Male Youth Research Articles

Exploring the Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Shooting Incidents in the United States

Drawing on data from the Gun Violence Archive, this study employs mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, and regression analysis to investigate the essential characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, and influencing factors of shooting incidents in the United States from 2014 to 2023. The key findings are as follows:1) Demographically, the victims of shootings are predominantly male and older youths. Notably, indirect victimization is more prevalent among older youths, non-white youths (especially African American youths), those from higher-income households, and urban residents. 2) Temporally, there has been a rising trend in U.S. shootings over the decade from 2014 to 2023, with a pronounced increase during the pandemic period of 2019-2023. On a monthly basis, the incidence of shootings peaks from May to July. 3) Spatially, shooting incidents are largely concentrated in coastal regions, decreasing in frequency towards inland areas. Hotspots for shootings include states such as Texas, California, Louisiana, and Florida, followed by Indiana and New York.4) Various factors significantly influence the occurrence of shooting incidents, including family environment, ethnocultural context, residential conditions, business economy, and economic indicators.

Single-session upper limb plyometric training is as effective as two sessions for improving muscle strength, power, and serve velocity in male youth tennis players: a randomized parallel controlled study

IntroductionProviding a balanced training stimulus that promotes positive adaptations without excessively increasing training volume—and thereby avoiding disruptions to the training process—is a challenging task for strength and conditioning coaches. This study aimed to compare the effects of one vs. two weekly sessions of upper limb plyometric training (ULPT) on muscle strength, power, and serve velocity in male youth tennis players.MethodsWe conducted a randomized controlled study with two ULPT groups: one receiving one session weekly (ULPT1w) and the other two sessions (ULPT2w), alongside a control group maintaining regular tennis training. The intervention lasted 8 weeks. A total of 47 male youth tennis players (15.6 ± 0.9 years), competing at the trained/developmental level, participated in the study. Evaluations were conducted twice—once before the intervention and once after—assessing isometric shoulder rotation strength (internal [ISRT] and external [ESRT]) with a dynamometer, the medicine ball chest throw (MBCT), seated shot-put test (SST), and serve velocity using a radar gun.ResultsIn the post-intervention, significant differences were observed between groups for the variables of ISRT (p = 0.010; ηp2 = 0.189), ESRT (p = 0.004; ηp2 = 0.226), MBCT (p = 0.012; ηp2 = 0.181), SST (p = 0.019; ηp2 = 0.164), and tennis serve velocity (p = 0.004; ηp2 = 0.226).ConclusionThe study found that ULPT significantly improves upper limb muscle strength, power, and serve velocity in young male tennis players, with both once and twice weekly training yielding similar benefits. As practical implications coaches can effectively incorporate ULPT once a week to enhance physical performance in young male tennis players.

Variation in risk and protective factors among boy and girl gang involved youth: a direct comparison

PurposeThis study aims to directly compare risk and protective factors of male and female gang-involved youth.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the 2022 Arizona Youth Survey data. Gang-involved boys and girls are compared through multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between risk and protective factors and youth gang membership.FindingsMultivariate analyses reveal significant differences in risk and protective factors between gang-involved boys and girls in connection with family conflict.Practical implicationsThere is a need for semi-specialized prevention and intervention programming for male and female gang youth. Gang programs should emphasize addressing issues with family and home life more for girls than for boys. School-based gang programs need to similarly emphasize educational commitment and positive peer influence for both gang-involved boys and girls. Improving positive neighborhood attachment through community programming will be beneficial for reducing the likelihood of gang involvement for both girls and boys.Originality/valueThere is a need to improve comprehension of the similarities and differences among male and female gang youth. Few studies directly compare the two groups, and by focusing on risk/protective factors, the results can help to provide direct applications to existing intervention and prevention programming.

Acute Effects of Passive Stretching with and Without Vibration on Hip Range of Motion, Temperature, and Stiffness Parameters in Male Elite Athletes.

