Zeolite Framework Research Articles

Recent Advances in Single‐Atom Catalyst for Solar Energy Conversion: A Comprehensive Review and Future Outlook

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) are becoming increasingly recognized as highly promising catalytic materials, distinguished by their exceptional atomic efficiency, superior selectivity, and elevated activity levels. This review offers a detailed and comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in SACs, focusing on synthesis strategies, photocatalytic energy conversion applications, and advanced characterization techniques. Various synthetic approaches for fabricating atomically dispersed catalysts are elaborated concisely, emphasizing the importance of achieving precise atomic regulation on compatible supports to ensure strong metal–support interactions. Furthermore, the advanced characterization techniques by analytical tools are illustrated for a deep exploration of catalytic activity and mechanistic insights into uniformly dispersed SACs. Specifically, different kinds of support materials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), their subset zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) with diverse coordination and electronic environments are examined. Further, advances in computational techniques and machine learning are transforming SACs development by improving predictive accuracy and reducing trial‐and‐error methods, thereby accelerating the discovery of stable and active catalysts. Finally, current challenges and prospects of SACs based on MOFs, and g‐C3N4 are addressed, providing valuable insights for the continued development and application of these catalysts in various industrial processes and environmental remediation efforts.

Engineering of HO–Zn–N2 Active Sites in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Enhanced (Photo)Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Currently, lack of ways to engineer specific and well‐defined active sites in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) limits our fundamental knowledge with respect to the mechanistic details for (photo)electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we introduce the open metal sites into ZIFs through the selective ligand removal (SeLiRe) strategy, comprehensively characterize the altered structural and electronic features, and evaluate their role in HER. In‐situ electrochemical analysis and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy reveal the formation of high‐valence HO−Zn−N2 sites through the binding of Zn−N2 with electrolyte hydroxide. The optimal OMS‐ZIF exhibits a low overpotential of 0.41 V to achieve an ampere‐level 1.0 A cm−2 with 120‐hour stability. Theoretical simulations indicate that these active sites accelerate the water molecules activation kinetics, consequently enhancing the efficiency of the Volmer step. This work demonstrates a versatile strategy to introduce highly active catalytic sites in ZIFs, providing new insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism in alkaline media.

Construction of silver-doped graphitic carbon nitride integrated zeolitic imidazolate framework as an ultra-sensitive probe for colorimetric detection application

Abstract Malachite green, and phloxine B are highly effective antifungal, and antibacterial agents utilized primarily in aquaculture. It is classified within the Triarylmethane dye. Numerous studies have indicated that malachite green, and phloxine B are significantly toxic to both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. More critically, it poses substantial risks to human health and safety. As a result, several governments have prohibited its application in aquaculture and food production. There is a pressing need to develop a novel colorimetric probe for the detection of malachite green, and phloxine B. In response, a composite material was synthesized, combining Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-8) with silver-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ag-g-C3N4), to serve as a colorimetric probe for the sensitive and selective identification of malachite green, and phloxine B. The Ag-g-C3N4/ZIF-8 composite demonstrated exceptional colorimetric sensing capabilities, attributed to the synergistic interactions between ZIF-8 and Ag-g-C3N4, achieving a detection limit as low as 1.073 nM, and 1.214 nM, for malachite green, and phloxine B, respectively. This composite represents a significant advancement in environmental sensing technology, providing a versatile and effective approach for detecting and addressing contamination in water resources.

