Zero-range Process Research Articles

Distributions of a particle’s position and their asymptotics in the [formula omitted]-deformed totally asymmetric zero range process with site dependent jumping rates

In this paper we study the probability distribution of the position of a tagged particle in the q-deformed Totally Asymmetric Zero Range Process (q-TAZRP) with site dependent jumping rates. For a finite particle system, it is derived from the transition probability previously obtained by Wang and Waugh. We also provide the probability distribution formula for a tagged particle in the q-TAZRP with the so-called step initial condition in which infinitely many particles occupy one single site and all other sites are unoccupied. For the q-TAZRP with step initial condition, we provide a Fredholm determinant representation for the probability distribution function of the position of a tagged particle, and moreover we obtain the limiting distribution function as the time goes to infinity. Our asymptotic result for q-TAZRP with step initial condition is comparable to the limiting distribution function obtained by Tracy and Widom for the kth leftmost particle in the asymmetric simple exclusion process with step initial condition (Theorem 2 in Tracy and Widom (2009)).

Factorized Duality, Stationary Product Measures and Generating Functions

We find all self-duality functions of the form D(ξ,η)=∏xd(ξx,ηx)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amsmath}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{wasysym}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amsfonts}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amssymb}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amsbsy}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{upgreek}\t\t\t\t\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\t\t\t\t\\begin{document}$$\\begin{aligned} D(\\xi , \\eta )= \\prod _{x} d(\\xi _x, \\eta _x) \\end{aligned}$$\\end{document}for a class of interacting particle systems. We call these duality functions of simple factorized form. The functions we recover are self-duality functions for interacting particle systems such as zero-range processes, symmetric inclusion and exclusion processes, as well as duality and self-duality functions for their continuous counterparts. The approach is based on, firstly, a general relation between factorized duality functions and stationary product measures and, secondly, an intertwining relation provided by generating functions. For the interacting particle systems, these self-duality and duality functions turn out to be generalizations of those previously obtained in Giardinà et al. (J Stat Phys 135:25–55, 2009) and, more recently, in Franceschini and Giardinà (Preprint, arXiv:1701.09115, 2016) . Thus, we discover that only these two families of dualities cover all possible cases. Moreover, the same method discloses all simple factorized self-duality functions for interacting diffusion systems such as the Brownian energy process, where both the process and its dual are in continuous variables.

Matrix product representation of the stationary state of the open zero range process

Many one-dimensional lattice particle models with open boundaries, like the paradigmatic asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP), have their stationary states represented in the form of a matrix product, with matrices that do not explicitly depend on the lattice site. In contrast, the stationary state of the open 1D zero-range process (ZRP) takes an inhomogeneous factorized form, with site-dependent probability weights. We show that in spite of the absence of correlations, the stationary state of the open ZRP can also be represented in a matrix product form, where the matrices are site-independent, non-commuting and determined from algebraic relations resulting from the master equation. We recover the known distribution of the open ZRP in two different ways: first, using an explicit representation of the matrices and boundary vectors; second, from the sole knowledge of the algebraic relations satisfied by these matrices and vectors. Finally, an interpretation of the relation between the matrix product form and the inhomogeneous factorized form is proposed within the framework of hidden Markov chains.

Monotonicity and condensation in homogeneous stochastic particle systems

We study stochastic particle systems that conserve the particle density and exhibit a condensation transition due to particle interactions. We restrict our analysis to spatially homogeneous systems on finite lattices with stationary product measures, which includes previously studied zero-range or misanthrope processes. All known examples of such condensing processes are non-monotone, i.e. the dynamics do not preserve a partial ordering of the state space and the canonical measures (with a fixed number of particles) are not monotonically ordered. For our main result we prove that condensing homogeneous particle systems with finite critical density are necessarily non-monotone. On finite lattices condensation can occur even when the critical density is infinite, in this case we give an example of a condensing process that numerical evidence suggests is monotone, and give a partial proof of its monotonicity.

Computing diffusivities from particle models out of equilibrium.

