Zakarpattia Oblast Research Articles

Rare component of biota in the Data Centre "Biodiversity of Ukraine" and its possible use to identify hotspot areas and evaluation of biodiversity

The problem of assessing the diversity of biotic complexes is extremely important and relevant and has been covered in numerous publications, mostly for certain taxonomic groups. The use of information retrieval systems with large databases opens up new opportunities and approaches to automated biodiversity assessment. All the data used in this article are taken from the web resource of the Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine” and include data from museum collections, literature and human observation. To evaluate species diversity included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, we developed a scoring scale for each protected category based on a ranking system according to its protected category. For the assessment, we used Disappearing species, Vulnerable species, and Rare species only. To highlight hotspot areas we used the aggregation maps with 20 × 20 km squares. Species diversity of the species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine of the western region of Ukraine in the CDBU is represented by 498 species (fungi 41, plants 191, animals 266). By oblasts of the western region of Ukraine: Volyn oblast 139 species (fungi 3, plants 51, animals 85), Rivne oblast 85 (fungi 5, plants 32, animals 48), Lviv oblast 260 (fungi 17, plants 90, animals 153), Ternopil oblast 182 (fungi 9, plants 48, animals 125), Ivano-Frankivsk oblast 219 (fungi 28, plants 59, animals 132), Chernivtsi oblast 105 (fungi 6, plants 49, animals 50), Zakarpattia oblast 190 (fungi 26, plants 70, animals 94). Most of the defined hotspots coincide with the territories of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, and some hotspots are located in large cities (scientific centers) with vicinities. We have also identified hotspots outside of existing nature reserves, including the territories of large water reservoirs, river valleys, and historical biodiversity hotspots. Thus, Data сentre “Biodiversity of Ukraine” tools can be used to assess rare biodiversity and its restoration in the post-war period, as well as to identify hotspots and locations for creating new protected territories, identifying ecological corridors and developing ecological networks and monitor changes in biodiversity caused by climate change.

The effectiveness of plant protection products against Lobesia botrana Den. U Schift. in Zakarpattya

Goal. To establish the effectiveness of chemical protection of vineyards against pests, taking into account the peculiarities of their biology, distribution, harmfulness, seasonal dynamics of flight in Zakarpattya Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted in accordance with the generally accepted methods in entomology and viticulture in 2021—2022 on the basis of Chateau Chizay LLC. The dynamics of the pest’s flight were studied in the field using the pheromone monitoring method using «Atrakon» pheromone traps and synthetic sex pheromones from the company «Csalomon» (Hungary). The research was conducted on Muscat, Chersegui, Sovignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sovignon, Merlot, Rhine Riesling, and Pino Blan varieties. In 2022, in the vineyards of Chateau Chizay LLC, Zakarpattia Oblast, chemical plant protection agents were tested against grape leaf curl: Karate Zeon 050 CS, SK (liambda-tsyhalotryn, 50 h/l), 0.65 l/ha, Korahen 20, KS (khlorantraniliprol, 200 h/l), 0.15 l/ ha, Mavrik, EV (tau-fliuvalinat, 240 h/l), 0.2 l/ha, Voliam Fleksi 300 SC, KS (tiametoksam, 200 h/l + khlorantraniliprol, 100 h/l), 0.3 l/ha according to generally accepted methods. Results. Prolonged spring cooling in 2022 delayed the start of the flight of the first generation of cluster leafhopper, which began only in the first days of May. The second generation of this pest has been actively developing since the end of June. Grape damage on different varieties ranged from 2.1% on Muscat to 8.0% on Pino Blan. In the control (not treated with insecticides) plots, this indicator averaged 96.1%. The yield in the farm by variety averaged about 8 t/ha and ranged from 7.1 t/ha for the Muscat variety to 9.0 t/ha for the Merlot variety. In the control plot, the yield was low, only 1.4 t/ha. The effectiveness of protective measures on all grape varieties reached 90.5%. Conclusion. It was established that the protracted spring cooling caused the late start of flight of the grape leafhopper, which made adjustments to the calendar of protective measures, especially chemical ones. At the same time, thanks to pheromone monitoring, it was possible to establish the exact date of the start of Lobesia botrana’s flight and specify the timing of the application of chemical insecticides at the most favorable time, which made it possible to achieve an efficiency of more than 90%. Use of plant protection products against Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. in vineyards, LLC «Chateau Chizay», Zakarpattia Oblast contributed to the reduction of grape damage up to 94% and the preservation of the harvest up to 6.5 t/ha.