Bifunctional Catalysts with Separated and Tunable Sites on Zeolites for Relay Catalysis of the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane Using CO2

AbstractThe oxidative dehydrogenation of propane using CO2 (CO2‐ODH) technology has broad application prospects in the production of propylene and the utilization of CO2, and the development of efficient CO2‐ODH catalysts is of great significance. However, it remains a challenge to develop a highly efficient catalyst that can activate both C─H and C═O. Herein, a PtZn/Co@S‐1 catalyst with a very low precious metal content of 0.2 wt.% is reported. Benefiting from the PtZn4 nanoclusters dispersed on the surface of Silicalite‐1 zeolite and tetrahedrally coordinated Co2+ in the Silicalite‐1 zeolite framework via relay catalysis, the independent dual sites structure (PtZn/Co@S‐1) greatly promotes CO2‐ODH reaction with a high conversion rate of both C3H8 (59.7%) and CO2 (44.3%), and propylene selectivity of 94.9%, thus upsetting the equilibrium for direct dehydrogenation of propane. Experimental measurements and density functional theory calculations suggest that the PtZn4 and Co2+ interfaces are likely propane dehydrogenation and carbon dioxide hydrogenation active sites respectively.

Hydrothermal Stability of Active Sites in Cu-Exchanged Small-Pore Zeolites for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx.

Combining operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and computational modelling shows unequivocally the distribution of active species in fresh and hydrothermally aged Cu-CHA and Cu-AEI zeolites during NH3-assisted selective catalytic reduction of NOx. Four principal species co-exist: (i) CuI cations coordinated to NH3, (ii) CuI cations coordinated to the zeolite framework, (iii) solvated CuII cations, and (iv) framework-coordinated CuII species (CuII st) formed upon hydrothermal ageing of the zeolite sample. The CuII st species were only observed in the hydrothermally aged zeolite samples and are formed upon the interaction of hydrated CuII cations with extra-framework Al (EFAl) generated during the hydrothermal treatment. These sites are inactive for NOx reduction, leading to a decrease in the catalytic performance of the hydrothermally aged zeolites. CuII st formation was higher in Cu-CHA (~46 %) than in Cu-AEI (~28 %). The better hydrothermal stability of Cu in the AEI framework is attributed to the tortuous channel structure of AEI that hinders the migration of hydrated CuII cations during hydrothermal ageing.

Mesoporous silica-modified metal organic frameworks derived bimetallic electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in microbial fuel cells

The design of cost-effective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) remains a challenge. Herein, a mesoporous silica (mSiO2) assisted protection strategy is developed to synthesize highly dispersed CuCo nanoalloys embedded in nitrogen doped carbon Cu/Co-NC@mS catalyst using zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) as carbon and nitrogen sources. The results revealed that the mSiO2 protection holds the potential to inhabit CuCo nanoalloys from aggregation and thus promotes the formation of highly dispersed small CuCo nanoparticles. The obtained catalyst with pyrolysis temperature (T) of 800 °C (Cu/Co-NC@mS-800) achieves the best ORR performance among Cu/Co-NC@mS-T catalysts, yielding a maximum power density of 1000 mW m−2 when employed as air cathode MFCs. The significantly enhanced ORR performance of Cu/Co-NC@mS-800 could be attributed to following aspects: a) highly dispersed small CuCo nanoalloy particles, improved mesoporous surface area and volume owing to mSiO2 protection; (b) the formation of concave regular dodecahedron mesoporous structure with thin graphtic carbon layer as support; (c) the synergetic effect between CuCo nanoalloys. This work provides a facile strategy for the preparation of highly dispersed bimetal nanoalloys with enhanced electrocatalytic performance for energy-related applications.

High-Entropy Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Dynamic Hydrogen Isotope Separation.

Entropy-driven strategy enables the systematic design of complex systems by using entropy as a quantifiable design parameter for the degree of mixing. In this study, we present mixed-linker zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), sod-ZIF-1 series, that features two types of six-membered rings (6MRs) with aperture sizes of 3.4 Å and 1.7 Å. By adjusting the configurational entropy, the ratio of these 6MRs can be systematically controlled, which significantly influences adsorptive properties, particularly improving the H2 affinity about 3 times throughout the series. This results in the significant enhancement of retention times in dynamic separation of hydrogen isotopes (D2/H2), even over LNG liquefaction temperature. This approach to entropy-driven pore engineering provides new opportunities for enhancing gas adsorption and separation processes.

