency distribution. Research results Based on the analysis of the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the bullying that occurred at Sejahtera Pare Vocational School, Kadiri Regency, East Java, when viewed as a whole, is in the moderate category. This means that bullying at Sejahtera Pare Vocational School, Kediri Regency, East Java needs to be watched out for so that it can be minimized as much as possible.

Restoring Equity for Black Youth in Urban Schools: A Scoping Review

Zero tolerance policies in urban schools increased the disparities in urban school discipline for Black youth in comparison to white youth. Restorative interventions continue to be a popular response to deviant student behaviors; however, exploring the impact of restorative interventions in reducing harsh discipline on Black youth should be a continued focal point for scholars. This study used a scoping review to explore the breadth of knowledge available regarding using restorative interventions in urban schools. Five databases were used to identify relevant literature. Seven pieces of literature met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Findings revealed that restorative interventions do not have substantially positive impact on Black youth’s suspension rates; yet racial inequities in school and perceived negative thoughts about Black youth are among chief reasons Black youth are more likely suspended. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.

“Is my voicing up linked to social pain I bear”: examining the correlates of internal whistleblowing

PurposeUndertaking the theoretical lens of “The need to belong” theory, the present study intends to explore the aftermath of internal whistleblowing and the behavioral outcomes that follow by linking it to the literature on workplace ostracism, loneliness and intentions to quit.Design/methodology/approachThe respondents were hotel employees in the Delhi NCR region of northern India. A hypothesized sequential mediation model was tested on a sample of employees from a hotel using a three-wave time-lagged multistudy design.FindingsThe findings of the study established that internal whistleblowing leads to intentions to quit via workplace ostracism and loneliness at work.Originality/valueThe unique contribution of this study lies in understanding the underlying mechanisms and discussing the behavioral outcomes that follow post-whistleblowing. HR managers need to develop a work environment that protects whistleblowers and has a zero-tolerance policy against employees engaging in any form of retaliation or unethical business practices. Managers must be more proactive and sensitive to the social cues that will make them aware of the presence of acts of ostracism. Upon encountering such acts, managers can consider counseling employees engaging in such unhealthy practices.

'I sound different, I look different, I am different': Protecting and promoting the sense of authenticity of ethnically minoritised medical students.

Being authentic can improve students' well-being and enhance the medical student-patient communication and patient safety. However, the underrepresentation of ethnically minoritised students in medical education can result in identity suppression, interfering with students' ability to succeed academically and professionally. We conducted interviews with 20 ethnically minoritised medical students, which were analysed thematically, to explore the following: What facilitates and prevents students from being their authentic self during medical school? What learning and teaching strategies can enable students to be or become their authentic self? Experiences of discrimination, microaggressions and/or racism were the main barriers to authenticity, leading to fear of being discriminated again if students expressed their true self. Lack of diversity, cultural awareness and staff representation were also fundamental barriers. Being authentic was often perceived as contradictory to being professional and a risk that could damage students' reputation. However, when students could express their true self, they felt happier, safer and developed a stronger sense of belonging. To enhance authenticity, students need to see better staff representation, role models they can relate and aspire to, such as Black professors. Equity/Diversity/Inclusion/Belonging (EDIB) training needs to become embedded throughout the curriculum and be delivered by facilitators with lived experiences. Other strategies to promote students' authenticity included mentoring, better signposting to complaints procedure and well-being resources and implementation of 'zero tolerance' policies. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies on the concept of authenticity in medical education and the first study focusing on ethnically minoritised students.

Mexico: Territory of confinement during the pandemic

Since the 1990s, Mexico has been a transit country par excellence in the Americas. However, since the beginning of the 2010s, Mexican territory has been configured as an extended and violent space of migratory containment. In the regional context of Mexico and the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic accentuated state processes of migratory control and criminalization that had been in place for years (such as zero tolerance policies and migrant protection protocols during the Trump administration). Unlike other countries on the American continent, this health emergency in Mexico did not imply the adoption of strict internal measures to limit mobility. Consequently, although the influx of global migrants in transit, mostly Northern Central Americans, slowed during the first months of the pandemic, it did not cease. In fact, since mid-2020, these transitions have multiplied. However, due to the health emergency, asylum seekers and other migrants could not cross the northern border of Mexico as a direct effect of the increase in controls and strict anti-immigrant policies implemented by the United States. The blockade of the northern border, together with the continued influx of even more global migrants (many from northern Central America), meant that Mexico, in a trend that had been going on for years, consolidated itself as a regional and global territory of spatial and temporal confinement (long waiting). Therefore, this article analyzes the geopolitical implications of these processes for Mexico in the midst of a triple health, political and social security crisis.