Surveillance of human leptospirosis infections in Ukraine between 2018 and 2023.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals worldwide. Currently, a positional war is ongoing in Ukraine, and the military is encountering a significant number of rodents in trenches and dugouts, which are known reservoirs for Leptospira, the causative agent of leptospirosis-a potentially dangerous infectious disease with a high mortality rate. The civilian population is also at potential risk of leptospirosis. The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam on June 6, 2023, has led to widespread devastation and human suffering. In the short term, there is a significant risk of rodent-borne diseases such as leptospirosis. We utilized data from the Ukrainian Centre for Disease Prevention Control and observed a substantial increase in prevalence in 2023. The notification rate in Ukraine in 2023 was 1.06 per 100,000 persons, which is higher than that of other countries in the European Union. Particular attention is being given to Zakarpattia Oblast, located on the western border of Ukraine, which shares boundaries with Romania, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, with an extremely high incidence rate of 12.08 per 100,000 persons. Based on these findings, we recommend education and awareness campaigns, vaccination, personal protective measures, and improved surveillance to address the increasing incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine.

THE ROLE OF STATE SUPPORT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOTEL AND RESTAURANT BUSINESS IN THE CONTEXT OF CRISIS PHENOMENA AND EUROINTEGRATION PROCESSES

The article presents the results of a study of the state of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine in general and the Transcarpathian region in particular in the context of crisis phenomena. The authors analyse the peculiarities of functioning of hospitality enterprises in the context of military operations on the territory of Ukraine. The research provides an analytical review of the legislative framework and social factors that have influenced the activities of hospitality enterprises in conditions of instability. It also identifies the problems and prospects for the development of the hotel and restaurant business in the context of overcoming the consequences of military operations, European integration processes and legislative changes, and outlines promising ways of future recovery of the hospitality sector as a component of tourism. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analytical study of the state of the hotel and restaurant business in the post-covid period and the active phase of the military conflict, and also the impact of state regulation on overcoming such destructive factors against the background of Ukraine's European integration processes. Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of an analysis of statistical indicators of the performance of temporary accommodation (accommodation) and catering enterprises, based on analytical and statistical materials of official statistics of the Zakarpattia Oblast for the period from 2020 to 2024, provided by the Main Department of Statistics in the Zakarpattia Oblast. The legal framework and regulatory documents related to the identified issues were analysed. The paper analyses the state and needs of SMEs in Ukraine as assessed by local hromadas, as well as an analytical study based on a survey of owners of hotel and restaurant businesses in Zakarpattia Oblast through personal interviews. The monitoring study covered 50 enterprises of different sizes and different forms of ownership. Results. The publication analyses the factors that stimulate the activity of enterprises in the accommodation sector, describes the destructive factors that suppress or complicate the activity of enterprises in this sphere of economic activity, and considers the state policy aimed at supporting the hotel and restaurant business and the tourism sector in general. The authors identify the commonality of problematic issues for the hromadas of Ukraine on the way to the future post-war reconstruction of the hospitality and tourism sector, as well as the functioning of this sector today. The research lists the opportunities for business on the way to European integration and the challenges associated with it. As a result, the authors suggested ways to accelerate and facilitate the integration of the local hotel and restaurant business, improve the legislative framework at the state and local levels for the development of the hotel and restaurant sector and its de-shadowing, and also emphasised the importance of close cooperation of SMEs with state and local authorities in terms of support, development promotion, investment prospects and implementation of European legislation in the activities of such enterprises.

Анаеробні можливості дівчат постпубертатного періоду онтогенезу мешканок гірських районів Закарпаття