High‐Entropy Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Dynamic Hydrogen Isotope Separation

Entropy‐driven strategy enables the systematic design of complex systems by using entropy as a quantifiable design parameter for the degree of mixing. In this study, we present mixed‐linker zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), sod‐ZIF‐1 series, that features two types of six‐membered rings (6MRs) with aperture sizes of 3.4 Å and 1.7 Å. By adjusting the configurational entropy, the ratio of these 6MRs can be systematically controlled, which significantly influences adsorptive properties, particularly improving the H2 affinity about 3 times throughout the series. This results in the significant enhancement of retention times in dynamic separation of hydrogen isotopes (D2/H2), even over LNG liquefaction temperature. This approach to entropy‐driven pore engineering provides new opportunities for enhancing gas adsorption and separation processes.

Three-dimensional nanocomposites derived from combined metal organic frameworks doped with Ce, La, and Cu as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for supercapacitors and oxygen reduction reaction

Fabrication of a nanocomposite with a low-cost and efficient synthesis method instead of using electrocatalysts based on platinum metal has become one of the main challenges in energy storage devices and fuel cells. In this regard, a bifunctional electrocatalyst for supercapacitors and oxygen reduction reaction is fabricated and tested. The novelty of this study is the synthesis method and enhancement of the electrochemical characteristics of synthesized electrocatalysts. The core-shell method is used for the electrocatalyst's synthesis which uses Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF)-8, ZIF-67, and Material Institute Lavoisiers (MIL)-101 for the fabrication of three types of electrocatalysts. In the following, to increase the characteristics such as conductivity and stability, doping of Copper (Cu), Cerium (Ce), and Lanthanum (La) are added to the nanocomposites. The Co@NC, CoZn@NC, and CoZn@FeNC prepared electrocatalysts are obtained from the pyrolyze process of La/ZIF-67, CeCu/ZIF-8@ La/ZIF-67, MIL-101@CeCu/ZIF-8/La/ZIF-67. The results indicated that the CoZn@NC electrocatalyst has the best performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with an onset potential of 0.062 (V vs Ag/AgCl) and current density of −12.97 (mA/cm2) at a constant voltage of −1 V. Furthermore, the electron transfer number of CoZn@NC electrocatalyst for ORR was 3.64. The conducted Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) tests demonstrated that the CoZn@NC electrode has the highest capacitance of 271.14 F/g. The outcomes showed that by the core-shell method, various properties of nanocomposites can be utilized to solve the weaknesses of catalysts by using proper metals. Moreover, the presence of Cu2+,Ce3+,La3+ improve the structural defects in the carbon matrix, the stability based on the chronoamperometry results, and the mass transfer. The study provides a perspective for future researches to fill the research gaps to obtain the new supercapacitors utilize on a large scale in the electronics industry.

Synthesis and structural studies of ammonium exchanged synthetic analogue of disordered aluminosilicate natrolite

The current article reports preparation and structural analysis of NH4+ exchanged form of synthetic natrolite zeolite (NH4-natrolite) with disordered structure wherein Si and Al occupies all the tetrahedral (T) sites in the zeolite framework. Structural data is used to gain insight into the structural parameters those influence thermal stability of its proposed H-form. NH4-natrolite is prepared by ion-exchange method from K-natrolite (which was also obtained by ion-exchange with Na-natrolite). Na-natrolite, K-natrolite and NH4-natrolite prepared in this study were tested for their structural, morphological and thermal analysis. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction data was utilized to estimate the crystal structures of hydrated forms of Na-natrolite, K-natrolite and NH4-exchanged natrolites. Thermal analysis of NH4-natrolite revealed that the dehydration is followed by removal of ammonia during calcination. The role of the size (radius) and nature (either divalent or monovalent) of the exchangeable cations present in the channels, the framework chemical content and extent of ‘T’ atom ordering have been collectively discussed and correlated with the structural behaviour of calcined NH4-natrolite to explain its thermal stability in better way.

