Zataria Multiflora Extract Research Articles

Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Zataria multiflora as a promising strategy to target quorum sensing and biofilms in Pseudomonasaeruginosa

The global challenge to human health is significantly heightened by the resistance of harmful bacteria to antimicrobial treatments. Given the limited advancement in developing new antimicrobial medications, exploring innovative strategies is imperative to tackle the challenge of resistance to multiple drugs. Furthermore, there is a growing emphasis on the environmentally friendly synthesis of nanoparticles with potent medicinal attributes, specifically those targeting virulence, to combat the rise of multidrug resistance. Focusing on the inhibition of virulence factors and biofilms influenced by quorum sensing has become a promising and novel strategy in the development of anti-infective drugs. An aqueous extract of Zataria multiflora leaves was used to create green-synthesized silver nanoparticles, or AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the AgNPs. The impact of AgNPs on the virulence factors and biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, mediated by quorum sensing, was assessed at concentrations below the minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC). Sub-MIC concentrations of Green-synthesized AgNPs inhibited various P. aeruginosa virulence factors, including bacterial motility (89 % inhibition), pyocyanin production (81.48 % inhibition), pyoverdin production (55.80 % inhibition), elastase activity (87.43 % inhibition), exoprotease activity (75.60 % inhibition), and rhamnolipid production (71.28 % inhibition). Additionally, these AgNPs demonstrated 80 % inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilms. The in vitro efficacy of green-synthesized AgNPs against P. aeruginosa can be utilized for the creation of alternative therapeutic agents for managing bacterial infections, particularly for topical application in cases such as wound infections. Additionally, they can be used for surface coating to inhibit the attachment of bacteria to medical devices.

Citric acid cross-linked biopolymeric nanofibers containing Zataria multiflora extract, an environmentally friendly active food packaging system

Citric acid cross-linked biopolymeric nanofibers containing Zataria multiflora extract, an environmentally friendly active food packaging system

Evaluation of the Bioactivity of Honey in Combination with Alcoholic Extract of Black Cardamom and Zataria multiflora

Considering the high rates of global antimicrobial resistance, researchers are looking for new ways to deal with the resistance. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing the bioactive compounds and antimicrobial effects of honey and alcoholic extracts of Zataria multiflora and Black cardamom. The mixture of honey (30%) and alcoholic extracts of Zataria multiflora (35%) and Black cardamom (35%) as named F6 revealed the antibacterial activity against three tested bacteria ( MIC = 1000 μg/ml). Thymol, resorcinol, and phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl, 3,7-octadiene-2, 6-diol, 2, 6-dimethyl) were identified as potential antimicrobial agents using GC-MS. The F6 toxicity to RBCs and HEK293 human cells was 11.13 and 13.84 times lower for Triton X-100 toxicity (95%), respectively. We concluded that F6 has the best antibacterial activity against E. coli and less toxicity against tested eukaryotic cells due to the presence of chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, thymol, and resorcinol.

Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Jaftex Mouthwash and Nystatin Suspension against the Growth of Candida albicans.

Objective: Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection in the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, especially Candida albicans. Various herbal agents have been designed to target Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Jaftex mouthwash and nystatin suspension on the growth of Candida albicans. Materials and methods:In the present in vitro study, a standard strain of Candida albicans was prepared in the form of lyophilized ampoules. Jaftex mouthwash was prepared with an active ingredient (10 g per 100 cc) of aqueous extract of oak fruit hull (Jaft), Zataria multiflora and Satureja bachtiarica. Nystatin oral suspension (100,000 IU/mL) was also prepared. Both mouthwashes were serially diluted using the two-fold serial dilution method (Jaftex: eight-fold dilutions; nystatin suspension: nine-fold dilutions). A volume of 10 ìL of each dilution of Jaftex mouthwash and nystatin suspension was placed on the discs that were linearly inoculated on culture medium and stored in an incubator for 24 hours at 37 °C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the two antifungal agents was determined using the modified E-test. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:The mean MIC values of Jaftex mouthwash and nystatin suspension were 0.0625 (mg/mL) and 0.0015 (mg/mL), respectively. There was a significant difference between the antifungal effect of Jaftex mouthwash and nystatin suspension on the growth of Candida albicans. Nystatin showed the lowest MIC and greater antifungal activity compared with Jaftex mouthwash. Conclusion:Nystatin increasingly suppressed the growth of Candida albicans. Jaftex mouthwash inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. Since nystatin may show allergic reactions, Jaftex mouthwash can be used as an alternative to nystatin. Due to the synergistic effect of nystatin with thymol, Jaftex mouthwash can be prescribed with nystatin.