Anaerobic productivity is characterized by the body’s ability to perform muscle work due to anaerobic processes of energy supply and is characterized by their power and capacity. Data on the age-related dynamics of the body’s anaerobic productivity are contradictory. Studying the anaerobic capabilities of girls in the mountainous regions of Zakarpattia Oblast, we understand that the somatotype and functional capabilities of the body are formed in this category of persons in conditions of relative hypoxia. Szymczak R.K. et al researching the effect on the physiology of the body of a long stay at a very high altitude (over 3500 m), male climbers note that in conditions of hypoxia, the anaerobic productivity of the body decreases, the maximum respiratory volume increases, and the relative content of the fat component of the body weight decreases. Therefore, the study of indicators of anaerobic productivity of the body’s energy supply in healthy girls may allow developing individual and population medical prognosis in the future. The level of physical health was assessed by indicators of anaerobic productivity of the body, assessing the ability of women living in mountainous regions to adapt to performing physical work in an anaerobic mode. For this purpose, we used the Wingat anaerobic test method described by Yu.M. Furman et al, the method of Shogy A., Cherebetin G. and somatotype was determined according to Heath-Carter. Having studied the anaerobic capabilities of 102 girls aged 16 to 20, residents of the mountainous regions of the Transcarpathian region. we noted that the performance of physical work in the anaerobic regime of the body’s energy supply depends on the somatotype. The power of anaerobic alactate and lactate processes turned out to be the highest in girls with an endomesomorphic somatotype. The power of anaerobic alactate and lactate processes turned out to be the lowest in girls with an ectomorphic somatotype. Studying the level of anaerobic productivity of females based on the relative indicator of the capacity of anaerobic lactate processes of energy supply showed that girls with a balanced somatotype have the lowest level of anaerobic capacity compared to girls of other somatotypes.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE ZAKARPATTIA OBLAST IN THE FIELD OF RURAL GREEN TOURISM

The article presents the results of a study of the tourism and recreational potential of small and micro-enterprises in the sphere of rural green tourism in the Zakarpattia Oblast in the context of crisis and instability. It analyses the social factors influencing the development of this sector of the state economy, identifies problematic aspects in their activities that may negatively affect the development of tourism in general, as well as the impact of such crisis phenomena as COVID-19, its consequences and martial law. The authors have identified the factors that have a destructive impact and the factors that would contribute to overcoming the crisis. The aim of the research is to conduct a socio-economic study of the development of tourist and recreational potential of rural green tourism in the region and identify ways to unlock the potential of this sphere of the region's economy, which will be effective for their practical implementation in the activities of accommodation and catering enterprises. Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of a survey of managers and owners of rural green tourism enterprises through a personal questionnaire, as well as an analysis of statistical indicators of the performance of temporary accommodation enterprises, based on official statistics of the Zakarpattia Oblast for 2020 and 2021 and provided by the Main Department of Statistics in the Zakarpattia Oblast. The monitoring covered private peasant farms in the region, namely 90 owners of such tourist farmsteads, of whom 70% were middle-aged (36-55 years old), 58% of them combine employment in the tourism sector with their main job in the public sector, and 6% have their own business other than the service sector. The results of the study demonstrate that the activities, development and general existence of rural green tourism in the region are affected by such destructive processes as crisis phenomena such as COVID-19, political instability, martial law and other macro- and microeconomic factors, which can be overcome or at least minimised by their impact on the tourism services sector to increase the viability of small businesses, which, as is known from international practice, is one of the elements of overall economic growth in the region and the state as a whole. According to the results of the study, the factors influencing the activities of enterprises, the behavioural patterns of owners of rural green tourism institutions in the context of the crisis were identified and mechanisms for minimising and overcoming the consequences of the crisis were developed, such as: diversification of business and expansion of the types of services that can be provided to potential consumers, introduction of an effective management and marketing system, adoption of European experience in the field of green tourism and proposals for improving the legislative framework for businesses to leave the shadow economy.

Risk Management and Consequence Management of Internal Migration in the Context of Humanitarian and Economic Challenges (Experience of Zakarpattia Oblast)

This article focuses on the study of Ukraine’s experience, particularly in Zakarpattia oblast, to identify and characterize key consequences of forced internal migration on regional economies and the social sphere of regions and communities. The empirical basis of the research includes (a) the results of a sociological survey conducted in Zakarpattia oblast in November 2022, (b) data from regional statistics on the socio-economic situation in Zakarpattia oblast and (c) data from international organizations such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM) regarding population migration. It is worth noting that the article was written in June 2023, and therefore all the information presented, including statistical data, is relevant as of the time of writing. The article proposes a series of suggestions for harnessing the potential of internally displaced persons to stimulate regional economic development, which is one of the factors contributing to national resilience. The article provides guidance on managing the consequences of internal migration in the face of challenges, outlining major trends and recommendations that can be utilized as a roadmap during times of martial law or other potential emergencies, such as natural disasters, technological catastrophes, etc. The article is intended not only for the scientific and expert community but also for government officials (both in Ukraine and partner countries), local council members, civil activists and volunteers.

