Relative Youth Research Articles

Pharmacoeconomics in Healthcare By IJISRT

Pharmacoeconomics is the study of the cost- effectiveness and accessibility of pharmaceutical treatments from the perspective of both individuals and the healthcare system as a whole. This field can help policymakers and healthcare providers make more informed decisions about patient care. The field of health economics saw its inaugural publication in 1973, while the idea of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis was originally put forth by University of Minnesota researchers McGhan, Rowland, and Bootman in 1978. In pharmacoeconomics, four main categories exist cost- utility analysis, cost-minimization analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Pharmacoeconomics was originally an applied discipline. Because of their relative youth, health economics, and pharmacoeconomics are still in the process of refining and evaluating their methods. Health economics has a lot of issues that make it hard to use in real life. The field of pharmacoeconomics offers valuable insights that healthcare practitioners can use in their practice. Drug policy and clinical decision-making are both aided by pharmacoeconomics.

From Memory Complex to Heritage Tourism Practices Linked With the Bien Hoa Ceramics Ecosystem, Dong Nai, Vietnam

Across diverse geographical regions globally, the art of pottery has been intricately linked with the historical development of humanity. The Bien Hoa pottery tradition, despite its relative youth, embodies significant historical, utilitarian, symbolic, and unique aesthetic values that resonate with the Vietnamese ethos of creative labor. These values, encapsulated within a memory complex, require careful unpacking to fully appreciate and elevate the legacy of Bien Hoa's ceramic heritage. This research posits that one effective method to disseminate and augment the heritage value of Bien Hoa ceramics involves harnessing the intrinsic worth of traditional craftsmanship in conjunction with practices of heritage tourism. With the objective of forging spaces for heritage tourism experiences tied to the Bien Hoa ceramics craft, the study delineates: i) the process of unraveling the memory complex tied to the Bien Hoa ceramics ecosystem; ii) preliminary explorations aimed at enriching the Bien Hoa ceramics ecosystem's value through heritage tourism endeavors.

Kairos study protocol: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of school timing and its effects on health, well-being and students' performance.

Recent evidence from chronobiology, chssronomedicine and chronopsychology shows that the organisation of social time (e.g., school schedules) generally does not respect biological time. This raises concerns about the impact of the constant mismatch between students' social and internal body clocks on their health, well-being and academic performance. The present paper describes a protocol used to investigate the problem of (de) synchronisation of biological times (chronotypes) in childhood and youth in relation to school times. It studies the effects of student chronotype vs. school schedule matches/mismatches on health behaviours (e.g., how many hours students sleep, when they sleep, eat, do physical activity, spend time outdoors in daylight) and learning (verbal expression, spatial structuring, operations) and whether alert-fatigue levels mediate this effect alignments/misalignments on learning (verbal expression, spatial structuring, operations) and their mediation by alert-fatigue levels. The novelty of our protocol lies in its multidisciplinary and mixed methodology approach to a relevant and complex issue. It draws on up-to-date knowledge from the areas of biology, medicine, psychology, pedagogy and sociology. The methods employed include a varied repertoire of techniques from hormonal analysis (cortisol and melatonin), continuous activity and light monitoring, self-registration of food intake, sleep timings, exercise and exposure to screens, alongside with systematic application of cognitive performance tests (e.g., memory, reasoning, calculation, attention) and self-reported well-being. This comprehensive and interdisciplinary protocol should support evidence-based education policy measures related to school time organisation. Appropriate and healthier school timetables will contribute to social change, healthier students and with more efficient learning. The results of studies using a similar methodology in other countries would ensure replication and comparability of results and contribute to knowledge to support policy making.

Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adolescents and youth in Nairobi, Kenya.