Objectives: Increasing exercise intensity and performance output with superimposed vibration gains interest, especially in high-performance training. However, the additional benefit of vibration in passive stretching exercises and its mechanisms remain unclarified. Methods: Passive stretching with (ST+V) and without (ST) vibration (20 Hz) was performed in male Olympic youth skiing athletes (n = 8, age: 17.9 ± 1.0 years) using a single-blinded randomized cross-over design. Acute hip abduction, hip anteversion, knee extension, and hamstrings (stand and reach straight leg raise) range of motion (ROM) were assessed using a digital goniometer, while stiffness was examined via MyotonPRO. The skin temperature of the whole leg was captured with infrared thermography and analyzed in different segments. Results: Both stretching interventions increased ROM compared to the control group (CG) (p < 0.001-0.033, d = 1.0-1.6) without differences between ST+V and ST (p = 0.202-0.999). While skin temperature decreased in the CG and ST, ST+V maintained a constant temperature in the lower legs. Stiffness was not affected by both stretching interventions. Conclusions: The stretching intervention leads to significant increases in flexibility, while additional vibration did not further enhance the ROM.

Bicultural Attitudes and Psychological Adjustment of Ethnic Minority Youth in Bangladesh

This study explored relationships between bicultural attitudes and psychological adjustment of Bangladeshi ethnic-minority youths. The study was conducted on 412 young adults (Mage = 22 years), 40% women and 60% men, from 18 Bangladeshi ethnic subgroups. The Bicultural Attitude Scale (BAS) and Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) were used as measures. Results presented that 57% of the respondents were biculturally oriented, 42% were uniculturally oriented (39% were oriented toward heritage culture and only 3% toward national culture), and less than 1% were culturally alienated or marginalized. In addition, the results showed that the mean score of importance ratings was significantly higher for the heritage culture than for the national culture. Results also showed a significant negative correlation between the attitude toward heritage culture and the psychological maladjustment of the respondents. The findings further showed that heritage (not national) culture has significant and unique effects on the psychological adjustment of both male and female minority ethnic youth in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Psychology, Vol. 24, December 2024, pp. 1-22

Prediction of talent selection in elite male youth soccer across 7 seasons: A machine-learning approach

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of parameters from several domains associated to both selecting or de-selecting players with regards to the next age group within a professional German youth soccer academy across a 7-year period. Following a mixed-longitudinal approach, physical, physiological, psychological, skill-, health-, age-, and position-related parameters were collected from 409 male players (980 datapoints) from the U12 to U19 age groups. Supervised machine learning classifiers were used to predict the selection status regarding the next age group. The XGBoost models (ROC-AUC: 0.69, F1-Score: 0.84) revealed that physical and physiological (linear sprint, change-of-direction sprint, countermovement jump, aerobic speed reserve) as well as skill-related parameters (soccer-specific skill) were most important for being selected or de-selected regarding the next age group across the entire sample and all age groups. The majority of psychological parameters (motive structure, motive attention, motive competition, cognitive flexibility) were of medium importance. No clear pattern was observed for the health-, age-, and position-related parameters. Our study provides insights into key parameters for talent selection thereby contributing to an overall talent management strategy in highly trained youth soccer players. In particular, coaches and key stakeholders might focus on physical, physiological, and skill-related parameters.

EFFECT OF FLYWHEEL WARM-UP ON LOWER BODY MUSCLE PERFORMANCE IN YOUTH ATHLETES

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a phenomenon that has been used as a warm-up strategy to enhance subsequent muscular performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a flywheel warm-up to elicit a PAPE effect in eight male youth rugby athletes. Participants completed three warm-up interventions (flywheel, stationary cycle, and no warm-up) across three days, each separated by 24 hours. A 5-minute rest followed each warm-up before assessing posterior chain flexibility, countermovement jump (CMJ), and linear acceleration. The results showed a significant increase (p &lt; .05) in posterior chain flexibility and 10 m sprint performance following the flywheel warm-up compared to stationary cycling and no warm-up. However, the interventions had no significant differences in CMJ peak power or jump height (p &gt; .05). The current findings suggest that the flywheel warm-up is effective in improving posterior chain flexibility and sprint performance in youth rugby players.

An ethnographical study on building trustful relationships with youth in a community university partnership

ABSTRACT This study explores the dynamics of trust-building with youth within the context of Community University Partnerships (CUPs). It proposes a conceptual model derived from qualitative research conducted in Green Park with six male youths and based on recorded ethnographical observations from 21 visits over a period of 15 months. A Grounded Theory approach led to identifying a conceptual model that illustrates a multi-phase trust-building process that begins with overcoming initial wariness and progresses through understanding and shared experiences. Mindful interactions, respect, and the inclusion of youth perspectives are identified as key facilitators. The research highlights the role of intermediaries, like youth workers, in reinforcing trust and supporting the youth’s engagement with researchers. The study offers significant insights into fostering trust with youth groups, enhancing collaborative strategies, and potentially facilitating more effective CUP outcomes.

Who Should Initiate shikamoo between Us?

Abstract It is widely assumed that shikamoo is the greeting that a young person is supposed to give an elder in multilingual Tanzania. But Makhuwa speakers in the Masasi District of Mtwara Region of Southern Tanzania observe an entirely different protocol in the use of this widely recognised salutation. Any person who is considered socially less powerful extends the greeting to a more powerful person, quite independently of age. Members of a Makhuwa community consider social status as determined by many factors other than age: female initiation, marriage, leadership role and other factors that emerge as specific within each interactional context are key in determining who should initiate a greeting and what greeting should be used. For example, a non-initiated woman, a wife, or a non-leader should extend shikamoo to an initiate, or to her husband, or to the mwenye ‘male chief’ or the apwia-mwene ‘female chief’. Moreover, shikamoo uttered as a greeting involves a variety of elements, which include kneeling for women, standing still for men. Someone who fails to observe these elements is considered discourteous and a rather serious social offence. However, male youths have become nonchalant in upholding these social amenities, marking a shift towards Kiswahili as the more modern and cosmopolitan public pose.

Effects of Unilateral, Bilateral and Combined Plyometric Jump Training on Asymmetry of Muscular Strength and Power, and Change-of-Direction in Youth Male Basketball Players.

This study aimed to compare the effects of unilateral (UT), bilateral (BT), and combined (UBT) plyometric training on muscular strength, power, and change-of-direction performance in youth male basketball players. Sixty-six male youth basketball players (age: 16.1 ± 0.8 years) participated in this randomized experimental study, which lasted 8 weeks with a training frequency of 2 sessions per week. The UT group performed only single-leg plyometric exercises, while the BT group conducted similar plyometric drills using both feet. The UBT group combined both approaches, performing one session of UT and one session of BT each week. The players were evaluated at baseline and after the 8-week period using a force platform for the unilateral countermovement jump test (UCMJ), isometric squat test (IST), isometric knee flexor strength test (KFS), leg land and hold test (LHT), and 5-0-5 tests. The asymmetry between legs per outcome was measured using the symmetry angle. The UT, BT, and UBT all significantly improved outcomes in the IST, UCMJ, KFS, LHT, and 5-0-5 tests (p < 0.05) following the intervention, with no significant differences among the three methods. However, while UT and UBT significantly reduced asymmetries in the tests (p < 0.05), BT increased asymmetries. Only, the UT group showed significant improvements over the control group in asymmetry measures: IST asymmetry (mean difference: 1.2%, p = 0.049), KFS asymmetry (mean difference: 2.5%, p < 0.001), and LHT asymmetry (mean difference: 1.1%, p = 0.013). While there are no substantial differences among UT, BT, and UBT in terms of improvements in unilateral tests and symmetry levels, UT stands out for its effectiveness in enhancing neuromuscular performance and reducing asymmetries among basketball players compared to the control condition. UT was the only method that showed significant benefits in this context. Strength and conditioning coaches might consider incorporating UT, either alone or alongside BT, to optimize individual limb strength and coordination.

The Views of Male Youth Leaders on Sociocultural and Economic Influences Contributing to the Persistence of Domestic Violence: Implications for Social Work

The Views of Male Youth Leaders on Sociocultural and Economic Influences Contributing to the Persistence of Domestic Violence: Implications for Social Work

“To Me, it Kind of Felt Normal” - Defining the Normalcy of Carcerality with Black Men, Boys, and Youth Workers

ABSTRACT Black boys and young men come into consistent contact with the carceral state and its systems of control. In this study, I define the normalcy of carcerality as the everydayness of carceral power and control enacted on the bodies of Black children, specifically Black boys and young men. The racialized, gendered, and socioeconomic schemas of urban landscapes like Los Angeles bring young people into consistent contact with law enforcement and carceral logics rooted in punishment, control, and disposability – which is the way that communities can be punished and discarded if they do not fit within the neoliberal economy. For Black boys, the normalcy of carcerality is rooted in the omnipresence of the schemas of discipline they experience and the material and emotional impact that carcerality plays in their everyday life. Drawing upon interviews from 22 Black male youth activists, 19 interviews with youth workers who engage Black male youth, and 10 years of field notes as a community organizer working with four community-based organizations in Los Angeles, this study focuses on the carceral experiences that Black male youth activists who are working to change their relationships with state institutions through collective organizing and resistance.

Boarding schools for male youth in Polish lands at the turn of the 18th and 19th cnturies

Among the schools operating in the Old Polish era, boarding schools, or institutions that accepted children and youth for education and accommodation, began to appear from the 18th century. These institutions were separate for girls and boys. This text is dedicated to the latter. Chronologically, it covers the period of the decline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the reforms of the Commission of National Education, the beginnings of the partitions, and the era of the Duchy of Warsaw. Various sources have been used, including diaries, regulations of the Commission of National Education and the Educational Chamber, and announcements in the “Gazeta Warszawska.” This type of educational and upbringing institution for boys has not yet attracted special interest from researchers of Old Polish education history. These were usually small, often short-lived institutions. They accepted few students, who were cared for by the person running the boarding school, assisted by directors, teachers, and servants. Because for a long time they were not subject to any regulations, they were established and run by individuals without the necessary qualifications. As a result, they were often criticized in various writings, and parents were discouraged from sending their children to them. The situation changed somewhat when the Commission of National Education issued regulations to organize their functioning, which continued in the later period. Among boarding schools for boys, two types can be distinguished. The first type were schools with boarding facilities, where the students both studied and lived together under the supervision of the boarding school owner. The second type were those where students lived but studied in separate schools.

Advancing Gender Inclusion in Forest Governance in Selected Communities; Kori Chiefdom, Southern Sierra Leone

In Sierra Leone, existing cultural norms are believed to limit gender mainstreaming in sustainable forest management. This study investigated women’s involvement in decision making regarding forest governance and management in five communities within Kori Chiefdom Southern Sierra Leone. Respondents were selected using both probability and non-probability sampling methods. Stratified sampling was used to classify key respondents into youth and adults (male and female, based on age classes and gender. Consequently, due to the small populations of selected communities (Kawella, Lagor Kawema, Nyamawabu, Kangahun and Foya), purposive sampling was used to select 100.0% of male and female youth (ages 18 to 35), and adults (age 36 and above). Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedule. Data from respondents was analysed using descriptive analysis and presented in tables and charts. The 2010 Sierra Leone National Forest Policy was analysed using content analysis. Findings revealed that 100.0% of youth, men and women sampled, confirmed that women attend forest-user group meetings and were actively involved in decision making concerning forest governance. Likewise, majority of men sampled (above 56.2%) opined that the chiefs took final decision over forests use in their respective communities. Furthermore, most of the youth (above 50.0%) in each community and men (above 87.5%), with the exception of those in Foya, (25.0% in Kangahun), revealed that women held positions in forest-user groups. Similar proportions of youth and men also confirmed that women actively engage in implementing decisions made regarding forest governance. All, (100%) of women attested that there was no existing gender marginalization in forest governance within the communities sampled. Finally, content analysis of the 2010 Sierra Leone National Forest Policy revealed that there aren’t any women specific - provisions or roles assigned to or reserved for women in any part of the policy document. In conclusion, in spite of the absence policy provisions to promote mainstreaming women’s involvement in forest governance, this research confirmed that women are not hindered from participating in forest decision making and governance in the study areas. It is therefore recommended that women should be given more encouragement to participate in forest decision making and assigned more leadership roles in forest governance.

Consequences of Pilates Training with and Without Yogic Practice on Body Composition Balance of Male Youth