Üzleti kilátások értékelése Ukrajna autóiparában: nemzeti és regionális vonatkozások

The study examines development trends and business perspectives in the automotive industry of Ukraine and particularly in Transcarpathia. The trends of the labor market in Ukraine have been identified, the state of migration processes, the level of unemployment in the regions of Ukraine have been assessed. The results of a comparative analysis of the level of the minimum wage in Ukraine in terms of regions, categories and positions are presented. The standard salary of back-office workers and management in the automotive sector was studied. The evolution of the regulatory and legal provision of state regulation of the development of the automobile industry in Ukraine is traced. Radical changes in the state policy of the development of the automotive industry of Ukraine were revealed: from constant support of car manufacturers and stimulation of car production to bureaucratic barriers, obstacles and existing risks and threats. It is stated that since 2014, Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has led to a significant decline in the car industry. The effectiveness of the activities of the largest automotive industry companies in Zakarpattia Oblast was studied for the period 2018-2022. The financial indicators chosen for analysis were the capital-to-asset ratio, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and net profit margin (NPM). A conclusion was made about the positive trend of increasing the volume of activity and improving the financial stability and profitability of companies over the past 5 years. From the point of view of investors, the most attractive is Eurocar, which demonstrates positive dynamics of the indicator and has the highest value of ROE among the selected companies at the end of 2022, namely 19.6%. Proximity to the border with the EU, cheap labor and sufficient raw materials make the western oblasts of Ukraine especially attractive for partnership with European auto giants. The need to create an automobile cluster in the region was emphasized.

РОЛЬ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ЦЕНТРІВ В ФОРМУВАННІ ПОЗИТИВНОГО ІМІДЖУ ТА ПОПУЛЯРИЗАЦІЇ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ДЕСТИНАЦІЙ

The article examines and substantiates the role of tourist information centers in the formation of a positive image and popularization of tourist destinations in Ukraine. Today, the formation of a network of urban tourist information centers has become an effective tool for managing the sphere of tourism and resorts in the regions, which really contributes to increasing the tourist attractiveness of the city, the activation of tourist and excursion activities on its territory and the implementation of regional policy in the field of tourism. It is noted that tourism information centers are created precisely for the provision of information and communication services in the tourism industry. At the request of interested organizations, the tourist information center can conduct marketing and sociological surveys; carry out work on the collection and systematization of statistical and other information on the results of tourist and excursion activities on the territory of the city; analysis of service sales markets for future investment projects; quality control of tourist services provided in the city. The main purpose and main functions of tourist information centers are clarified. Which consists in advising residents and guests of the city on up-to-date tourist information for easy, safe and interesting trips both in individual cities or regions, and throughout Ukraine. The experience of the Tourist Information Center of the city of Zaporizhzhia before and during the full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine was considered. Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, the Tourist Information Centers of the city of Zaporizhzhia have been reformatted from tourism to helping people from the temporarily occupied territories. From April 13, 2023, the Tourist Information Centers of the city of Zaporizhzhia returned to the cultural life of the city in the following format: holding exhibitions and events inside the premises; sale of souvenir products with Zaporizhzhia identity; organization of excursions with the participation of local guides. The main tourist products provided in the Tourist Information Center of the city of Zaporizhzhia are specified. Among the main tourist products of the Zaporizhzhia Tourist Information Center: excursion "Getting to know Ukrainian culture"; "Coffee traditions from ISLA" gastronomic excursion; "Coffee traditions from ISLA and Urozhai bakery" gastronomic excursion; "Excursion to the Private Cheese Factory"; "French Weekend" and others. It was determined that the activity of the Tourist Information Center of the city of Zaporizhzhia has a positive effect on the development of regional tourism, popularization of the tourist brand of the city in general and the event direction, respectively. It was found that there are currently not enough tourist information centers in the most developed tourist areas in Ukraine. In Ukraine, tourist information centers function only in 13 cities, as they lack proper support from the State. The number of tourist information centers in Ukraine was analyzed in 2023 compared to 2022 and 2021. The analysis showed that the largest number of tourist information centers is in Zakarpattia Oblast. The largest number of TICs operate in the western regions of the country – 47. In particular, 17 TICs operate in Zakarpattia Oblast, nine in Lviv Region, of which four are located in Lviv, seven in Ivano-Frankivsk Region, and four TICs each in Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi Oblasts. in Volynska – three, in Rivne – two, in Bukovyna – one. It is noted that, according to the State Tourism Development Agency of Ukraine, the Lviv Region has been the leader in tax revenues from the tourism industry for the second year in a row. It was determined which aspects include the activities and services of the tourist information center, namely: provision of information; route planning; booking and support; promotion: information centers can act as promoters of the region's tourism potential. They can organize events, exhibitions, presentations, festivals aimed at attracting tourists and popularizing the region; assistance and consultations; selling souvenirs.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ У 2020–2023 РОКАХ

The study is devoted to the analysis of the problems and peculiarities of the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine, in the context of the state of war and the unstable political situation, and to the outline of prospects for overcoming them and the sustainable development of the tourism market in the post-war period. The tourism industry is one of the most promising and economically balanced branches of the economy. It has been established that international tourism is a socio-economic, environmental protection tool of global influence, aimed at integrating the state's cultural and historical heritage, intellectual potential and recreational opportunities for health and recovery into the global space, while preserving national authenticity.Its dynamic development is the basis of the steady evolution of the national economy of states and the popularization of globalization processes on the international financial market. A feature of this industry is the use of all resources available to the state, including unprofitable or unprofitable objects.The paper analyzed the theoretical prerequisites for the formation and development of the market of international tourist services, taking into account the socio-economic crisis. An analysis of the current state of the tourist services market of Ukraine and Israel in 2020–2023 was also carried out. As a result of the analysis of the tourist services market of Ukraine, it was determined that tourism, after emerging from the global epidemiological crisis, began to actively recover and showed active annual growth in 2022 in Zakarpattia Oblast by 16%, Lviv Oblast by 46%, and Chernivtsi Oblast by 98%, that is, in the territories of relative safety and peace. It was determined that the tourist market of Ukraine, like other sectors of the economy, is in a state of stagnation in the dominant position of domestic territories, because the annexation of 25% of Ukrainian lands is a global problem for that part of the state, which, in the face of military aggression, is able to build up its own economic potential. Since the expenditure items of the budget during the war only grow, and the opportunity to increase the production and realization of tourist services only decreases. It has been established that the study of the principles, features and regularities of the functioning of international tourism during the socio-economic and military-demographic crisis is extremely numerous.

Внесок професора О.Ю. Дмитрука в практичну підготовку географів на географічному факультету Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка

The role of professor O. Dmytrouk in the practical training of geographers. The article was prepared based on the personal memories of the author. The main attention is paid to the winter educational and methodological practice, which took place in the second half of the 1990s at the Faculty of Geography at the Yasinyan educational and scientific base of the Faculty of Geography of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Rakhiv District, Zakarpattia Oblast). This practice was initiated by Oleksandr Dmytruk.

RATIONAL USE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION IN TRANSCARPATTIA

The issue of assessing the use of agricultural land in Zakarpattia Oblast and the rationale for food production on agricultural lands was considered. The state is introducing changes to land legislation that prioritize state interests over the interests of private individuals in wartime conditions. Food security is one of the priority tasks of the state. Keywords: Agriculture, agricultural land, rational use, food production in Zakarpattia region, forms of economic activity

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДИНАМІКИ КАПІТАЛЬНИХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙ ЗА ВИДАМИ АКТИВІВ НА ЗАКАРПАТТІ