A new method is proposed to numerically extract the diffusivity of a (typically nonlinear) diffusion equation from underlying stochastic particle systems. The proposed strategy requires the system to be in local equilibrium and have Gaussian fluctuations but it is otherwise allowed to undergo arbitrary out-of-equilibrium evolutions. This could be potentially relevant for particle data obtained from experimental applications. The key idea underlying the method is that finite, yet large, particle systems formally obey stochastic partial differential equations of gradient flow type satisfying a fluctuation-dissipation relation. The strategy is here applied to three classic particle models, namely independent random walkers, a zero-range process and a symmetric simple exclusion process in one space dimension, to allow the comparison with analytic solutions.

Jamming and condensation in one-dimensional driven flow.

We revisit the slow-bond (SB) problem of the one-dimensional (1D) totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with modified hopping rates. In the original SB problem, it turns out that a local defect is always relevant to the system as jamming, so that phase separation occurs in the 1D TASEP. However, crossover scaling behaviors are also observed as finite-size effects. In order to check if the SB can be irrelevant to the system with particle interaction, we employ the condensation concept in the zero-range process. The hopping rate in the modified TASEP depends on the interaction parameter and the distance up to the nearest particle in the moving direction, besides the SB factor. In particular, we focus on the interplay of jamming and condensation in the current-density relation of 1D driven flow. Based on mean-field calculations, we present the fundamental diagram and the phase diagram of the modified SB problem, which are numerically checked. Finally, we discuss how the condensation of holes suppresses the jamming of particles and vice versa, where the partially condensed phase is the most interesting, compared to that in the original SB problem.

Hydrodynamics in a condensation regime: The disordered asymmetric zero-range process

We study asymmetric zero-range processes on $\mathbb{Z}$ with nearest-neighbour jumps and site disorder. The jump rate of particles is an arbitrary but bounded nondecreasing function of the number of particles. For any given environment satisfying suitable averaging properties, we establish a hydrodynamic limit given by a scalar conservation law including the domain above critical density, where the flux is shown to be constant.

Stationary uphill currents in locally perturbed zero-range processes.

Uphill currents are observed when mass diffuses in the direction of the density gradient. We study this phenomenon in stationary conditions in the framework of locally perturbed one-dimensional zero range processes (ZRPs). We show that the onset of currents flowing from the reservoir with smaller density to the one with larger density can be caused by a local asymmetry in the hopping rates on a single site at the center of the lattice. For fixed injection rates at the boundaries, we prove that a suitable tuning of the asymmetry in the bulk may induce uphill diffusion at arbitrarily large, finite volumes. We also deduce heuristically the hydrodynamic behavior of the model and connect the local asymmetry characterizing the ZRP dynamics to a matching condition relevant for the macroscopic problem.

Effective stochastic generator with site-dependent interactions

It is known that the stochastic generators of effective processes associated with the unconditioned dynamics of rare events might consist of non-local interactions; however, it can be shown that there are special cases for which these generators can include local interactions. In this paper, we investigate this possibility by considering systems of classical particles moving on a one-dimensional lattice with open boundaries. The particles might have hard-core interactions similar to the particles in an exclusion process, or there can be many arbitrary particles at a single site in a zero-range process. Assuming that the interactions in the original process are local and site-independent, we will show that under certain constraints on the microscopic reaction rules, the stochastic generator of an unconditioned process can be local but site-dependent. As two examples, the asymmetric zero-temperature Glauber model and the A-model with diffusion are presented and studied under the above-mentioned constraints.