Mycotoxic effects of medicinal plants on the asexual reproduction of Aspergillus nigar ATCC 1015

Medicinal plants are tremendous source in herbal medicine for treatment of diverse range of disease, due to increasing rate of microbial infections their in vitro antimicrobial activity was analyzed. Mycotoxic effect of aqueous extract of medicinal plants Zatartia multiflora, Thymus vulgaris and Psammogeton canescens on asexual life cycle of Aspergillus nigar ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 1015 were analyzed. To investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of Z. multiflora, T. vulgaris and P. canescens aqueous extract with three dilutions 0.13, 0.25 and 0.50% were prepared and their antifungal activity on three reproductive stages spore germination, mycelia elongation and sporulation (spore viability) of Aspergillus nigar ATCC 1015 were checked and compare with standard drug Miconazole. Plants under study possess antifungal activity that varied at different stages of reproduction, the intensity of inhibitory effects varied with the species and the concentration of extract used. P. canescens has remarkable inhibitory effects on spore germination and mycelia elongation with increase in concentration as compared to T. vulgaris and Z. multiflora. P. canescens also has well enough antifungal activity on sporulation it completely retards the spore formation at 0.50% and linear decrease in spores viability was recorded with the rise in extract amount in the medium while T. vulgaris and Z. multiflora also significantly affect spore formation and viability of spores. The maximum reduction in spore formation and viability of spore was recorded at 0.50% extract concentration i.e., 35.10 %and 64.31 %, respectively, in Zataria multiflora extract with respect to control. The standard drug Miconazole possesses splendid antifungal activity at all three stages of Aspergillus nigar strain. Hence A. nigar is extremely sensitive to Miconazole and P. canescens while T. vulgaris and Z. multiflora have significant inhibitory effects on spore germination, sporulation and on spore viability reproductive stages of Aspergillus nigar ATCC 1015.

Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) extract can alleviate allergic rhinitis: a randomized clinical trial.

IntroductionAtopic diseases are global concerns in the today’s industrialized world. Allergic rhinitis is the most common allergic condition affecting 20% of individuals. This disorder is associated with remarkable morbidity and rising healthcare expenditure.AimConsidering the anti-inflammatory properties of a plant Zataria multiflora (ZM) with the common name of Shirazi thyme, a randomized clinical trial was designed to evaluate the alleviation of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.Material and methodsA total of 30 allergic rhinitis patients were randomly and equally assigned to experimental and control groups. Afterwards, the case group was treated with an extract of ZM and the control group with placebo for 2 months. Finally, the clinical signs and symptoms before and after the treatment according to the SNOT22 questionnaire were analysed.ResultsComparing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and an average score of SNOT22 questionnaire between the two groups before the intervention provided some difference, which was significantly greater after the treatment. Based on this questionnaire, our patients in the ZM syrup group had lower grades than before the treatment and experienced amelioration.ConclusionsRegarding the significant effect of the ZM syrup in reducing symptoms of allergic rhinitis, its use is highly recommended. Since allergic rhinitis is a multifactorial condition, the use of herbal antioxidants along with conventional treatment would result in a more effective improvement of the disease.

Evaluation of the effect of Jaftex herbal mouthwash on the growth of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis.

Background:Increased resistance of Candida albicans to standard antifungal agents has caused special attention to medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jaftex mouthwash on the growth of C. albicans and Candida tropicalis.Methods and Material:In this in vitro study, standard strains of C. albicans and C. tropicalis were used. Jaftex mouthwash was prepared with the active ingredient (10g/100cc) of aqueous extract of oak fruit hull (Jaft), Zataria multiflora, and Satureja bachtiarica. The mouthwash was diluted in half, 8 different concentrations were obtained. 10 μl volume of each dilution was poured on discs mounted linearly on the culture medium inoculated with the target fungus. After 24 h, due to the slow growth rate of these fungi, the Petri dishes were incubated at 37°C and the mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each fungus. The modified E. test method was used to measure the MIC of Jaftex mouthwash for the two fungi. The experiment was repeated three times for each fungus and the mean value was measured.Results:The mean value of MIC for C. albicans and C. tropicalis was 0.0625 (mg/mL) and 0.0833 (mg/mL), respectively. Candida albicans appeared to be more sensitive to Jaftex, but no statistically significant difference was observed.Conclusion:Jaftex mouthwash inhibits the growth of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. The use of this mouthwash is recommended for treatment of oral candidiasis.