To report on the mental health status of adolescents and youth in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nairobi County, Kenya. This was a mixed-methods study with cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative components conducted in Nairobi County, Kenya from August to September 2020. The quantitative survey involved phone interviews of n = 1,217 adolescents and youth. Qualitative components included virtual focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescents and youth (n = 64 unmarried youths aged 16-25 years, across 8 FGDs) and youth-serving stakeholders (n = 34, across 4 FGDs), key informant interviews (n = 12 higher-level stakeholders from Ministries of Health, Gender, and Education), and in-depth interviews with youth (n = 20) so as to examine the COVID-19 impact on mental health. Among the participants, 26.6% of young men and 30.0% of young women reported probable depressive symptoms, of whom 37.7% of young men and 38.9% of young women reported little interest or pleasure in doing various activities. Hopelessness and feeling down nearly every day was additionally reported by 10.7% of young women and 6.3% of young men. Further, about 8.8% of young men and 7.6% of young women reported they could not get the emotional help and support they may need from people in their life. Multivariable regression results showed an association between depressive symptoms and reduced working hours due to COVID-19 and increased intimate partner violence. Additionally, the results show that respondents with higher emotional help and support were less likely to report depressive symptoms. Qualitative results confirm the quantitative findings and exemplify the negative behavior arising from the impact of adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures. Mental health issues were common among adolescents and youth and may have been augmented by isolation and economic hardships brought about by COVID-19 restrictions. There is a need for concerted efforts to support adolescents and young people to meet their mental health needs, while considering the unique variations by gender. There is need to urgently strengthen the mental health system in Kenya, including via integrating psychosocial support services in communities, schools, and healthcare services, to ensure adolescents and young persons are not left behind.

Where are the links? Using a causal loop diagram to assess interactions in healthcare coordination for youth experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada

BackgroundYouth experiencing homelessness (YEH) suffer from poorer physical and mental health outcomes than stably housed youth. Additionally, YEH are forced to navigate fragmented health and social service systems on their own, where they often get lost between systems when transitioning or post-discharge. Inevitably, YEH require support with health system navigation and healthcare coordination. The aim of this study is to understand interactions within and between the emergency youth shelter (EYS) and health systems that affect healthcare coordination for YEH in Toronto, Canada, and how these interactions can be targeted to improve healthcare coordination for YEH.MethodsThis study is part of a larger qualitative case study informed by the framework for transformative systems change. To understand interactions in healthcare coordination for YEH within and between the EYS and health systems, we developed a causal loop diagram (CLD) using in-depth interview data from 24 key informants at various levels of both systems. Open and focused codes developed during analysis using Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory methodology were re-analysed to identify key variables, and links between them to create the CLD. The CLD was then validated by six stakeholders through a stakeholder forum.ResultsThe CLD illustrates six balancing and one reinforcing feedback loop in current healthcare coordination efforts within the EYS and health systems, respectively. Increasing EYS funding, building human resource capacity, strengthening inter and intra-systemic communication channels, and establishing strategic partnerships and formal referral pathways were identified among several other variables to be targeted to spiral positive change in healthcare coordination for YEH both within and between the EYS and health systems.ConclusionsThe CLD provides a conceptual overview of the independent and integrated systems through which decision-makers can prioritize and guide interventions to strengthen healthcare coordination within and between the EYS and health systems. Overall, our research findings suggest that key variables such as streamlining communication and improving staff–youth relationships be prioritized, as each of these acts interdependently and influences YEH’s access, quality and coordination of healthcare.

Organizational Ethics in Healthcare: A National Survey.

Organizational ethics-defined as the alignment of an institution's practices with its mission, vision, and values-is a growing field in health care not well characterized in empirical literature. To capture the scope and context of organizational ethics work in United States healthcare institutions, we conducted a nationwide convenience survey of ethicists regarding the scope of organizational ethics work, common challenges faced, and the organizational context in which this work is done. In this article, we report substantial variability in the structure of organizational ethics programs and the settings in which it is conducted. Notable findings included disagreement about the activities that comprise organizational ethics and a lack of common metrics used to assess organizational ethics activities. A frequently cited barrier to full engagement in these activities was poor institution-wide understanding about the role and function of organizational ethics resources. These data suggest a tension in the trajectory of organizational ethics' professionalization: while some variability is appropriate to the field's relative youth, inadequate attention to definitions of organizational ethics practice and metrics for success can impede discussions about appropriate institutional support, leadership context, and training for practitioners.