Role of extra-framework aluminum species within MOR zeolites for syngas conversion via OXZEO catalysis

The location of aluminum within the framework or extra-framework of zeolites is a critical factor in determining its catalytic performance. Despite extensive research on the identification and formation mechanism of extra-framework aluminum (EFAl), its impact on catalytic performance requires further investigation. Herein, mordenite (MOR) zeolites with comparable acid density within the 8MR and 12MR channels but different EFAl contents were prepared, and their catalytic roles were examined in syngas conversion. Intelligent gravimetric analysis, model experiment of ethylene conversion and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that the existence of EFAl species can inhibit the secondary conversion of ethylene to long chain hydrocarbons (i.e., C5+) as well as the over-accumulation of carbonaceous species. However, excessive EFAl species lead to rapid deactivation due to restricted space and thus severe diffusion limitation. MOR zeolite with a moderate amount of EFAl species achieves a superior ethylene selectivity and exhibits an enhanced stability in syngas conversion when combined with ZnAlOx oxide. The insights gained in this work provide important guidance for the design of more efficient zeolite-based catalysts.

Synergistic effects of gadolinium oxide into the matrix of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) for supercapacitor applications

In this study, we synthesized ZIF-8, ZIF-67, Gd₀.₀₁/ZIF-8, & Gd₀.₀₁/ZIF-67 electrodes using the direct combination technique. Both electrodes are being used for energy storage devices. We extensively evaluated these nanocomposites using a variety of electrochemical methods, including retention analysis, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ZIF-8 exhibits a wide band gap of approximately 2.58 eV, suggesting its main absorption is of UV light. The peaks in the absorbance spectrum vary slightly in wavelength due to the presence of different metal centers. Peaks between 1400-1600 cm⁻1 indicate C–N stretching vibrations from the imidazolate linkers. Peaks between 1600-1700 cm⁻1 are associated with C=C stretching vibrations. ZIF-8 exhibits well-defined peaks in its XRD pattern, indicating a high level of crystallinity. Peaks can be observed at specific 2θ values, typically at 22.09°, 26.62°, 38.49°, and 47.27°, which correspond to the (110), (200), (211), and (220) planes. The calculated specific capacitances for ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 are 223.95 and 255.20 F/g. For Gd0.01/ZIF-8, & Gd0.01/ZIF-67 specific capacitances are 575.00 and 587.50 F/g. The ZIF-8, ZIF-67, Gd0.01/ZIF-8, & Gd0.01/ZIF-67 electrodes exhibited specific capacitances of (78.30, 192.59, 342.57, and 1164) F/g at current densities of 1 A/g from the GCD calculation. The retention plot of ZIF-8, ZIF-67, Gd0.01/ZIF-8, & Gd0.01/ZIF-67 electrode shows efficiency of 71%, 71%, 105% and 75%, respectively, indicating their suitability for supercapacitor applications.

Effect of modification of ZIF-8 nanoparticles by triethylenetetramine on hydrogen sulfide uptake

In the present work, the incorporation of triethylenetetramine into the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) was explored to assess its effect on hydrogen sulfide uptake. A comprehensive characterization of the synthesized adsorbents was conducted through N2 adsorption-desorption, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The hydrogen sulfide uptake capacity of the modified adsorbents was investigated under diverse pressures and temperatures. The results revealed that at pressures below 1.5 bars, the hydrogen sulfide uptake of ZIF-8 incorporating triethylenetetramine was marginally higher than that of pristine ZIF-8. However, as the pressure increased, the bare ZIF-8 adsorbent exhibited superior hydrogen sulfide uptake compared to the triethylenetetramine-incorporated adsorbents.Furthermore, the hydrogen sulfide adsorption isotherms of the adsorbents were analyzed using the Monte Carlo method, and the computational results aligned well with the experimental data. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the hydrogen sulfide diffusion coefficient in the synthesized adsorbents. The outcomes indicated that the introduction of triethylenetetramine into the ZIF-8 framework led to a reduction in the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen sulfide. This multifaceted approach combining experimental and computational methods provides a comprehensive understanding of the modified ZIF-8 adsorbents and their behavior in hydrogen sulfide uptake.