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to find out the Consequences of Pilates Training with and without Yogic Practice on Body Composition Balance of Male youth. To achieve the purpose of this study, the researcher examined body mass index of 750 students studying in various schools of Virajpet, kodoga, Karnataka and found out 200 obese students. Out of these 200 obese students, 80 obese students were selected at random; their age ranged from 15 to 17 years as per the school records. The selected subjects were divided into three experimental groups and a control group with twenty subjects in (n=20) each. Experimental Group I (PTG-20) underwent Pilates training, Experimental Group II (YTG-20) underwent yoga training, Experimental Group III (PTYTG-20) underwent combination of Pilates and yoga training and Group IV served as control group (CG) for the training period of 12 weeks. All the subjects were informed about the nature of the study and their consent was obtained to co-operate till the end of the experiment and testing period. Pilot study groups and experimental groups (namely PTG, YTG and PTYTG) were given training independently with separate subjects in each group. A qualified physician examined the subjects medically and declared them fit for the study. The subjects were free to withdraw their consent in case they felt any discomfort during the period of their participation, but there were no dropouts. The body composition was measured by anthropometric measures and balance is measured by physical performance test, as a result of two training programmes, the following improvements occurred on body composition and balance among the obese students. It was concluded from the results of the study that the Pilates, yoga training and combined training showed significant improvement in balance, when compared with control group as well as pre-test. Due to the influence of Pilates, yoga training and combined training significantly reduced the body fat percentage, when compared with control group as well as pre-test. Combined training was identified as the best training and was a suitable training system to improve all the selected criterion variables when compared to the Pilates and yoga training. Pilates training methods were identified as one of the methods to improve all the selected dependent variables.

Injury incidence, prevalence, and burden in an Argentinian male youth soccer academy: one-season descriptive study

ABSTRACT Objective To prospectively describe the incidence, severity, and burden of injuries in the youth divisions of an Argentinian professional soccer club during a competitive season. Methods Two hundred and twelve male soccer academy players were grouped by age categories and maturity offset as pre-peak height velocity (PHV), circa-PHV and post-PHV. Injury characteristics were recorded as the International Olympic Committee suggests. Results A total of 235 time-loss injuries were sustained by 101 different players. The overall injury incidence rate was of 5.8 injuries per 1000 hours (h), with a training and match injury incidence rate of 4.9 and 9.7 injuries per 1000 h, respectively. The prevalence over the season was 47%. Most of the injuries (202) affected the lower limbs (86.6%) and most of them were classified as muscle/tendon injuries (n = 117, 49.8%). Hamstring structural injury was the diagnosis with the highest burden in both circa and post-PHV groups. Conclusions The incidence, prevalence, and injury burden reported in this study would add valuable information to Argentinians’ youth soccer institutions. Post-PHV players had higher incidence, severity, and burden compared to circa-PHV. Structural/functional injuries to the muscle/tendon represented the highest burden for type of injuries (41.1 per 1000 h), suggesting a need for implementing preventive measures.

Comparing predictive validity of Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory scores in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadian youth.

There is an increasing recognition of the necessity to establish the predictive validity of risk assessment scores within specific population subgroups, particularly those (including Indigenous peoples) who are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. I compared measures of discrimination and calibration of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) in Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth probationers in Ontario, Canada. Compared with non-Indigenous youth, Indigenous youth would have higher risk scores and reoffense rates. The YLS/CMI would predict reoffending and time to reoffense significantly and comparably for Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth, but there would be group difference discrimination (sensitivity, specificity) and calibration (positive predictive value, negative predictive value). Justice ministry-supplied data on 400 Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth (330 male, 70 female) individually matched on key background variables were analyzed to provide measures of discrimination and calibration of the YLS/CMI, with 3-year recidivism as the primary outcome. Indigenous youth were assessed at significantly higher risk than non-Indigenous youth (d = .60); 70% of Indigenous youth and 46% of non-Indigenous youth reoffended (ϕ = .24). Overall measures of discrimination (area under the curve) and calibration (logistic regression) were significant and did not differ across groups. Cross-area under the curve results indicated that the YLS/CMI discriminated Indigenous recidivists from non-Indigenous nonrecidivists but differentiated Indigenous nonrecidivists from non-Indigenous recidivists at chance level. In addition, recidivism was underestimated for low-risk Indigenous youth compared with non-Indigenous youth, but specificity was also low; only 28% of Indigenous youth who did not reoffend were assessed as low risk. Results were largely consistent across male and female youth. Examining subgroup predictive validity using multiple indices provides important information that should inform policy and practice discussions regarding fair use of risk assessment tools. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessing the impact of missing data in youth overweight and obesity research: complete case analysis versus multiple imputation

ABSTRACT Youth overweight and obesity (OWOB) surveillance often uses body mass index (BMI) derived from self-reported height and weight, but these measures can suffer from high proportions of missing data. Complete case analysis (CCA) is the most common approach to handle missing data, but this approach can introduce bias if missing data are not missing completely at random. Using BMI and related covariate data from 36,546 female and 37,126 male youth aged 12–19 years who participated in the COMPASS study in 2018/19, where approximately 30% of BMI data were missing, results and inference were compared between CCA and multiple imputation (MI) approaches to examine associations with youth BMI. Results of regression joint models showed contrasting findings between MI and CCA, highlighting that appropriate methodological choices in the handling of missing data are essential in youth OWOB research and that choices can impact research inference and thereby associated policy and programming recommendations.