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of capital investments by types of assets in the Transcarpathian region for the period 2010-2021. Given that foreign trade is a key factor in the development of the country's economy, capital investment is one of the main engines of economicdevelopment in Transcarpathia. They contribute to the modernization of infrastructure, the development of industry, the agricultural sector, tourism, energy, education and science, as well as the improvement of social infrastructure. Thanks to capital investments, productivity is achieved, new jobs are created, the quality of life of the population increases and long-term economic sustainability of the region is ensured. The article indicates the importance of capital investments for the economy of Transcarpathia in several main areas: modernization of infrastructure, development of industry, agriculture, tourism and recreation, energy, education and science, social infrastructure. In modern conditions, when the region needs all the largest capital investments, it is important to analyze their dynamics not only by volume, but also by types of assets. Such an analysis allows us to determine the key trends of capital investment in the Transcarpathian region The article analyzes the dynamics of capital investments in the Transcarpathian region for the past 2010-2021, and analyzes the dynamics of capital investment growth over the period under study. It was concluded that the largest capital investment was made in 2019 and 2021, the amount was UAH 9,330,284 thousand. and UAH 9,184,293 thousand. in accordance. The smallest amounts of capital investments were made in 2010, 2013 and 2014, which amounted to UAH 2,205,374 thousand, UAH 2,645,793 thousand. and UAH 2,638,670 thousand. in accordance. The article analyzes the specific weight of investments in tangible and intangible assets to the total volume of capital investments in Zakarpattia region. It was established that the growth dynamics of investments in material assets of Zakarpattia Oblast in 2010-2021 had a stable nature and amounted to approximately 0.02% every year. Regarding the dynamics of changes in investments in intangible assets of Zakarpattia Oblast, certain changes also occurred during the studied period. The largest increase in investment in intangible assets was in 2018 and 2021, which amounted to 1.1% in these years, and the lowest value of the increase occurred in 2019 and amounted to 0.2%. It is obvious that the volume of capital investments in Zakarpattia region by types of assets testifies to the high value of capital investments for the economy of both the region and the whole of Ukraine.

EVALUATION OF MIGRATION ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY CONFLICT

The article analyses the main trends related to migration issues in Ukraine and the EU caused by the military conflict. An analysis of the theoretical basis of the research was carried out in order to determine the main aspects related to the migratory behaviour of the population in the conditions of military conflicts and crisis situations. Based on the results of a sociological study, an assessment was made of the migration attitudes and expectations of internally displaced persons (IDPs) temporarily residing in the border region of the country under martial law. An attempt was made to assess the impact of migration potential on the development of border regions under the conditions of a military crisis (using the Zakarpattia Oblast as an example). The purpose of this article is to assess the attitudes and expectations of migrants in relation to the military conflict in their country of origin. The study focuses on internally displaced persons (IDPs) living temporarily in the country's border regions, particularly in Zakarpattia Oblast. Methodology. The study is based on a sociological survey of Ukrainian migrants, such as IDPs, in new places of temporary stay in the Transcarpathian region. The survey was conducted in the first half of 2022 using the method of sociological interviews according to a random sample. The structure of the sample is 70.5% – female and 29.5% – male respondents. In addition to the sociological survey, the research is based on statistical data analysis and review of literature studies using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study show significant interdependencies, disparities and trends in migration expectations and attitudes in relation to crisis, which could be the basis for further prognosis and forecasting development in the field of migration theory, such as: gender disparities in migration due to military conflicts; the importance of family ties in migration and resettlement; the predominance of the remote form of work and education, which confirms its effectiveness in crisis situations; the high inclination and desire of IDPs to return home and the low activity of IDPs in migration abroad, which is one of the main differences distinguishing IDPs from other types of migrants.

How can a diachronic analysis of the linguistic landscape be used in dialectology (on the example of the Transcarpathian region)?

This article was written as part of a diachronic analysis of the linguistic landscape of the Transcarpathian region (Zakarpattia oblast) in Ukraine. The diachronic approach is no longer a new method in this field of research, but for the first time, it is used here specifically for dialectological purposes. The main goal of this paper is to prove that works on the study of the linguistic landscape can be useful in a much wider range of linguistic (and not only) disciplines, and dialectology in particular. For this, two types of data were analyzed. The first type includes dictionaries and written documents in the local version of the Ukrainian language from different historical periods, starting with the 16th century and ending with independent Ukraine. The second one includes street signs of modern Transcarpathian cities where the dialect is used. By combining these two types of data, it is possible to analyze: 1) since when the dialectal elements that we have now on the streets begin to be recorded in historical materials; 2) which dialectal elements have survived to this day and continue to be actively used by the local population. It is important because the existence of local words on street signs itself automatically indicates their real use in the Transcarpathian region. No person or private enterprise will write something incomprehensible to the locals, because their profit depends on it. That is why the linguistic landscape of modern streets makes it possible to conduct the most objective analysis of the dialectal elements of Transcarpathia, and the diachronic approach allows us to support this material with data from historical documents. In addition, we will explain why such inscriptions appear more often on Transcarpathian streets and how this is related to the phenomenon of language commodification, that is, the process of turning a language (or, in our case, a dialect) into a commodity. We will also consider interesting examples and explain the difference between directly foreign words and transliterated Transcarpathian dialectal elements that were borrowed from Hungarian or other languages. The text is accompanied by photographs taken by the author of this article during trips to Transcarpathia in 2019-2021.