MOF-derived S, N co-doped porous carbon matrix with single Fe atoms and CoSx nanoparticles dual-sites for enhanced oxygen reduction

Metal-air batteries, as a clean energy technology, are of great significance in alleviating the increasingly serious energy and environmental problems, but the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics of air–cathode severely restrict their development. In this work, a zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs)-derived dual-site electrocatalyst (Fe/CoSx-SNC) composed of Fe single atom and ultrafine cobalt sulfide nanoparticle sites supported on S, N co-doped porous carbon was successfully prepared. Benefited from the advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity, high-density metal centers, and synergistic effects between the dual sites, Fe/CoSx-SNC electrocatalyst presents excellent electrocatalytic ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.885 V, a kinetic current density of 27.00 mA cm−2 (at 0.80 V), and good stability, which are superior to the commercial 20 % Pt/C catalyst. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the presence of cobalt sulfide nanoparticles could effectively modulate the electron density around Fe single atom, which reduces the desorption energy barrier (rate-determining step) of *OH on Fe sites. In addition, the rechargeable zinc-air battery assembled with Fe/CoSx-SNC as air cathode oxygen catalyst exhibits a high peak power density of 156.63 mW cm−2 and over 100 h of cycling stability. This study provides a straightforward and feasible approach to precisely adjusting the coordination environment and constructing high-performance metal single-atom-based oxygen electrocatalysts, which will be beneficial to promoting the development of metal-air batteries.

A novel CoCuNi-sulfide nanocatalyst derived from trimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework for boosting oxygen evolution reaction performance: comparison study of sulfides and oxides

The investigation of multi-component transition metals has been undertaken as a means to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance contrasted with single-component transition metals. In this study, we prepare a series of monometallic (ZIF-67), bimetallic (ZIF-CoCu), and novel trimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-CoCuNi) via a facile one-step room-temperature solution precipitation method. The optimized CoCuNi-sulfide nanoparticles with amorphous structure and rough surface exhibit superior catalytic activity for OER in 1 mol L-1 KOH with a low overpotential of 210 mV at a current density of 10 mA.cm−2 and negligible reduction in operational capabilities following a stability test lasting 24 hours. This study showcases that both the sulfidation process and the synergy of multiple components yield favorable outcomes in terms of enhancing the activity and stability of OER. These findings present a new approach to fabricating and developing high-efficiency and low-cost electrocatalysts, which have an essential part in the conversion of energy.

ZIF-derived non-bonding Cu/Zn catalysts-driven peroxymonosulfate activation via selective generation of surface-bound radicals for efficient water purification

The peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs) have been extensively studied in wastewater treatment due to their ability to generate various reactive oxygen species. However, the ultra-short half-lives of free radical species limit their effective transfer from the catalyst surfaces to the target organic contaminants for efficient decontamination. Thus, directed production of reactive species with longer lifetimes is challenging but belong with significant demand. In this study, a catalyst with neighboring Cu and Zn heteroatoms pairs anchored on the surface of zeolitic imidazolate framework (Cu/Zn-ZIF) was designed to selectively and sustainably generate radicals via PMS activation. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrated the formation of non-bonding Cu-Zn heteroatom pairs. Owing to the synergistic effect of the Cu and Zn heteroatoms, the Cu/Zn-ZIF/PMS system achieved 99.5 % removal rate of bisphenol A (BPA) within 60 min. Therein, PMS was stabilized by the strongly adsorptive Cu/Zn-ZIF and activated within the nanoscale confinement of Cu sites, resulting in the directional generation of surface-bound •OH and SO4•− radicals with longer lifetimes, which facilitated the efficient removal of BPA. Significantly, it also demonstrated robust resilience against disruptions caused by intricate aquatic environments, including freshwater bodies and ionic species. These findings provide reference for theoretical research on the design of functional MOFs materials and the practical application of surface-bound radicals in AOPs