Effects of dietary thyme (Zataria multiflora) extract on antioxidant and immunological responses and immune-related gene expression of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles

Effects of dietary hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZE) on growth performance, plasma and hepatic antioxidant capacities, and humoral and skin mucus immune parameters were evaluated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. in vitro tests showed that ZE had antioxidant property comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 100–200 μg/mL concentrations, although its antioxidant property was lower than BHT at concentration below 100 μg/mL. Moreover, ZE had anti-bacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, which was 30–50% lower than that of tetracycline. After feeding the fish with diets supplemented with 0 (CT, 1 (ZE1), 2 (ZE2), and 3 (ZE3) g/kg ZE for eight weeks, there were no significant differences in growth performance and feed efficiency among the treatments; however, the fish in ZE2 and ZE3 treatments showed significantly higher survival than the fish in CT treatment. Blood leukocyte counts, plasma globulin, total immunoglobulin, lysozyme and bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila in ZE2 and ZE3 groups were significantly higher than that of CT group. All the ZE-treated groups had higher plasma complement activity compared to the CT group. Mucosal lysozyme and bactericidal activities of the ZE2 fish were significantly higher than the other treatments. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and lysozyme genes increased in head kidney of the fish treated with ZE; the highest increases were related to the ZE2 treatment. Plasma total antioxidant (TA) activities of ZE2 and ZE3 treatments were significantly higher than that of the CT treatment. Plasma and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of ZE2 group were significantly higher than the other treatments. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly lower in ZE2 treatment, compared to the other treatments. However, hepatic MDA level of ZE2 treatment was significantly lower than those of the ZE1 and CT treatments. In conclusion, dietary ZE supplementation level of 2 g/kg is suggested for rainbow trout feed supplementation to augment fish survival, antioxidant and immune strength.

Zataria multiflora methanolic extract has antitumor properties on U266 multiple myeloma cell line

Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy with an aggressive and incurable course that affects plasma cells. Clinical symptoms of multiple myeloma include anemia, renal failure, bone lesions and elevated calcium levels. There has been a lot of attention to herbal medicine and its application in the treatment of human maladies including cancers. Zataria multiflora or traditionally known as Avishan-e-Shirazi is a valuable plant and it has been conventionally used for various therapeutic purposes. Its anti-tumor effects on some cancer cell lines have been previously reported. This study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor properties of Zataria multiflora extract on multiple myeloma cell line.Throughout the study, Zataria multiflora methanolic extract was prepared. Then, the effect of Zataria multiflora extract was investigated on viability and metabolic activity of U266 cells using trypane blue dye exclusion test and MTT assay respectively. The effect of Zataria multiflora extract on the expression of p53, p21, c-myc, hTERT, and Bcl-xL was evaluated by qualitative real time-PCR.Cell viability and metabolic activity of U266 cells decreased following treatment with different concentrations of Zataria multiflora. Results of gene expression analysis showed up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of c-MYC after treatment with Zataria multiflora methanolic extract but the expression of p21, hTERT, and Bcl-xL did not significantly change.The results of our investigations revealed that Zataria multiflora extract has anti-tumor properties on U266 cell line through up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of c-MYC. However, further investigations can unveil other anti-tumor properties.

Zataria multiflora extract reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depression behaviors in rats.

Stressors have an important role in sickness behaviors. We checked the effect of Zataria multiflora (ZM) extract against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anxiety and depression behaviors in rats. Rats were distributed in the following groups (n=10): Control, LPS (1 mg/kg), LPS-ZM50, LPS-ZM100 and LPS-ZM200. LPS was syringed intraperitoneally (ip) 2 hr before performing behavioral tests. LPS-ZM groups were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg (ip) of ZM extract 30 min before LPS administration. Open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming (FS) tests were done. White blood cell (WBC) was counted in all groups. In OF, pretreatment with ZM extract augmented the number of lines crossed and traveled distance in central and peripheral areas. The rats treated with ZM extract spent more time in the central zone and less time in the peripheral area compared to the LPS group. In EPM, the number of entries into the open and closed arms and stop time in the open arms in LPS-ZM groups were higher than the LPS group. The stop time in the closed arms of ZM-LPS groups was less than the LPS group. In FS test, swimming and climbing time in groups treated with ZM extract was more than the LPS group while their immobility time was less. WBC count in the LPS-ZM100 and LPS-ZM200 was lower than that of the LPS group. Based on the results, pretreatment with ZM extract restituted anxiety and depression caused by LPS in rats. This effect of ZM was associated with amelioration of LPS-promoted inflammation.