The Political and Historical Identity of the North African Mediterranean Region: A Case Study: Tunisia

The paper outlines the importance of historical identity in the Southern Mediterranean region through a case study of Tunisia. It explores Tunisia’s political development up until the fall of the Ben Ali regime in January 2011, and its influence on the post-Arab spring period of constitutionalism of the new democratic government system. The theoretical framework of this paper involves a strategic approach to transition, emphasizing the influence of the historical relationship between religion (Islam) and politics on the role of the Islamic party in transition. The influence of the historical relationship between the military and politics on the role of the military in transition is also evaluated. These transition actors are chosen for a deeper investigation because of their historically negative image in Arab societies. In line with all available data, this article shows that the pre-independence ‘twin tolerations’ between the State and religious citizens as well as the civilian control over the military positively influenced Tunisia’s contemporary democratic development. Post-independence Bourguiba’s ‘state-controlled Islam’ and Ben Ali’s ‘zero tolerance’ towards Islamists, somewhat paradoxically, contributed to the reaffirmation of Tunisian Islamic values and Ennahda’s concept of Muslim democracy. The political and economically marginalized position of the military determined its promotional role in the democratic transition. Applying the single case study as comparison method developed by Landman and Linz-Stepan, we came to the conclusion that, due to the positive role of Ennahda and the military, Tunisia achieved a successful democratic transition even though its democracy is not yet fully consolidated.

Luchando Junt@s Por Una Familia Unida (Fighting Together for a United Family): Rebuilding the Cohesive Self of Immigrant Parents and Community Healing after a Family Separation in the United States – A Self Psychology Perspective

AbstractThe Zero Tolerance policy implemented by the Trump administration resulted in the separation of thousands of Central American families seeking asylum at the U.S. Southern border. This policy has had a devastating impact on the mental health of parents and their children. While most of the literature on forced immigration family separation, and reunification focuses on children’s traumatic responses, it is essential to expand the literature to include the impact on parents, who can help mitigate the negative consequences of adverse events and traumatic stress on their children. When parents are not provided with adequate culturally sensitive healing interventions, their distress, and emotional needs may affect their ability to effectively support their children. Using a self psychology lens, this theoretical article sheds light on the psychological experiences of Central American parents who endured forced family separation. It also contributes knowledge to self psychology theory and its integration into group work with Central Americans. This article draws from the literature, my clinical experience with immigrants and refugees, and my work with Central American asylum-seeking families impacted by the “zero tolerance” immigration policy to argue that self psychology provides a lens for understanding the impact of the government’s empathic failure on parents upon entering the United States that led to a blow to parents’ cohesive self. Parents’ cohesive self can be restored with sufficient collective twinship, mirroring, and idealizing experiences, which in self-psychology are paramount psychological needs to be met for building and maintaining a strong self.

The long-run impacts of adolescent drinking: Evidence from Zero Tolerance Laws

This paper provides the first long-run assessment of adolescent alcohol control policies on later-life health and labor market outcomes. Our analysis exploits cross-state variation in the rollout of “Zero Tolerance” (ZT) Laws, which set strict alcohol limits for drivers under age 21 and led to sharp reductions in youth binge drinking. We adopt a difference-in-differences approach that combines information on state and year of birth to identify individuals exposed to the laws during adolescence and tracks the evolving impacts into middle age. We find that ZT Laws led to significant improvements in later-life health. Individuals exposed to the laws during adolescence were substantially less likely to suffer from cognitive and physical limitations in their 40s. The health effects are mirrored by improved labor market outcomes. These patterns cannot be attributed to changes in educational attainment or marriage. Instead, we find that affected cohorts were significantly less likely to drink heavily by middle age, suggesting an important role for adolescent initiation and habit-formation in affecting long-term substance use.

Detention “Keeps the Families Together”: US Zero Tolerance Separations and the Slow Violence of Litigating Family Detention

ABSTRACT In 2018, the US “zero tolerance” family separation policy drew international attention. This article builds on the scholarship of family separation and family detention to connect the dots between this high-profile state violence and the long, slow violence of litigation over detaining children. I make three interconnected arguments: One, we must understand the zero tolerance policy in relation to the ongoing legal struggle over family detention, specifically through the long line of litigation over the Flores settlement, which requires immigration agencies detaining children to meet specific standards of care. I focus on litigation of Flores between 2015 and 2018 in which both the Obama and Trump administrations defended their family detention practices by threatening separation if the courts limited their ability for prolonged detention of children and parents. Second, I argue that the development of legal discourses by the DHS, through this litigation, is a form of slow violence and that this slow violence constructs the physical violence of the zero tolerance separations. I rely on two concepts for this analysis: an expansive definition of state violence and the slow violence of legal discourse. Third, I demonstrate the utility of including legal discourse from lawsuits and policy documents in the scholarly theorization of slow violence. Taken together, the arguments I make in this article offer a nuanced argument to help us understand a cruel policy, and demonstrate how policy for separation developed in context of a broader struggle over the state power to control migrant families.

Modeling of the COVID-19 impact on air passenger traffic in the US, European countries, and China

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many aspects of people's lives including travel since early 2020. Specifically, it has adversely affected people traveling by air and has hit the air transport industry significantly. But, how big is the COVID-19 impact? In order to answer such a question, we collected air passenger traffic data from the US, European countries, and China which accounted for over 75% of the world's total air passenger traffic. Air passenger traffic data in these three regions during the period January 2010 to December 2019 were modeled using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Seasonal ARIMA models were used to predict air passenger traffic from January 2011 to December 2019 (just before the spread of COVID-19) and the accuracy of the models was evaluated. The models were then used to predict air passenger traffic from January 2020 to December 2022 for the case without COVID-19. The COVID-19 impacts on air passenger traffic were estimated by calculating the differences in predicted and actual air passenger numbers in monthly basis. Results showed that air passenger traffic was significantly recovered in the US and European countries but it encountered significant falls in 2021 and 2022 in China due to spikes in COVID-19 variant cases in many provinces and the implementation of zero-tolerance COVID-19 policy. Implications of the study are given.

Cannabis-based medicines and medical fitness-to-drive: current legal issues in Switzerland.

Interest in cannabis-based medicines has risen importantly in recent years due to the wide range of potential uses. On the other hand, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs driving performance and other safety-sensitive tasks. Under the Swiss law, use of cannabis with a THC content of at least 1% is generally prohibited. However, the Swiss Parliament has decided to lift the ban on cannabis-based medicines from 1 August 2022. Hence, exceptional authorisation from the Federal Office of Public Health is no longer required for cannabis-based medicine prescription. Accordingly, general practitioners may prescribe these medicines (e.g. 'magistral preparations', i.e. a medicinal preparation prepared on prescription by a pharmacist). On the other hand, prescribing physicians must inform their patients that cannabis-based medicines may affect momentary ability to drive and general fitness-to-drive. The positioning of cannabis as a legitimate medical treatment produces some tensions with other regulatory frameworks. A notable example of this is the so-called 'zero tolerance' drug driving legal frameworks, which criminalise the presence of THC in a driver's bodily fluids irrespective of impairment. On the other hand, it has been observed that there is little evidence to justify the differential treatment of patients taking cannabis-based medicines compared with those taking other medications potentially impairing driving performances. The aim of this paper is to briefly discuss current Swiss legal issues concerning drivers who are prescribed medicines containing cannabis, as well as to update prescribing physicians on relevant issues and the best guidance to offer their patients.

Preventing and reducing aggressive bullying behavior: theoretical and praxiological framework

The prevention and reduction of aggressive toup bullying behavior is also current in social, psychological and pedagogical terms. This is faced through the involvement of different international structures in the establishment of strategies to reduce and prevent the ,,bullying” phenomenon. In this study, we start from the analysis of various documents, conventions, international treaties in which the problem of preventing and reducing the aggressive behavior of students is posed. At the same time, the explanatory theoretical framework of the ,,bullying” phenomenon is extensively analyzed, and some strategies for preventing and reducing bullying in high schools are argued: primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention, having as general directions: education and awareness of the phenomenon, social development -emotional, promoting zero tolerance towards bullying, supervision and prompt interventions, collaboration with parents and the community.

Nurses' perceived health and occupational burnout: A focus on sleep quality, workplace violence, and organizational culture.

This study investigates the mediation of sleep quality between perceived health and occupational burnout in hospital nurses, considering the moderation of workplace violence and organizational culture. Occupational factors lead to physical and mental distress, burnout, and sleep issues in nurses. Approximately two-thirds of nurses experience burnout, impacting patient care quality and safety. Cultivating a positive organizational culture is essential for nursing workforce stability. This cross-sectional study employed convenience sampling to recruit 346 nurses from a teaching hospital in southern Taiwan in July-August 2020 (response rate: 87.3%). Self-administered questionnaires containing validated instruments were employed, including an adapted occupational burnout scale, the Chinese version of an organizational culture scale, a Perceived Health Questionnaire, a Workplace Violence Experience Scale, and the CPSQI; all instruments were reliable and valid. The analysis involved descriptive statistics, linear regression, and the Johnson-Neyman technique. Nurses with better perceived health exhibited significantly lower occupational burnout (p < 0.001). Perceived health indirectly impacted burnout through sleep quality (p<0.01) with organizational culture as a partial moderator. Bureaucratic organizational culture exacerbated this relationship. Additionally, decreased workplace violence moderated the connections among perceived health, sleep quality, and occupational burnout among nurses. Given the inverse correlation between nurses' perceived health and occupational burnout and considering factors such as workplace violence, organizational culture, and sleep quality, healthcare institutions can proactively take steps to enhance nurses' overall well-being and mitigate burnout. By implementing wellness programs, mental health support, security training, robust reporting, and a zero-tolerance approach to violence, healthcare stakeholders can foster a safe and supportive work environment for nurses, thus improving well-being, patient outcomes, and healthcare quality.