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by Engineering Tungstic Acid@ZIF‐67 Cocatalyst

AbstractThe zeolitic imidazolate frameworks have gained significant attention in various applications owing to their exceptional surface area, customizable porosity, and excellent thermal and chemical stability, making them a remarkable nanomaterial. The present study involved the utilization of ultrasonic‐assisted techniques to integrate tungstic acid into the zeolitic imidazolate framework (TA@ZIF‐67) with the aim of augmenting the photocatalytic activity. The as‐synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analysis to inspect the structural aspects and morphology. The reduction in particle size of TA@ZIF‐67 due to the incorporation of tungstic acid results in a higher surface area, leading to a significant improvement in the photocatalytic activity of ZIF‐67. The assessment of the photocatalytic performance of ZIF‐67 and TA@ZIF‐67 was conducted through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under sunlight. The degradation efficiency of ZIF‐67 and TA@ZIF‐67 was observed to be 61% and 85%, respectively, of the MB solution following a 60 min irradiation period. The investigation of the kinetics study based on rate constant values revealed that the utilization of TA@ZIF‐67 presented a greater efficiency in the removal of MB from an aqueous solution. The results pave a new avenue toward the design of MOF‐based photocatalysts for water treatments.

Cellulase immobilization within zeolitic imidazolate frameworks by in situ encapsulation

The industrial applications of cellulase are often restricted by its high cost and poor stability under extreme conditions. In this study, cellulase was immobilized using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) through a one-pot encapsulation method, resulting in the formation of cellulase@ZIF-8 composite designed to address these challenges. The effects of varying Zn²⁺/2-methylimidazole molar ratios and different amounts of cellulase on the properties of cellulase@ZIF-8 were systematically investigated. Cellulase was found to act as a nucleation site, accelerating the formation of cellulase@ZIF-8 while promoting controlled crystal growth. At lower Zn²⁺/2-methylimidazole ratios, cross-shaped cellulase@ZIF-8 crystals with moderate enzymatic performance were obtained. Conversely, at higher Zn²⁺/2-methylimidazole ratios, the resulting spindle-shaped cellulase@ZIF-8 crystals exhibited superior enzyme activity of 327.8 U/g, and a relative activity of 88.6%. Furthermore, this composite demonstrates excellent thermal and storage stability. The immobilized enzyme retained 92.8% of its activity at a temperature of 70 °C. Additionally, it maintained 69.8% of its relative enzymatic activity after undergoing five cycles. These findings have significant implications for the future application of cellulase@ZIF-8 composites in efficient and cost-effective lignocellulosic bioconversion.

Advanced PPS/MOFs composite nanofiltration membranes derived from contra-diffusion synthesis for precise molecular separation

To meet the separation requirements of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) membranes in extremely harsh environments and to enhance the separation performance of PPS membrane material, this study utilizes Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) material with a porous structure to modify the structure of the PPS membranes. Using the Contra-diffusion synthesis method, we successfully created PPS composite membranes that were modified by ZIF-8. At the end of the three-hour reaction time, a continuous and dense layer of ZIF-8 crystals with uniform crystal size and regular crystal shape was produced on the matrix membrane's surface. The permeance to rhodamine B aqueous solution is 42.54 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, and the retention rate is 99.5 %, which has high permeability and retention performance. In the anti-pollution performance test, the composite membrane's flux recovery rate is 72.9 %, which has good anti-pollution performance. After immersion in strong acids, strong alkalis, and a variety of organic solvents, the appearance shows no evident flaws, and the separation performance in strong alkalis and five different types of organic solvents stays steady, demonstrating excellent alkali and solvent resistance. This proves that composite membranes have great potential for application in dye wastewater treatment.

Morphological modulation of Co-based Zeolitic imidazolate framework for oxygen evolution reaction

Morphological modulation of Co-based Zeolitic imidazolate framework for oxygen evolution reaction