Paraquat-induced systemic inflammation and increased oxidative markers in rats improved by Zataria multiflora extract and carvacrol.

Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide which induces oxidative stress and inflammation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects were shown for Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) and carvacrol previously. The effects of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and carvacrol on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled PQ were examined in this study. Six groups of male rats used in this study were as follows: control group exposed to normal saline aerosol, one group exposed to PQ 54 mg/m3 aerosol, animals exposed to PQ 54 mg/m3 and treated with Z. multiflora (200 and 800 mg/kg/day) or carvacrol (20 and 80 mg/kg/day) for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ. Exposure to PQ was performed 8 times, every other day, each time for 30 min. After the end of the treatment period, different variables were measured. Significant increases in nitrite (NO2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin (IL)-6 serum levels but significant reduction of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) serum levels as well as IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio were observed in PQ-exposed compared to control group (p<0.01 for MDA and IL-6, p<0.001 for other cases). Treatment with both doses of the extract and carvacrol specially at high dose, reduced MDA, NO2, and IL-6 but increased IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to un-treated PQ exposed group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatment with Z. multiflora and carvacrol improved systemic inflammation oxidative biomarkers induced by inhaled PQ which may indicate therapeutic potential of the plant and its constituent, carvacrol in systemic inflammation and oxidative biomarkers induced by inhaled PQ.

Antimicrobial Effects of Zataria multiflora Extract Mouthrinse on Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligatures- an In Vitro Study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare antibacterial and antifungal effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora extract mouthrinse. Methods: In this lab trial study, 128 elastomeric ligatures were divided into 2 groups of 64. Before disinfection eight ligatures of each group were randomly selected to evaluate the microbial load. The remaining ligatures in each group (n = 58) were divided into 7 subgroups of 8. All samples in group 1 (G1) contaminated with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and in group 2 (G2) contaminated with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Then, Zataria multiflora extract in 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001% concentrations as decontamination agent were used in 5 subgroups of each group. Positive control consisted of penicillin in G1 and nystatin in G2. For the negative control in both groups phosphate buffered saline was used. The average number of adhered viable bacterial cell after performing the disinfection protocols were calculated and compared. The collected data was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-wallis, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS software version 18 at a significant level of 0.05. Results: Results showed that penicillin, nystatin, Zataria multiflora extract in 1% and 0.1% concentrations completely eliminated C. albicans and S. mutans on elastomeric ligatures. Statistically significant differences were found between the number of adhered S. mutans and C. albicans before and after performing the all five concentrations of disinfection solutions (P = 0.01). Also higher concentrations of Zataria multiflora showed more antibacterial effectse in both groups. Conclusions: Zataria multiflora extract mouthrinse showed antibacterial and antifungal characteristics and could be useful for patients under orthodontic treatment.

Amelioration of Prenatal Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments by Methanolic Extract of Zataria Multiflora in Male Rats.

Introduction:This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of an Iranian computerized memory battery modeled after the Betula study.Methods:This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of an Iranian computerized memory battery modeled after the Betula study ( Nilsson et al., 1997). The researchers developed this battery as an assessment tool in the Sepidar prospective cohort study. One hundred and ninety-nine participants aged 19–83 years were tested extensively on different aspects of memory. Exploratory factor analysis of the data demonstrated factors similar to those reported by the Betula study.Results:The authors succeeded to converge the cross-sectional findings of the study and the data from longitudinal studies of memory aging by correcting possible cohort effects. Investigating age differences in episodic and semantic memory factor scores corrected by education and socioeconomic status revealed no significant difference between younger and older adults before ages 53 to 60, though linear age-related declines existed thereafter.Conclusion:The results support the reliability and construct validity of this computerized battery for memory assessment in Iranian adults.