Injuries Following COVID-19 Infection in Academy-level Male Youth Soccer Players.

Injury epidemiology data are key to injury prevention strategy development. Most such data surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic compare team injury data during the pandemic to that before the pandemic; few investigate injuries by infection status and even less involve academy-level organizations. We hypothesized that in male youth developmental academy-level soccer players, the rate of injury would be higher following COVID-19 infection than in the uninfected. Retrospective cohort study involving 141 male youth athletes from a single midwestern US developmental soccer academy during the spring 2022 soccer season. Injury data was gathered prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. Injury rate (incidence per 1000 playing hours), type, location, severity, mechanism, and mode of play were compared between COVID-19-positive and -negative athletes. Thirty-four (24.11%) of 141 athletes tested positive for COVID-19. Of those 34, 20 (58.8%) sustained at least 1 injury, totaling 30 injuries. Of the 107 (75.89%) uninfected athletes, 30 (28.04%) sustained at least 1 injury, totaling 37 injuries. COVID-19-positive athletes sustained injuries at higher rates (7.10, 95% CI: 4.79-10.14) than uninfected athletes (2.71, 95% CI: 1.91-3.74), with an infected to uninfected adjusted injury rate ratio of 2.08 (95% CI: 1.20-3.59, P=0.008). COVID-19 positive players were 2.78 times more likely to sustain an injury following their infection than uninfected players (95% CI: 1.14-6.96, P=0.026). There were no significant differences in injury type (P=0.515), location (P=0.319), severity (P=0.679), mechanism (P=0.225), or mode of play (P=0.557) between groups. Among academy-level youth soccer athletes, injury rate increased significantly after COVID-19 infection; injury patterns were similar. II - Retrospective cohort study.

Situational and Dispositional Achievement Goals and Measures of Sport Performance: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis.

The purposes of this systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024510614, no funding source) were to quantify relationships between situational and dispositional dichotomous achievement goals and sport performance and explore potential relationship moderators. Published studies that reported at least one situational or dispositional achievement goal and a performance score were included. Studies without performance scores or based in a non-sport context were excluded. Information sources consisted of studies found in relevant published meta-analyses and EBSCOhost databases (finalized September 2024). The following statistics were conducted to assess the risk of bias: class-fail-safe n, Orwin's fail-safe n, and funnel plots with trim and fill estimates. The summary statistics were r and d. Thirty studies from 1994 to 2024 met all inclusion criteria with 8708 participants from Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania. The majority of samples were non-elite male youths and adolescents. The random-effects relationships (r) between task climate, 0.20 [0.14, 0.25], task orientation, 0.17 [0.12, 0.23], ego orientation, 0.09 [0.03, 0.16], and sport performance were small and significantly different (p < 0.05) from zero, while the ego motivational climate relationship was not, -0.00 [-0.48, 0.05]. The random-effects standard differences in means (d) for both the task orientation, 0.08 [0.02, 0.14], and ego orientation, 0.11 [-0.05, 0.26] were minimal in meaningfulness. Mixed-effects moderator analyses resulted in the following significant (p < 0.05) sub-group differences: subjective compared to objective performance measures (task orientation), elite compared to non-elite samples (task climate), and athlete-completed compared to coach-completed performance measures and performance records (task orientation). Finding only 30 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, which limited sub-group samples for moderation analyses, was the main limitation. Despite this limitation, AGT provides athletes and practitioners performance enhancement strategies. However, caution is warranted regarding relationship expectations given the small mean effect size values and the true prediction interval ranging from negative to positive, perhaps as a result of the heterogeneous samples and performance measures. A clear line of future research, considering the reviewed studies, with elite athletes is needed to verify the performance benefits of the task climate and ego orientation as well as the use of the ego goal orientation in selection decisions.