Розробка екскурсійного маршруту «Дорога до Шипоту» територією Закарпатської області

The article analyzes the definition of the concepts of excursion and its classification. Research of the natural resources of Zakarpattia Oblast, which can be used to create excursions and hiking routes in Zakarpattia Oblast. Based on the processing of available data, an excursion walking route "Road to Shipot" was created and its visualization is presented using available photo resources and electronic map applications.

БЮДЖЕТ ДОМОГОСПОДАРСТВА ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСАМИ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ В УМОВАХ ЗМІН

The purpose of the article is to theoretically determine the essence of household finances, to analyze the formation of household budget revenues and expenditure directions, to identify the main problems of the functioning of household finances, and to find ways to achieve balance. The scientific article defines the role of households in the financial system of any country in the world. Approaches to determining the economic essence of the concept of "household finances" are given. The main entities of the financial system with which the household interacts are highlighted. It has been proven that the main financial plan of income and expenses of an individual family and an important element of household finances is the household budget. The author's definition of the concept of "household finances" is given. It has been proven that the main special feature and difference of household finances from other economic categories are the methods of generating income and financial resources, their use, and storage. In the scientific study, an analysis of the dynamics of monetary income and aggregate resources of Ukrainian households for 2019–2021 was carried out on average per household. It is noted that during the analyzed period, cash incomes occupy a significant share of household resources. The structure of aggregate resources of urban and rural households as of 2021 was considered. A dynamic analysis of the structure of monetary expenditures of Ukrainian households in 2019–2021 was carried out on average per household. It has been proven that most of the expenses of domestic households consist of expenses for providing primary consumer needs. The dynamics of household deposits for 2020–2022 were studied. A comparative analysis of monetary income and expenses of households in the Western region of Ukraine in 2021 was carried out. It has been proven that in the territory of the western region of Ukraine, Zakarpattia Oblast ranks first in terms of household expenses and income. The scientific article highlights the problems faced by household finances. On the basis of the research carried out, measures to balance and strengthen the financial independence and stability of household budgets of Ukraine are given.

УЖАНСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПРИРОДНИЙ ПАРК: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЕКОТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ

Aim. The aim of the article is scientific and practical research of the possibilities of development and use of ecotourism infrastructure within the borders of the Uzhanskyi National Nature Park (hereinafter - UNNP) of Zakarpattia oblast. Method. The essence of the research methodology is based on the integration of scientific approaches to the study of various aspects of the development of ecotourism infrastructure at the regional level. The main research methods are comparative-geographical, statistical, descriptive, point (rating) assessment and analytical. Results. A number of works of domestic scientists, legislative, regulatory, strategic and programmatic documents regulating tourist movement within nature protection territories were analyzed. The essence and potential of the research area regarding the possibilities of development of ecological tourism and the prerequisites for the functioning of the ecotourism infrastructure are revealed. The structural elements of the ecotourism infrastructure are singled out, namely: ecological and cognitive trails, tourist routes, visitor centers, informational tourist centers, specially equipped zones, historical and cultural objects, tourist accommodation and catering establishments, etc. The detailed analysis of the ecotourism infrastructure of the UNNP is given, as the example, which is located within the Carpathian region of Zakarpattia oblast. On the basis of thorough analysis, natural and historical and cultural attractions were researched, the most popular tourist routes within the study area were singled out. In addition to interesting tourist objects (natural or historical and cultural), the current state of ecological trails and tourist routes, as well as the mode of their use, are determined. The main issues and limiting factors of tourist use and conservation of nature conservation areas are characterized. A detailed description of the functioning of the Uzhanskyi National Nature Park is provided, the latest material on natural and historical and cultural attractions, ecological and educational trails and tourist routes has been collected and analyzed. Originality. The main accents of the relationship "urbanized society - recreationist (tourist) - natural environment" are determined. For the first time, the most popular tourist destinations with proper infrastructure and informational and advertising support are singled out. Practical value. The problems and prospects of the development of ecotourism related to the opening of new tourist routes and brands, the creation of a single information space are highlighted. A number of recommendations have been proposed regarding the promotion and regulation of tourist traffic, improvement of ecotourism infrastructure, optimal territorial management, and approximation of protected areas to the requirements of sustainable development of tourism in nature conservation areas of Zakarpattia oblast.