An investigation of the role of fabrication process in the physicochemical properties of κ-carrageenan-based films incorporated with Zataria multiflora extract and nanoclay

Abstract In the present research, biodegradable κ- carrageenan (KC) nanocomposite film was prepared by incorporation nanoclay, 1–3% v/v of Zataria multiflora plant extract (ZME) and glycerol as a plasticizer via two different procedures. The nanocomposite films were characterized by their optical, microstructural, mechanical and thermal as well as antimicrobial properties against S. aureus, B.cereus, E.coli, and P. aeruginosa. The films fabricated by both procedures showed excellent UV protection with smooth surfaces with compact structural integrity. Furthermore, it was found that the step of plasticizer addition directly affects the mechanical properties of the final nanocomposite film. Particularly, the addition of glycerol before the nanoclay to carrageenan solution could enhance the tensile strength about 56 % while it resulted in 61 % lower elongation at break in the sample containing 3 % ZME, compared to the samples that were prepared by addition of glycerol after nanoclay. The antimicrobial properties of all nanocomposites presented good inhibitory against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Generally, the addition of glycerol at the beginning of film-forming solution improved the UV barrier, microstructural, mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties of the KC nanocomposite. The results suggest that the developed KC/ZME/nanoclay nanocomposite could be used as alternative active packaging in the food industry.

The use of nanoemulsion-based strategies to improve corrosion inhibition efficiency of Thyme-based inhibitor

In this paper, a novel nanoemulsion-based strategy used to improve the corrosion inhibition effect of plant extracts. A corrosion inhibitor was Zataria multiflora (Shirazi thyme) extract. GC–MS analyzes, FTIR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to study the composition, chemical structure, and particle size of Thyme extract and nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion prepared with anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) had hydrodynamic diameters smaller than 20 nm with narrow particle-size distribution. The inhibition efficiency was calculated using weight loss tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and dynamic polarization plots. The results revealed that the inhibition efficiency in the presence of 800 ppm of Thyme extract was 76%. Thyme extract nano-emulsification showed that greater efficiency is achieved in the presence of very small quantity of inhibitor. Corrosion efficiency exposed to 40 ppm of nanoemulsion reached 94%. The inhibitory mechanism of the extract was physical adsorption on the metal surface and followed up the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The amount of free energy adsorbed by the Thyme extract is about −23 kJ·mol−1. This value reached to −30 kJ·mol−1 by nano-emulsification, which indicates better adsorption and physically chemically adsorption orientation. The Yield of Thyme extracts decreased significantly over long periods when nanoemulsion led to less reduction of yield and also provided a long-term inhibitory effect. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated for further investigation, and the performance mechanism based on the nanoemulsion inhibition was proposed.

The effect of Zataria multiflora hydroalcoholic extract on memory and lung changes induced by rats that inhaled paraquat

ABSTRACT Objectives: The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) on memory changes, as well as lung injury due to inhaled paraqut (PQ) in rat, were examined. Method: Control group of rat with saline aerosol administration, PQ groups with PQ aerosol (27 and 54 mg/m3) administration, PQ groups treated with two doses of the extract (200 and 800 mg/kg/day) and dexamethasone (0.03 mg/kg/day) were studied. Shuttle box and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests were carried out as well as oxidant, anti-oxidant markers, total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts and cytokine levels in broncho-alveolar lavage (BALF). Results: Inhaled PQ significantly increased the escape latency and travelled distance in MWM test, but the time spent in the target quadrant on the probe day was significantly reduced (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The latency to enter the dark room at 3, 24, and 48 h after an electrical shock was reduced due to PQ (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Exposure to PQ significantly increased total WBC, neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts, IL-10, interferon gama (INF-γ), nitrite (NO2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, but catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and thiol levels were decreased (p < 0.05 to p < 0.00). Z. multiflora and dexamethasone treatment significantly improved all behavioral as well as lung changes induced by inhaled PQ (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). Conclusion: Z. multiflora treatment improved learning and memory impairment as well as lung inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled PQ.