Zero range and finite range processes with asymmetric rate functions

We introduce and solve exactly a class of interacting particle systems in one dimension where particles hop asymmetrically. In its simplest form, namely asymmetric zero range process (AZRP), particles hop on a one dimensional periodic lattice with asymmetric hop rates; the rates for both right and left moves depend only on the occupation at the departure site but their functional forms are different. We show that AZRP leads to a factorized steady state (FSS) when its rate-functions satisfy certain constraints. We demonstrate with explicit examples that AZRP exhibits certain interesting features which were not possible in usual zero range process. Firstly, it can undergo a condensation transition depending on how often a particle makes a right move compared to a left one and secondly, the particle current in AZRP can reverse its direction as the density is changed. We show that these features are common in other asymmetric models which have FSS, like the asymmetric misanthrope process where rate functions for right and left hops are different, and depend on occupation of both the departure and the arrival site. We also derive sufficient conditions for having cluster-factorized steady states for finite range process with such asymmetric rate functions and discuss the possibility of condensation there.

Discrete Beckner inequalities via the Bochner–Bakry–Emery approach for Markov chains

Discrete convex Sobolev inequalities and Beckner inequalities are derived for time-continuous Markov chains on finite state spaces. Beckner inequalities interpolate between the modified logarithmic Sobolev inequality and the Poincaré inequality. Their proof is based on the Bakry–Emery approach and on discrete Bochner-type inequalities established by Caputo, Dai Pra and Posta and recently extended by Fathi and Maas for logarithmic entropies. The abstract result for convex entropies is applied to several Markov chains, including birth-death processes, zero-range processes, Bernoulli–Laplace models, and random transposition models, and to a finite-volume discretization of a one-dimensional Fokker–Planck equation, applying results by Mielke.

Zero Range Process and Multi-Dimensional Random Walks

The special limit of the totally asymmetric zero range process of the low-dimensional non-equilibrium statistical mechanics described by the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian is considered. The calculation of the conditional probabilities of the model are based on the algebraic Bethe ansatz approach. We demonstrate that the conditional probabilities may be considered as the generating functions of the random multi-dimensional lattice walks bounded by a hyperplane. This type of walks we call the walks over the multi-dimensional simplicial lattices. The answers for the conditional probability and for the number of random walks in the multi-dimensional simplicial lattice are expressed through the symmetric functions.

Trapping in bottlenecks: Interplay between microscopic dynamics and large scale effects

We investigate the appearance of trapping states in pedestrian flows through bottlenecks as a result of the interplay between the geometry of the system and the microscopic stochastic dynamics. We model the flow through a bottleneck via a Zero Range Process on a one-dimensional periodic lattice. Particle are removed from the lattice sites with rates proportional to the local occupation numbers. The bottleneck is modeled by a particular site of the lattice whose updating rate saturates to a constant value as soon as the local occupation number exceeds a fixed threshold. We show that for any finite value of the threshold the stationary particle current saturates to the limiting bottleneck rate when the total particle density in the system exceeds a critical value corresponding to the bottleneck rate itself.

Density and current profiles in [formula omitted] zero range process

The stochastic R matrix for Uq(An(1)) introduced recently gives rise to an integrable zero range process of n classes of particles in one dimension. For n=2 we investigate how finitely many first class particles fixed as defects influence the grand canonical ensemble of the second class particles. By using the matrix product stationary probabilities involving infinite products of q-bosons, exact formulas are derived for the local density and current of the second class particles in the large volume limit.

Hydrodynamic Limit of Condensing Two-Species Zero Range Processes with Sub-critical Initial Profiles

Two-species condensing zero range processes (ZRPs) are interacting particle systems with two species of particles and zero range interaction exhibiting phase separation outside a domain of sub-critical densities. We prove the hydrodynamic limit of nearest neighbour mean zero two-species condensing ZRP with bounded local jump rate for sub-critical initial profiles, i.e., for initial profiles whose image is contained in the region of sub-critical densities. The proof is based on H.T. Yau’s relative entropy method, which relies on the existence of sufficiently regular solutions to the hydrodynamic equation. In the particular case of the species-blind ZRP, we prove that the solutions of the hydrodynamic equation exist globally in time and thus the hydrodynamic limit is valid for all times.