CHANGES IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE AND POPULATION OF ZAKARPATTIA DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD (1946–1991)

It is noted that Zakarpattia, as a separate administrative-territorial unit consisting of Uzhan, Berez, Ugochan, and Maramoros counties, was created in 1919–1920 as part of Czechoslovakia. It was found that as a result of the administrative-territorial reform in 1926, the zhupas were united in the so-called a large zhupa, and 14 districts were created. In 1928, due to consolidation, the number of districts was reduced to 12. In 1938–1939, the territory returned to Hungary, which carried out several administrative-territorial reforms. It is claimed that in the autumn of 1944, it became obvious that the territory of Zakarpattia would fall under the influence of the Soviet Empire. In present study particular attention is paid to the fact that the Soviet military administration returned the administrative-territorial division of the Czechoslovak period. It is noted that in 1946, the region officially became part of the Soviet Union, so the formation of the administrative-territorial system continued in order for the region to organically fit in with other regions of the Ukrainian SSR. It was found that the most significant administrative transformations took place from 1946 to 1969. According to the administrative division in 1946, the region consisted of 15 administrative units: 2 cities of regional subordination and 13 districts. It was established that in 1962, 8 districts were liquidated in Zakarpattia, but later the disintegration of districts was carried out and as a result of this reorganization 11 districts were created in 1965, and 2 more in 1966. As a result of the administrative-territorial reform of the Ukrainian SSR in 1965–1966, Zakarpattia again consisted of 13 districts and 2 cities of the regional order. In 1967–1969 there was the formation of new village councils, their merger or liquidation, the transfer of village council centres to other settlements, a change in the administrative subordination of village councils, the inclusion of villages in the strip of urban-type cities and towns. It can be concluded that, after repeated administrative transformations, the number of settlements in Zakarpattia Oblast increased from 512 in 1946 to 603 in 1969. In the period from 1969 to 1991 significant changes did not occurred. Keywords: Ukraine, Zakarpattia, administrative-territorial units, Soviet Union.

Сучасні особливості захворюваності дітей першого року життя: регіональні аспекти

Purpose - to identificate of characteristic trends and regional features of the incidence of children in the first year of life in Ukraine in the XXI century. Materials and methods. It was carried out a retrospective analysis and assessment of the dynamics of the incidence of children in the first year of life in Ukraine and its regions for the period 2000-2021 according to state and industry statistics. There were applied methods of system approach, epidemiological analysis of graphic image. Statistical processing of the research materials was carried out using biometric analysis methods. Results. Decrease in the number of newborns born in the institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in the period 2000-2021 was accompanied by destabilization of a healthy start of life in terms of high birth rates of low weight and premature infants for the same years with a stable excess of the number of low weight over premature infants. The negative trend of underweight and premature infants persists in the vast majority of regions, with the exception of Mykolayiv and Odesa oblasts, with a higher growth rate in Kyiv, Zakarpattia oblast and Kirovohrad oblast. With a positive trend in the frequency of births of sick and sick newborns still every fifth baby in the newborn period has a deviation in health. Kyiv, Poltava and Kyiv oblasts remain the leaders in the frequency of births of sick and sick newborns in 2021. Only in Ternopil, Cherkasy, Mykolaiv and Zakarpattia oblasts this indicator is less than 145‰. Assessment of the dynamics of the overall morbidity of children in the first year of life showed a steady decrease in all regions. Infant morbidity rates remain extremely high in Zaporizhia, Rivne, Ivano-Frankivsk, Khmelnytsky and Odesa oblasts with relatively low rates in Ternopil, Luhansk and Mykolaiv oblasts. The positive trend in the incidence of children in the first year of life is due to its decrease in the vast majority of classes of diseases, except for diseases of the nervous system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. In 2021, traditionally, the leading position in the level and structure of morbidity of children in the first year of life was occupied by respiratory diseases, some conditions that occurred in the perinatal period, and skin diseases and subcutaneous tissue. Conclusions. The positive trend in the incidence of infants as a measure of access to medical care for children and at the same time an effective indicator of the diagnostic capacity of the health care system against the background of destabilizing a healthy start of life as a factor in women’s reproductive health may be due to the results of the study can be the basis for the development and adoption of additional management decisions to provide basic guarantees of life and development of young children. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.