Zataria multiflora and its main ingredient, carvacrol, affect on the renal function, histopathological, biochemical and antioxidant parameters in adriamycin-induced nephrotic rats

Oxidative stress has a major role in the nephrosis. In the present study, the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM) and carvacrol (CAR) were evaluated on the renal damage induced by adriamycin (ADR). The animals accidentally divided into four groups including: Control, ADR, ZM + ADR and CAR + ADR. The renal tissue, urine, and blood samples subjected to biochemical markers and histopathological evaluation. ADR significantly decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) while escalated urine protein excretion as well as protein clearance (p < .01 to p < .001). Also, ADR significantly reduced the antioxidants and boosted the malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to the control (p < .05 to p < .01). In groups treated by ZM and CAR, GFR, and antioxidants significantly increased, whereas urine protein excretion and MDA decreased (p < .05 to p < .001). ZM and CAR induced an improvement in ADR-induced renal damage by improving renal function as well as antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwashes Containing Zataria Multiflora Boiss, Frankincense and Combination Therapy on Patients with Gingivitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial.

Background: Dental plaques as adhesive microbial aggregates on tooth surfaces are considered the first stage of tooth decay as well as gingivitis. Accordingly, the effect of different antimicrobial mouthwashes on removing dental plaques and preventing their formation has been evaluated in various studies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal mouthwashes containing hydro-alcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM), Frankincense (FR), and a combination of both (ZM+FR) and compare it with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in subjects with gingivitis. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, controlled, clinical trial a total of 140 patients with gingivitis were divided into four groups including CHX (control group), ZM, FR, and ZM+FR groups. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were measured in days 1, 14, and 21. Results: All three herbal types of mouthwash significantly improved plaque, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding throughout days 14 to 21 (P<0.001). There was no difference between herbal mouthwash with CHX groups. CHX mouthwash showed the most side effects (54.3%), while ZM mouthwash showed the least side effects and the highest consumer satisfaction (5.7% and 94%, respectively). Conclusion: All of the herbal mouthwashes can be good candidates for controlling gingivitis. Comparing with CHX mouthwash, herbal mouthwashes have lower side effects and negligible alcohol content. Among the herbal mouthwashes, ZM outperforms FR and FR+ZM due to its lower side effects and higher levels of patients’ satisfaction.

Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwashes Containing Zataria Multiflora Boiss, Frankincense and Combination Therapy on Patients with Gingivitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial

Background: Dental plaques as adhesive microbial aggregates on tooth surfaces are considered the first stage of tooth decay as well as gingivitis. Accordingly, the effect of different antimicrobial mouthwashes on removing dental plaques and preventing their formation has been evaluated in various studies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal mouthwashes containing hydro-alcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM), Frankincense (FR), and a combination of both (ZM+FR) and compare it with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in subjects with gingivitis. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, controlled, clinical trial a total of 140 patients with gingivitis were divided into four groups including CHX (control group), ZM, FR, and ZM+FR groups. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were measured in days 1, 14, and 21. Results: All three herbal types of mouthwash significantly improved plaque, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding throughout days 14 to 21 (P&lt;0.001). There was no difference between herbal mouthwash with CHX groups. CHX mouthwash showed the most side effects (54.3%), while ZM mouthwash showed the least side effects and the highest consumer satisfaction (5.7% and 94%, respectively). Conclusion: All of the herbal mouthwashes can be good candidates for controlling gingivitis. Comparing with CHX mouthwash, herbal mouthwashes have lower side effects and negligible alcohol content. Among the herbal mouthwashes, ZM outperforms FR and FR+ZM due to its lower side effects and higher levels of patients’ satisfaction. [GMJ.2019;8:e1366]

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Zataria multiflora Against the Expression of icaADB and aap Gene and Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Background: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of the extract and essential oil of Zataria multiflora on reducing phenotypes and genotypes of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods: The ability to produce biofilm was evaluated by microtiter plate (MtP) for phenotype and through the presence of icaADB and aap by PCR for genotype among the 153 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The impact of ethanol extract and essential oil of Zataria multiflora were measured on biofilm formation in phenotypic evaluation based on MtP and on the expression of ica operon and aap by real time-PCR. Results: The results showed that 71.2% of isolates were able to produce biofilms. The PCR results showed that 52.2% and 88.9% of the isolates had icaABD and aap, respectively. In addition, the relative mRNA expression of icaA, icaD, and aap genes were significantly reduced compared to the negative control after treating the Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A with subMIC concentration of essential oil and extract (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Given the significant inhibitory effect of the extract and essential oil of Zataria multiflora on biofilm formation, it seems that these substances are good options for studies related to controlling biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis