Youth Speech Research Articles

"Look Who's Talking": Language Patterns in Autistic and Non-Autistic Youth Across Different Conversation Partners.

Autistic individuals have varying levels of verbal fluency which can impact social outcomes. Although 70-75% of autistic individuals have functional language, findings regarding language patterns (syntax and semantics) in autistic adolescents remain inconclusive. Additionally, previous studies of language complexity use narrative samples, which do not capture autistic language in conversation. The current study examined language patterns in autistic (n = 20) and non-autistic (n = 17) youth aged 9-16 years during a conversation with a familiar versus unfamiliar adult. The study aimed to address gaps in the literature regarding autistic youth's language patterns, particularly in conversation, and the impact of speaking partners. Recordings of the conversation task were transcribed using SALT software conventions to yield measures of language production. Average length of communication units was higher among autistic compared to non-autistic youth, and among all youth when talking with familiar compared to unfamiliar partners. Youth speech also reflected greater linguistic diversity with familiar interlocutors, with no differences between autistic and non-autistic youth. Additionally, familiar interlocutors used more speech elicitation strategies (i.e., questions, prompts) than unfamiliar interlocutors across groups and interlocutors speaking with autistic youth used more speech elicitation strategies. These findings identify important similarities and differences between autistic and non-autistic youth and interlocutor speech that provide a better understanding of language patterns in autism. Importantly, this study can increase understanding and enhance support of autistic youth by highlighting that some aspects of autistic youth's language patterns in the context of conversation may be currently underestimated.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЖАРГОНИЗМА НА ИЗУЧЕНИЕ РУССКОГО ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ЯЗЫКА ИНОЯЗЫЧНОЙ МОЛОДЕЖЬЮ

This article reflects on the need to properly use the communication and speech of modern techniques-technology tools, social networks and virtual friends in the study of the Russian language. The question of the influence of jargonism and slengs on youth speech thinking is subject to analysis.

Речевой жанр пожелания в молодёжном интернет-дискурсе: новации и лингвокреативность

This paper analyses the use of the wishing genre among Russian young people. One of the features of youth speech is a shift from stereotypes, searching for new creative ways of expressing various intentions, such as evaluation, compliment, congratulation and wishing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the texts of wishes from the point of manifesting the linguistic creativity of the addressers; to identify the means and ways of destroying stereotypes. The research material is youth wishes, predominantly students’ wishes (more than 700 text fragments). The analysis of the content of the wishing texts enabled the author to classify all wishes into stereotypical, individual and combined. Empirical material shows that in the communication of friends most wishes refer to individual ones (64%), whereas combined and stereotypical wishes make up 25% and 11%, respectively. The analysis of the texts of wishes identified the ways and means of demonstrating the linguistic creativity of the addressee. These ways and means include the tactics of compliment, appeal, advice, switching the addressee to a humorous tone and some other tactics that are not discussed in this paper. All of them allow to make wishes less stereotypical. The material showed that addressers in wishes aim to supplement the universal components of the wishes with individualized elements, including in the text the utilitarian details of the addressee’s life. Most often, wishes contain references to the addressee’s profession or hobbies. Linguistic creativity of the addressers is manifested at all linguistic levels. First of all, addressees actively use tropes, such as epithets, metaphors, and comparisons. Addressers look for unusual objects for comparison in the linguistic repertoires; they often use hyperbolization. At the level of word-formation, we observe the use of affixes with an augmentative meaning, diminutives (predominantly in wishes to female addressees); speech innovations and occasional word formation. In wishes of young people, a shift from stereotypes reflects in reduplicating letters and symbols, changing letter case, breaking words into syllables and placing a hyphen between syllables; using a wide range of emojis and stickers; playing with colorful highlighting. Precedent texts play an important role in moving away from stereotypes. The author concludes that all the considered methods and means of linguistic creativity that are regularly used by authors when creating wishes make it possible to enhance the expressiveness and impact degree of the texts. They function to avoid stereotypes, achieve a perlocutionary effect, and contribute to the self-presentation of the addresser.

Terms of Theory of Generations in Modern Russian Media Discourse and in Youth Speech

The article is devoted to Anglicisms-neologisms with the meaning of ‘generation’, which have become quite widespread in modern journalistic discourse and go back to the metalan guage of the “theory of generations” by W. Strauss and N. Howe (lexemes millennials, zoomers, boomers and others). The purpose of the article is to identify how well does native Russian speakers understand the meaning of these words, identify the most common neologisms that claim to be included in the Russian language, compare the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language (NCRL) with the results of a linguistic experiment, describe the meanings of the most common neologisms based on the data of the NCRL, contexts collected by the authors on other Internet resources and conducted linguistic experiments. The article presents the results of two linguistic surveys in which 70 undergraduate students of the humanitarian faculties of Lomonosov Moscow State University participated (35 respondents in each survey). The Survey-1 was aimed at identifying which terms of the “theory of generations” or its Russian adaptations, reproduced by the domestic media, are known to young educated native speakers of the Russian language and are used in speech by them. According to the results of the Survey-1, the words boomers, zoomers, millennials were selected for the Survey-2, which aims to determine the meanings attributed to these words by informants, to identify the level of active ownership. As a result of the Survey-2, a significant discrepancy was found with the quantitative data of the NCRL sample (according to the results of the Survey-2, the most commonly used and mastered word is zoomer, it is the least frequent in the NCRL sample). The word zoomer has the meaning of ‘new generation’, ‘digital generation’, enters into semantic opposition with other generational nominations, mainly with boomers, on the basis of ‘new/ old’, in a number of contexts this opposition is presented as a conflict of fathers and children. The results of linguistic experiments show that relatively common terms break away from the chronological boundaries set in the “theory of generations”: the words boomer and zoomer develop the meanings of ‘parents generation, older generation’ and ‘children’s generation, new generation’. The lexeme millennials is chronologically attributed due to the internal form, however, the generation boundaries indicated by respondents in the surveys differ significantly from those set in the “theory of generations”, the respondents’ answers show a change in meaning from “new generation” to “previous generation”.

Revisiting the System of British English Consonants (in the youth speech)

Revisiting the System of British English Consonants (in the youth speech)

MULTIPLE NEGATION IN CORPUS AND DISCOURSE

The relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, research tasks and methods are formulated, literary sources of analysis are indicated, and the compositional structure of the article is outlined. A brief overview of the theoretical material and a working definition of the linguistic category of negation are presented, the main terms are defined, and the main approaches to the interpretation of the category of negation are defined in domestic and foreign sources. The objection is considered in the views of scientists of various fields of linguistics.Attention is drawn to the historical issues of language development, namely: the use of multiple negation and its separate subtypes in different periods of the English language. The specifics and pragma-functional features of the speech of British youth are determined. Emphasis is placed on the psychological and linguistic (discourse) development of adolescents. Part of the article is devoted to the level analysis of systemic means of negation in terms of their functioning in the text. The pragmatic character of units-components of negative intensification is described.Along with the main laws, narrower points are also involved: presented, analyzed and divided into classes and semantic subcategories and idioms with negative polarity in modern English. The focus of the article is the context as an independent object of observation, which proves the undeniable pragmatic motivation of negation in modern English writing and speech. The results of the research are summarized, the main characteristics of which are the establishment of functional equality of all means of negation at each language level, in the text and in speech; and also -in revealing their unlimited possibilities for the transfer of negative information of the most varied volume.

TRADITIONAL ORAL LANGUAGE IN THE STORIES OF KAZAKH WRITERS

The article is written in order to find the necessary approaches to the development and improvement of the speech of modern Kazakh youth. Everyone knows that the quality and level of oral, public speech of modern Kazakh youth is falling day by day. Modern youth speech consists mainly of barbarisms and elements of primitive colloquial speech, the speech of Kazakh youth is becoming increasingly incomprehensible, verbose, empty-mouthed. In this regard, the article emphasizes the need to study, analyze, and practice the works of Kazakh writers written in the traditional language. Since the normalization of the norms of the national literary language through works of art began with the works of Kazakh classical writers of the early 20th century, the main purpose of the article is to take as an example the National features of the language and style of Kazakh writers, elements of traditional word processing for today's Kazakh language, especially youth oral speech. Analyzing the types of sentences in the stories of Beimbet Mailin, Zhusupbek Aimauytov, Mukhtar Auezov, Berdibek Sokpakbayev, the styles of writing and speech are demonstrated, which are examples of ruble speech. At the end, the characteristic features of the national speech of the Kazakh language are given

Verbalization of the value concept ‘TOLERANCE” in the speech of German-speaking youth (on the material of TRU DOKU reports)

The article is devoted to studying means of representing the value concept ‘tolerance’ in the speech of modern German-speaking youth. The purpose of the research is to determine the place of tolerance among other values of the modern German society and to systematize the language units that reflect commitment to this value. The research material consists of 50 short documentaries created by the German-speaking YouTube channel ‘TRU DOKU’ and released in 2020–2021. The speakers’ value systems are reconstructed by means of analyzing their evaluative statements. The latter are divided into explicit direct, explicit indirect and implicit ones, depending on the degree of their compliance with the generalized formula of evaluative statements derived from background reading on the topic. In the course of the study, the speech products of the project participants are examined for the presence of language means that help to convey evaluativeness. The list of such linguistic means includes adjectives, nouns, verbs of general and specific evaluation, intensifying adverbs and particles, predicates of opinion and perception, comparative constructions, including the ones in the form of metaphors and phraseological units. Special attention is paid to emotive and emotive-associative vocabulary. In addition, the semantics of lexemes used in the context of evaluative statements is taken into account, which can also be used as a source of information about the speakers’ value systems. As a result of the analysis, it was found that implicit evaluative statements prevail when it comes to displaying ‘tolerance’ as a value. In addition to the listed types of language units, the verb sich wünschen is widely used to express wishes and hopes, modal verbs and the verb lassen are employed to convey attitudes towards tolerance and the opposite, undesirable situation of discrimination. Furthermore, the construction “egal + indirect question” and the cliché “jemanden so nehmen, wie man ist” are relatively frequent. The semantics of lexemes in the analyzed contexts enabled the inference that the participants of the videos encourage the viewer to make a cognitive effort in order to better understand other cultures and behaviors. The general conclusion about the place of tolerance in the value system of the German-speaking youth is that this concept is currently gaining more ground, but is not yet a generally accepted value, as evidenced by a large number of explicative constructions in the speech of the participants.

LIMITS OF THE CONCEPT "SLANG" IN SCIENCE

Slang in the speech of a modern person occupies a significant place, displacing general literary vocabulary. This situation is explained by the special expressiveness of slangisms. Almost every native speaker has an idea about this layer of the national language. The appearance of slang is due to changes associated with a change in the socio-political situation, which led to the intensive penetration of non-standardized vocabulary into the colloquial literary language. There was not only a democratization of society, but also of the language. The lexical composition is actively changing in the youth environment. Most often, knowledge of slang is associated with youth speech. In studies of the phenomenon of slang, the problem of terminological definition remains unresolved. In the works, as a rule, the term "jargon" is used as an equivalent of the term "slang". In addition, it is noted that slangisms exist at the same level of sociolects with jargon, professionalism, and argotism. The most relevant seems to be the idea that slangisms differ from jargonisms in a wider scope of use, and from professionalisms in increased expressiveness. Argotisms mark the speech of socially closed groups, therefore they have a narrow speech implementation.

A study of metonymy in compliments to the female gender in Russian youth speech (In comparison with Chinese youth speech materials)

This article is devoted to metonymy in the lexical units of compliments to the female gender in youth speech of Russian. Metonymy, as one of the tropes, is an important means of semantic change and replenishing the lexical stock of youth speech. This paper collects complimentary expressions using metonymy in modern Russian youth speech, divided into 6 different lexical-semantic groups through component analysis. The purpose is to analyze the cognitive-semantic features of metonymy in Russian and compare its similarities with Chinese compliments for females in youth speech. As a result of the study, the following is shown: 1) metonymy, as a common means of semantic change, is widely used in youth speech; 2) metonymy of adjectives is more frequently used in compliments for females in youth speech based on the cause-and-result relationship between features of objects; 3) metonymization is closely related to extra-linguistic factors, in which reflected the aesthetic standards of youth for female; 4) the comparison with Chinese materials shows the similar metonymization of youth speech in two languages as well as differences in expressions, which reflects the connection of metonymy with the national, linguistic picture of the world.

Интерферентные явления в речи крымскотатарской молодежи

The aim of the study is to identify the levels of the Crimean Tatar language that are subject to the interference influence of the non-native Russian language by the material of the colloquial speech of modern youth. The article analyses the most distinctive phenomena of phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical interference. The scientific novelty of the work is to identify the main levels of the Crimean Tatar language, susceptible to interlingual influence, using practical material. As a result, it has been determined that the phenomenon of interference covers the grammatical and lexical levels of the modern Crimean Tatar language. The frequency of the described interference phenomena allows us to consider them as the norm of oral speech of the Crimean Tatar youth.

Psycholinguistic Aspects of Youth Speech. Consequences and Realities of Postmodernism in Ukraine

The article describes the postmodern features of Ukrainian language education and psycholinguistic term system, which is important for understanding the direction of optimizing the language situation among young people. Then, after careful selection and multimodal analysis, the authors cite about 30 key features of youth speech in the late postmodern era. The urgency of the topic is determined by postmodernist trends that are still observed in Ukraine, as well as their specific impact on youth speech. The authors used a body of fragments of living youth discourse 2018 - 2020, as well as relevant methods of analysis: psycholinguistic, semantic, culturological, pragmatic (establishing practical motives for the use of language units); the method of establishing correlations between cultural, social and speech phenomena, as well as the method of generalization. The authors came to an important generalization: contemporary youth uses their speech in such a way that it can be decoded differently only in the current discourse - among other carriers of postmodern linguistic consciousness. And this is also a manifestation of the general game, performance and even the way of existence of the individual in a real or hyperreal society that is constantly communicating.

A field method of studying the tropes in compliments to female representatives in the speech of Chinese youth

This paper is devoted to the lexical-semantic characteristics of lexical units of feminine compliments with the use of tropes in modern Chinese speech of young people youth. “Trope” is understood as a word or a phrase that is used in a way that is different from its usual meaning. This paper uses the semantic field method, divided feminine compliments in Chinese youth speech into 6 lexical-semantic groups. Particular attention is paid to the original objects of tropes in LSG in order to analyze the model of tropes (in particular, metaphor and metonymy). In addition, the paper compared similar lexical units with the use of tropes in Chinese and Russian youth speech. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that this paper built up a semantic field of positive characteristics of the female gender in Chinese youth speech, made an attempt to identify lexical-semantic characteristics of tropes in youth speech. As a result of the study, the following conclusions are made: 1) Tropes are important methods of developing the meaning of words / phrases, which are observed with high frequency in youngs speech. 2) The formation of tropes is closely connected with segments of reality around youth, which reflect the peculiar worldview of youth, subcultures and pop-cultures they are interested in, as well as the development of society as a whole.

The Use of Code Switching and Code Meshing in Today's Youth Speech

Young people today tend to use informal language in communicating orally and in writing, in expressing themselves in front of their community or friends, but at the same time they will change their use of language into formal language when they interact with people whose position or position is above them, whether they realize it or not. The use of informal language in expressing themselves by young people is called "code-meshing", the change in the language used is called "code-switching". This research is qualitative research that uses "screenshot chat" of these students in their "WhatsApp" group and also in a private "chat" with researchers as research data, which later be classified as "code-switching" and also how they express themselves by using informal language which will later be classified as "code-meshing". The code-switching action taken is based on the understanding of the language that these students have, they understand not only Indonesian but also understand foreign languages ​​and their respective regional languages, not only the standard language they can use but also non-standard or non-standard languages. usually called 'slang' language they understand it. Code-meshing arises because of a sense of comfort in the way a speaker expresses it. This happens because they feel comfortable using words to express themselves that they still can't let go of.

TEMPORAL ASPECT OF GENDER VARIABILITY IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION (CORPORA STUDY)

The article is devoted to temporal research of gender variability of English pronunciation. It is shown that gender studies in linguistics occupy an important place, which is confirmed by the quantity and quality of conducted research. It is substantiated that gender studies in phonetics require the use of special software, and the ability of the user to create his/her own speech sub-corpora not only significantly reduces the time for collecting and processing the illustrative material, but also expands the range of ongoing research. The developed system of speech mark up is described, its main components are presented, as well as research capabilities of the speech corpora created on its basis. As an example, a temporal study of speech of youth from the cities of Belfast, London, Bradford, Leeds and Cambridge, Dublin, Newcastle and Cardiff was carried out. It found differences between the speech of young boys and girls when reading a text and it also showed regional differences at the temporal level.

Variations in noun accentuation in the speech of modern youth

It is known that oral speech is nowadays the most dynamic and variable segment of the language system. The incessant changes in accent norms and their dynamics largely determine the relevance of this study. The preference issues of both the choice of the accent pattern in a particular word and the use of certain lexical units in speech by the modern youth are also relevant. This article addresses the issues of accentuation in a number of nouns that have accentuation variants. The purpose of the work is to describe accentuation in the lexemes under consideration according to modern orthoepic dictionaries, correlate the obtained results with the data of previously published orthoepic dictionaries, and also reveal preferences in accentuation in these lexemes among Russian students of two technical universities in Ivanovo - Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology and Ivanovo State Polytechnic University. An attempt to establish appropriate correlations between normative and conventional implementations of accent models of the specified group of lexical units was made. Basing on the study, the authors conclude that there was no single variant of stress in the control group of lexemes. It was found that, despite the possible variation provided by lexicographic orthoepic sources, modern students prefer to use only one variant of word stress in oral speech. Thus, a significant divergence was revealed between normative and conventional realizations of accent patterns of nouns.

Заимствования из традиционного арго как источник формирования французского общего молодежного арго

The article examines the intralingual borrowings from traditional argot as a key source of the formation of French commun youth argot. The relevance of the article stems from the comprehensive nature of the argotisation of youth speech in France over the last two decades. The research material is the linguistic corpus of youth oral speech Multicultural Paris French (Français Parisien Multiculturel) collected under the supervision of the French linguist F. Gadet. It is the result of the work of 24 researchers who, as of the end of 2019, had interviewed some 230 subjects aged between 12 and 37, living in the Ile-de-France region and in 4 Parisian districts. The analysis examines youth argotisms from the perspective of the parameters of frequency and number of fixations in argotographic sources. The main stages of the speech research of argotspeaking youth that can be carried out remotely are described. A review of lexicographical sources is realized and the registered lexemes are compared with the results of French unconventional vocabulary fixation published by Russian and foreign argotographers. At the same time, the newest linguistic phenomenon of the French common youth argot argot commun des jeunes is briefly presented and its correlation with the French common argot argot commun is described. On the ground of the analysis the author concludes that the lexical fund of the designated reference group is renewed not only through intensive foreign borrowings, but also through intralingual borrowings from the traditional argot which features a persistent trend in the development of the sociolect under study.

Monitoring 21st-Century Real-Time Language Change in Spanish Youth Speech

In recent decades, youth language has become one of the preferred research areas in sociolinguistics, not only because of its non-normative nature but mostly because it is recognized as a catalyst for language change. Since adolescents aspire to create and safeguard an in-group identity, they constantly generate innovative linguistic forms. However, few studies have empirically monitored the speed at which linguistic innovations are introduced into youth language. This study explores the speed and nature of recent language change within Spanish youth language by conducting a corpus analysis in real time. Data of the contemporary CORMA corpus (Corpus Oral de Madrid, compiled between 2016 and 2019) are contrasted with the highly comparable data of the COLAm corpus (Corpus Oral de Lenguaje Adolescente de Madrid, compiled between 2003 and 2007). The study scrutinizes two typical phenomena of youth language, namely the use of intensifiers (e.g., super-, mazo) and vocatives (e.g., tío/tía, chaval/chavala). It is shown that changes occur at a more moderate speed than previously assumed and that the speed of change depends on the linguistic phenomenon under study. Additionally, the data suggest that more neutral forms remain quite stable over time, while the use of more expressive items shrinks or increases faster.

ANALYSIS OF A YOUTH SLENG PECULIARITIES IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (ENGLISH) AT THE UNIVERSITY

This article is about studying the features of using youth slang in the process of studying English at the university. The analysis of the usage of slang expressions among the younger generation is identified. It is found that the definition of slang is beginning to attract the attention of modern philologists. There are now quite a number of slang definitions that are often contradictory. It is investigated that Ukrainian slang has a huge amount of English borrowing. This article is about analyzing the concept of youth slang in modern English. The relevance of our research is that youth slang is in constant development. It has also been determined that modern slang in the English language, being an integral part of the language, is one of the most relevant and controversial problems of modern lexicology. Thus, the reasons for the increase in the slang share in the modern teenager's speech include social factors; the importance of a language for communication with peers; the influence of the media (reading newspapers and magazines, watching TV shows), Internet resources. The main characteristic of youth slang is the constant emotionality, expressiveness, appreciation, and imagery of youth speech. This contributes to the overall dynamics of the Ukrainian literary language. The results of the investigation prove the assumption of the wide use of Anglicism; in most cases, a youth slang represents English borrowing or phonetic associations; it is necessary to pay attention to the attraction of foreign words especially when the process is so fast. This study helps to solve the problem of determination, the nature, and the main features of the phenomenon under study.

Élaboration d’une base empirique pour la cartographie web des argotismes communs des jeunes français

This article aims to bring on some enlightenment on the specifics of an experimental base formation for the creation of web maps dedicated to the French common youth slang. The relevance of the article is due to the pervasive nature of the French youth's “argotization” over the past two decades. The proposed study is devoted to the specifics of the formation of an experimental base for the creation of French common youth slang web maps, which will allow an illustration of the territorial localization of the slang (argotic) vocabulary. In this context, the authors elaborate preparatory procedures to form the basis for web mapping, namely the multistage processing of “argotographic data”, the inventory of core and peripheral “argotisms” and the verification of the identified linguistic facts under anti-epidemic restrictions on the mobility of scientists. The stages of the youth speech survey, which can be conducted remotely, are described. A review of lexicographic sources for the collection of argotic units is carried out. At the same time, the latest linguistic phenomenon of the French youth common slang (argot commun des jeunes) is briefly examined, and its relationship to the French common slang (argot commun) is described. The material of the study is youth argot lexemes collected from four traditional dictionaries and vocabulary lists of French and Russian eminent slang specialists (“argotologists”), four collaborative digital dictionaries, and two oral linguistic corpora. Youth argotisms are studied from the aspect of frequency parameters and the number of fixations in the argotographic sources. At the stage of collecting and identifying the elements of the common French youth slang vocabulary, several methods were applied: the method of sampling, the continuous sampling method, and the corpus linguistics method, including automated information extraction and the textual searches in large-scale corpora (concordances). At the stage of verification of the collected lexemes for their attribution to the French common youth slang, multiple crossed procedures were used: questionnaires, interviews, introspection, and “the initiated to the initiated” one. The present study was carried out in an experimental way, which, in turn, is applied in the research field on an actively developing social dialect.