Talking about relational youth work: why language matters

ABSTRACT The literature on youth work emphasises the importance of ‘relationship’ to good practice, moreover, the characteristics of the youth-work relationship have been posited as a defining feature of youth work in the British-influenced tradition. Despite this, little attention is paid to the choice of language used to describe how professional youth workers relate to young people, or how language choices reflect political framing of youth work and of power relationships within their practice. Language choice has implications for how youth workers perceive their professional identity, for how accountability is construed, and for inter-professional working. In this article we undertake a thematic analysis to identify, analyse and critique various language options, drawing on international literature, with an application focus on Irish and Australian contexts. We address the question, ‘what language choices offer most precision and clarity about youth work professional relationships in different contexts?’ We identify three main ways the relationship between youth workers and young people has been framed: as collaboration; as transaction; or, as rights-based entitlement. We conclude with discussion of how different relational language choices in youth work should be selected to be congruent with the youth work context, power relationships and purposes.

Młodzież wobec wartości demokratycznego ładu społecznego. Komunikat z badań dynamicznych i porównawczych

The text is a presentation of the preliminary results of team research on the attitude of students towards the value of the renewal of social order, reconstructed in Piotr Sztompka’s “renewal decalogue”. On the basis of the results of the exploration carried out 30 years ago on “Youth in relation to the values and norms of social life”, a new scientific research was designed. It was carried out at several Polish and Ukrainian universities, in a group of students from several faculties. Ten values and forty norms of social life were assessed twice on a six-point scale. The respondents were first asked to indicate to what extent they considered certain values of social life as personally important and how they influenced their lives in various social situations. Then, they had to assess to what extent the given norms are noticed in their environment and are present in contemporary social life. The research report contains the results of the exploration of only a part of the study cohort, 272 students of pedagogy from Polish universities and 91 students from pedagogical universities in Ukraine. The obtained results were additionally compared with those obtained three decades earlier in a group of students of the same faculty.

Impact of scientific contributions by Italian researchers in the subfield of 'Sport Sciences' using some topic-specific keywords

Purpose: This study aims to assess the impact of Italian researchers in the field of Exercise and Sports Sciences (ESS) within the 'Sport Sciences' subfield from 2017 to 2022, utilizing a comprehensive analysis of the top 200 researchers through the Scopus Researcher Discovery function. Methods: The researchers were categorized by roles (Full Professors, Associate Professors, and Researchers) and by academic scientific discipline: Physical Training and Methodology (code M-EDF/01) and Sport Sciences and Methodology (code M-EDF/02).Trends of total and relative metrics (citations and h-index) over the period 2017-2022 were assessed using Spearman correlation. Non-parametric linear regression analysis was used for the predictive analysis of these trends. Results: Less than half of these researchers were directly framed with ESS. Among the 83 identified ESS researchers, a detailed breakdown revealed that 29% were Full Professors, 41% were Associate Professors, and 30% were Researchers. However, despite this minority representation, there was a positive and significant correlation between the total impact and the impact specifically within the 'Sport Sciences' subfield. The analysis of bibliometric parameters aggregated by ASD shows positive correlations between total and relative citations, as well as total and relative h-index. These findings suggest a proportional relationship between production and impact. Additionally, disaggregated analysis by ASD confirms these results. Regression analysis further indicates that the independent variables (total and relative citations, total and relative h-index) influence the dependent variable (year). Conclusions: This analysis suggests that despite the relative youth of the subfield compared to other related areas, Italian researchers in ESS contribute proportionally to the impact within the 'Sport Sciences' domain. The results demonstrate the congruent development of Sports science and highlight the need for further studies that can measure progress in the impact of scientific production.

Impact of Digital Networking Media on Day to Day Interpersonal Relationships of Youth

Impact of Digital Networking Media on Day to Day Interpersonal Relationships of Youth

“I have eight different files at eight different places”:  Perspectives of youths and their family caregivers on transitioning from pediatric to adult rehabilitation and community services.