Lower Current Large Deviations for Zero-Range Processes on a Ring

We study lower large deviations for the current of totally asymmetric zero-range processes on a ring with concave current-density relation. We use an approach by Jensen and Varadhan which has previously been applied to exclusion processes, to realize current fluctuations by travelling wave density profiles corresponding to non-entropic weak solutions of the hyperbolic scaling limit of the process. We further establish a dynamic transition, where large deviations of the current below a certain value are no longer typically attained by non-entropic weak solutions, but by condensed profiles, where a non-zero fraction of all the particles accumulates on a single fixed lattice site. This leads to a general characterization of the rate function, which is illustrated by providing detailed results for four generic examples of jump rates, including constant rates, decreasing rates, unbounded sublinear rates and asymptotically linear rates. Our results on the dynamic transition are supported by numerical simulations using a cloning algorithm.

A martingale problem for an absorbed diffusion: the nucleation phase of condensing zero range processes

We prove uniqueness of a martingale problem with boundary conditions on a simplex associated to a differential operator with an unbounded drift. We show that the solution of the martingale problem remains absorbed at the boundary once it attains it, and that, after hitting the boundary, it performs a diffusion on a lower dimensional simplex, similar to the original one. We also prove that in the diffusive time scale condensing zero-range processes evolve as this absorbed diffusion.

Coarsening dynamics of zero-range processes

We consider a class of zero-range processes exhibiting a condensation transition in the stationary state, with a critical single-site distribution decaying faster than a power law. We present the analytical study of the coarsening dynamics of the system on the complete graph, both at criticality and in the condensed phase. In contrast with the class of zero-range processes with critical single-site distribution decaying as a power law, in the present case the role of finite-time corrections is essential for the understanding of the approach to scaling.

Metastability in a condensing zero-range process in the thermodynamic limit

Zero-range processes with decreasing jump rates are known to exhibit condensation, where a finite fraction of all particles concentrates on a single lattice site when the total density exceeds a critical value. We study such a process on a one-dimensional lattice with periodic boundary conditions in the thermodynamic limit with fixed, super-critical particle density. We show that the process exhibits metastability with respect to the condensate location, i.e. the suitably accelerated process of the rescaled location converges to a limiting Markov process on the unit torus. This process has stationary, independent increments and the rates are characterized by the scaling limit of capacities of a single random walker on the lattice. Our result extends previous work for fixed lattices and diverging density in [J. Beltran, C. Landim, Probab. Theory Related Fields, 152(3-4):781-807, 2012], and we follow the martingale approach developed there and in subsequent publications. Besides additional technical difficulties in estimating error bounds for transition rates, the thermodynamic limit requires new estimates for equilibration towards a suitably defined distribution in metastable wells, corresponding to a typical set of configurations with a particular condensate location. The total exit rates from individual wells turn out to diverge in the limit, which requires an intermediate regularization step using the symmetries of the process and the regularity of the limit generator. Another important novel contribution is a coupling construction to provide a uniform bound on the exit rates from metastable wells, which is of a general nature and can be adapted to other models.

The $q$-Hahn asymmetric exclusion process

We introduce new integrable exclusion and zero-range processes on the one-dimensional lattice that generalize the $q$-Hahn TASEP and the $q$-Hahn Boson (zero-range) process introduced in [J. Phys. A 46 (2013) 465205, 25] and further studied in [Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 14 (2015) 5577–5603], by allowing jumps in both directions. Owing to a Markov duality, we prove moment formulas for the locations of particles in the exclusion process. This leads to a Fredholm determinant formula that characterizes the distribution of the location of any particle. We show that the model-dependent constants that arise in the limit theorems predicted by the KPZ scaling theory are recovered by a steepest descent analysis of the Fredholm determinant. For some choice of the parameters, our model specializes to the multi-particle-asymmetric diffusion model introduced in [Phys. Rev. E 58 (1998) 4181]. In that case, we make a precise asymptotic analysis that confirms KPZ universality predictions. Surprisingly, we also prove that in the partially asymmetric case, the location of the first particle also enjoys cube-root fluctuations which follow Tracy–Widom GUE statistics.