Introduction: Most of the existing research on the transition from pediatric-to-adult care has focused on healthcare and social care settings as a homogenous group of services, without a specific focus on community or rehabilitation services. As such, the facilitators and barriers to implementing and sustaining these services during the transition from pediatric to adult care are not well established. An understanding of such factors may help to identify strategies to promote continuous rehabilitation and community care, and improve experiences with health services and quality of life of youth with disabilities and their family caregivers. 
 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore experiences with transition from pediatric to adult community and rehabilitation services among youth with childhood-acquired disabilities and their family caregivers’, as well as perceived facilitators and barriers to undertaking and sustaining community and rehabilitation services during such transitions. Methods: An exploratory, qualitative descriptive study grounded in naturalistic inquiry was conducted, as this methodology helps to produces a rich account of the data that is less interpretive than other approaches, thereby remaining true to the range and type of participant experiences. Data were collected through interviews with youth (n=12) and family caregivers (n=7). Data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The study included 18 participants, comprising 11 youth living with childhood acquired disabilities and 7 family caregivers. From the 18 participants, 4 individuals were interviewed as dyads (i.e., two pairs of related family caregiver and youth interviewed together). Youth and caregivers face multiple, simultaneous transitions during the transition from pediatric to adult community and rehabilitation services e.g., those related to education, living arrangements and employment. This transition is marked by feelings of isolation. Supportive social networks, continuity of care, and advocacy contribute to positive experiences. Lack of knowledge about resources, increased accountability due to decreased parental involvement without preparation, and lack of system responses to evolving needs served as barriers to positive transitions. Financial circumstances can be either a barrier or facilitator to service access.
 Conclusion: The transition from pediatric to adult rehabilitation and community services can be a challenging experience for youth living with childhood acquired disabilities and their family caregivers. This study demonstrated that continuity of care, support from providers, and social networks contribute markedly to the experience of transitioning from paediatric to adult services for individuals with childhood-onset disabilities and their family caregivers. Future research is warranted to develop and evaluate interventions and programmes to increase knowledge of available resources, improve readiness for transitions, and reduce feelings of isolation caused by changes in care.

THE STUDY OF COSSACKS IN THE INTELLECTUAL STUDIES OF THE UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The purpose of this article is to investigate how Ukrainians in Australia perceived the Cossacks and popularized knowledge about the Cossacks. The tasks of the article are to write about those persons who mentioned the Cossacks, what they wanted, the circumstances and directions of their activities. The sources for writing the article are materials from the periodical press of the Ukrainian Australian diaspora, some archival materials, works of representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora, articles about their activities in the memoir direction (memoirs, obituaries). In historiography, there is no statement of the question that is the topic of consideration of our article. However, individual comments are contained in personal articles about some of the heroes of our article. It is also worth noting as a historiographical base the articles devoted to the general development of Ukrainian studies (Ukrainian studies) in Australia It was concluded that against the background of the work of Ukrainian humanitarians, poets, writers. artists of Canada, the USA, and Western Europe, Cossack studies in Australia developed at a catch-up pace, which was due to the relative youth of the diaspora on the fifth continent. Most of the mentioned characters developed their previous work in Australia (first of all, we are talking about Ivan Rybchyn). Some of the scientists who had the potential for relevant studies (S. Narizhnyi, E. Zavalynskyi) did not show activity for various reasons. However, the very presence of a trace of Cossack studies in the activities of the Australian intelligentsia eloquently testifies to the potential of the Cossack idea for the consolidation of Ukrainians. The most original work among Australian scientists belongs to O. Zybachynskyi, who managed to include the Cossacks in a broad historiosophical context. The merit of I. Rybchyn was the analysis of the phenomenon of Cossacks in a psychological context. He also subjected the phenomenon of Cossacks to a more objective and at the same time neoconservative analysis. But in the discourse of the Australian diaspora, as well as other diasporas, a neo-populist and neo-romantic view of the Cossacks prevailed. Undoubtedly, the numerous remarks of Australian Ukrainians about the nation-building activities of the Cossacks and their struggle against Russian imperialism are relevant in the conditions of the current Russian threat. In general, Australian Cossack studies have demonstrated an original synthesis of interdisciplinarity.

The Variables that affect the Viewpoints and Behaviors of the Youth in Relation to Patronizing Themed Dining Establishments Located in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

The Variables that affect the Viewpoints and Behaviors of the Youth in Relation to Patronizing Themed Dining Establishments Located in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

Barriers and facilitators of sibling relationships of youth in foster care from an ecological perspective

For children in foster care sibling support is associated with better mental health and resiliency. Despite the findings on the importance of sibling relationships, siblings are frequently separated from each other. Previous research has explored sibling separation and barriers to placing siblings together. This qualitative study aims to identify barriers and facilitators to sibling relationships from the perspective of those formerly in foster care. A thematic analysis was completed to explore the experiences of 11 adults with foster care experience and identify perceived barriers and facilitators to sibling relationships. Results are interpreted through an ecological framework. Barriers and facilitators are identified at the individual, microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem levels. Specifically, barriers and facilitators relating to visitation, placement, foster parents, child welfare workers, the foster care system, and the legal system are discussed. Participants also provided recommendations for overcoming barriers and finding ways to facilitate relationships between siblings in the different levels of the ecological system.

The Variables That Affect the Viewpoints and Behaviors of the Youth in Relation to Patronizing Themed Dining Establishments Located in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

The Variables That Affect the Viewpoints and Behaviors of the Youth in Relation to Patronizing Themed Dining Establishments Located in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

Sports and mobile imperatives in the lives of rural youths

This paper explores the mobility processes of rural youths in relation to sports. The mobility imperative has its basis in the fact that rural youths must be mobile to gain access to the resources they need to shape their lives and create their own identities. The mobility imperative is analysed as a constellation of interrelated processes in which material inequalities, symbolic hierarchies and entanglements between bodies and places interact in a process that constitutes the mobility of young rural dwellers. This study is based on research conducted in a rural community in Sweden. We conducted interviews with eight individuals and one focus group. The analysis, inspired by biographical interviews framed according to a critical realist perspective, focused on the interviewees’ subjective experiences and how broader social structures affected these experiences. The results of the analysis indicate that mobility is an inevitable necessity for sports participation during childhood. The rural sport mobility imperative is an interaction of related processes, such as a limited supply of sports clubs and facilities, limited access to sports activities that are highly valued in contemporary youth culture and an affective conflict in establishing a connection to urban places for sport interactions.

Road Blocks or Building Blocks? A Qualitative Study on Challenges and Resilience in Romantic Relationships of Youth Exposed to Family Violence

Romantic relationships are an important part of many people’s lives and at least partly shaped by experiences during childhood. Youth exposed to family violence during childhood are more likely to experience difficulties in their later romantic relationships. However, a more holistic perspective on the romantic relationships of youth with a history of family violence is lacking. Using both theoretical and inductive thematic analysis, this qualitative study explored challenges as well as positive experiences within romantic relationships of youth exposed to family violence during childhood. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 18 youth aged between 16 and 20 years, who were reported to child protection services. The narratives reflected that youth experienced challenges related to support, connection, trust, boundary setting, emotion regulation and conflict resolution. Furthermore, family violence during childhood seemed to be important in the emergence of these challenges, consistent with theoretical mechanisms described in observational learning theory and attachment theory. However, youth also described positive experiences in their romantic relationships and demonstrated an ability to learn from others (e.g., their current romantic partner) how to communicate effectively or solve problems. Therefore, with the right social or professional support, at-risk youth may be able to overcome these challenges.

Основные научные трактовки новых маркеров политической идентификации молодежи в современной России

The article examines the main trends in understanding political identification of the main groups of Russian youth in the last year and a half. Based on the analysis of the latest scholarly literature on this issue, it has been revealed that the attention of researchers continues to be attracted by the development of a methodology for analyzing various structures of youth identity, the justification of new types of their typology, the possibilities of combining various identification matrices for a more accurate correlation of the ideological, worldview and activity positioning of representatives of the younger generation. In scientific discourse, the position of supporters of a liberal interpretation of civic identity based on the justification of the priority of civil rights and individual freedoms has significantly weakened. The position whose supporters actually equate civic identity and national identity acquires dominant significance. This is due, first of all, to the official goal of introducing into the mass consciousness of young people an understanding of the social significance of the state and its functionality and the need to stimulate the corresponding active civic position of each individual in protecting the interests of the state and society as a whole. It is concluded that most researchers do not touch upon the specifics of identifying various groups of Russian youth in relation to the special military operation in Ukraine. On the one hand, this is understandable, given the complexity of the situation and the ambiguous possible consequences regarding any critical assessments on the part of researchers. On the other hand, there is a need for an objective understanding of new lines of demarcation, which, in terms of their motivational significance, are often ranked at a higher level than the traditional party-ideological and worldview preferences of Russian youth. Understanding these identification markers is the most important scientific task in theoretical and practical senses.

A Wolf 359 in Sheep's Clothing: Hunting for Substellar Companions in the Fifth-closest System Using Combined High-contrast Imaging and Radial Velocity Analysis

Wolf 359 (CN Leo, GJ 406, Gaia DR3 3864972938605115520) is a low-mass star in the fifth-closest neighboring system (2.41 pc). Because of its relative youth and proximity, Wolf 359 offers a unique opportunity to study substellar companions around M stars using infrared high-contrast imaging and radial velocity monitoring. We present the results of Ms-band (4.67 μm) vector vortex coronagraphic imaging using Keck-NIRC2 and add 12 Keck-HIRES and 68 MAROON-X velocities to the radial velocity baseline. Our analysis incorporates these data alongside literature radial velocities from CARMENES, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, and Keck-HIRES to rule out the existence of a close (a < 10 au) stellar or brown dwarf companion and the majority of large gas giant companions. Our survey does not refute or confirm the long-period radial velocity candidate, Wolf 359 b (P ∼ 2900 days), but rules out the candidate's existence as a large gas giant (>4 M Jup) assuming an age of younger than 1 Gyr. We discuss the performance of our high-contrast imaging survey to aid future observers using Keck-NIRC2 in conjunction with the vortex coronagraph in the Ms band and conclude by exploring the direct imaging capabilities with JWST to observe Jupiter- and Neptune-mass planets around Wolf 359.

A smartphone-based intervention for young people who self-harm (‘PRIMARY’): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSelf-harm in young people is a public health concern connected with severe mental health problems, such as personality pathology. Currently, there are no specific evidence-based interventions available for young people who self-harm. Therefore, we developed PRe-Intervention Monitoring of Affect and Relationships in Youth (PRIMARY), a smartphone-based intervention, co-designed by clinicians and young people with lived experience of mental ill-health. PRIMARY combines the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) with weekly report sessions. The study aims to examine the effectiveness of PRIMARY with regard to reducing self-harm, and improving emotion regulation and quality of relationships.MethodsThis study is a multicenter, parallel groups, randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the PRIMARY intervention to a waiting list control group. PRIMARY comprises 28 consecutive days of questionnaires five times each day (i.e., ESM) and four weekly report sessions. Participants will comprise 180 young people referred for treatment to the participating Dutch mental healthcare institutions and (1) are aged 12 to 25 years, and (2) engaged in ≥ 1 act of self-harm in the past year. Participants are randomly allocated to a study group after screening in a 1:1 ratio by an independent researcher using computer-generated randomization sequences with stratified block randomization by age (12 to 15 years / 16 to 25 years). Staff will conduct assessments with all participants at baseline (Wave 1), after 28 days (Wave 2), and in a subsample after 10 weeks of subsequent specialized treatment (Wave 3). The primary outcomes are self-harm, emotion regulation, and quality of relationships. Secondary outcomes include patient and clinician satisfaction. Exploratory analyses of ESM data will examine the relationship between emotions, social relationships, and self-harm.DiscussionThe results of this trial will clarify whether an innovative smartphone-based intervention is effective for reducing self harm and improving emotion regulation and the quality of social relationships. It has the potential to fill a treatment gap of interventions specifically targeting self-harm. If proven effective, it would provide an accessible, easy-to-implement, low-cost intervention for young people. Furthermore, the ESM-data will allow detailed analyses into the processes underlying self-harm, which will contribute to theoretical knowledge regarding the behavior.Trial registrationISRCTN42088538 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN42088538), retrospectively registered on the 26th of October 2022.