Young Theory Research Articles

Unveiling the veil: an examination of gender oppression in Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns

ABSTRACT The Taliban administration (1996–2001) undoubtedly inflicted unimaginable suffering on Afghan women, but the struggle for gender equality in Afghanistan has deep roots. In his novel, ‘A Thousand Splendid Suns’, Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini vividly portrays the harrowing experiences of women before, during, and after the war. To scrutinise the oppression of Afghan women as depicted in the novel, this study draws upon Iris Marion Young's theory of oppression. Young contended that women in a society endure oppression when they confront exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence at the hands of men. This research unveils the physical, mental, and sexual abuse experienced by female characters, examining their inferior status through the lens of Young's ‘Five Faces of Oppression' and connecting it to the actual suffering of women in Afghanistan's male-dominated society. Therefore, it becomes unequivocally clear from this study that the female characters in Hosseini's narrative endure lives of oppression under the relentless dominion of patriarchy. The study further substantiates that Afghan women live lives marked by oppression, shedding light on their subjugation by patriarchal forces in Afghanistan's socio-cultural landscape.

Oppression Towards Main Female Characters in Rao’s Girls Burn Brighter

The perception of the women's inferiority in society has created significant issues in the form of oppression of women. Furthermore, literary works portrayed these issues to raise awareness because it has an important role as one of the means to address the issue of oppression against women. Shobha Rao's novel Girls Burn Brighter is a feminist literary work that highlights the oppression of women. This study aims to examine the oppression of main female characters as revealed in the novel through literary devices. This study used a sociological approach since the novel raise the social phenomena of female oppression which is examined through the perspective of feminist literary criticism. The researcher applies Iris Young's theory of oppression to explore the forms of oppression and Kimberly Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality to look out the factors of oppression experienced by main female characters. The results of this study found that the main female characters, namely Poornima and Savitha, experience oppression in the form of marginalization, exploitation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. Their experiences of oppression manifest in the form of marginalization of job opportunity, sexual and labor exploitation, powerlessness to speak up, cultural imperialism of the dowry system, and physical and sexual violence. These forms of oppression are influenced by intersecting factors such as gender, social class, political power, skin color, and dominant culture. Keywords: oppression, intersectionality, feminist literary criticism

Whatever the problem, entrepreneurship is the solution! Confronting the panacea myth of entrepreneurship with structural injustice

A topic of growing interest in entrepreneurship research is how entrepreneurial ventures address grand challenges. This literature, we argue, tends to produce a panacea myth by suggesting that entrepreneurship is the universal remedy for existing social and environmental ills. Starting from the claim that the persuasive power or ‘stickiness’ of the panacea myth depends not only on what it explicitly says (in terms of ideas and beliefs) but also on what it leaves out, we suggest that the exclusion of explicitly political and holistic explanations of grand challenges such as Iris Marion Young's theory of structural injustice, which we use as an illustrative example, precipitates a ‘constitutive absence’ whose mythic function is to sanitize the image of entrepreneurship as the preferred solution to grand challenges. In an effort to denaturalize the panacea myth, we first identify three ‘figures of thought’ – coined ‘extrapolation fallacy,’ ‘political agnosticism,’ and ‘positive acculturation’ – that define the content of the panacea myth while simultaneously excluding theoretical concepts and frameworks, such as structural injustice, that conceptualize grand challenges as structural, multidetermined, and inherently political problems that are not necessarily amenable to stand-alone entrepreneurial approaches and solutions. Second, to loosen the grip of the panacea myth, we suggest rethinking entrepreneurship research in terms of who is involved, what methods are used, and how we talk about it. Taken together, these tactics create an opening in entrepreneurship research for a more complexity-sensitive and political understanding of grand challenges that cultivates a more humble and realistic depiction of entrepreneurship's problem-solving capacity.

Young's early maladaptive schemas versus psychopathic traits in a non-clinical population.

There is now evidence that certain psychopathic personality components have their roots in a dysfunctional family of origin. Looking at this phenomenon from the perspective of Jeffrey E. Young's theory, we can surmise that the early negative experiences of people with psychopathic personality traits may have influenced the formation of specific maladaptive schemas. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Young's early maladaptive schemas and psychopathic personality traits in a non-clinical population. The study involved 150 individuals aged 18 to 45. Eighty-six percent of the study group were women. The Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale - Revised (PPTS-R) and the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), designed to test the intensity of psychopathic traits in the study group, were used. Young's Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL) was applied to measure Young's early maladaptive schemas. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between the severity of psychopathy as measured by the TriPM and the following schemas: Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Entitlement/Grandiosity, Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline, and Approval Seeking/Recognition Seeking. For the PPTS-R scale, positive correlations were found for thirteen of the eighteen schemas. The strongest correlations across questionnaires were found for the Entitlement/Grandiosity schema. The domain of early maladaptive schemas most strongly associated with psychopathy was Impaired Limits. The Entitlement/Grandiosity, Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline, Mistrust/Abuse, and Emotional Deprivation schemas are all associated with psychopathic personality traits. The strongest correlations are in the Entitlement/Grandiosity schema. The domain of early maladaptive schemas most strongly associated with psychopathy is the Impaired Limits domain.

WOMEN OPPRESSION AND STRUGGLE IN THE NOVEL MOXIE BY JENNIFER MATHIEU


 This study aims to analyze women oppression and struggle in the novel Moxie, this novel tells East Rockport Highschool because sexism and the patriarchy system act as triggers for sexual violence and sexism in schools. The purpose of this study was to determine the typesof oppressions that occur in novel Moxie and to determine women's struggle to the oppression. Using Marion Young's iris theory to find out various kinds of oppressions that occur in novel Moxie and women's resistance using 2 theories of feminism, namely radical feminism by Alison M. Jaggar is used to analyze how the patriarchy system triggers sexual coercion and multicultural feminism. This theory is used to analyze the patriarchy system that triggers sexual coercion that happens because of race and black skin. The research methodology in this research is qualitative descriptive, where relevant data is collected from the text or words found in the novel Moxie. This research resulted in womens oppression such as sexualharrassment, intimidation, and rape as a form of sexual coercion contained in novel moxie. This research also shows how women struggle against oppression that occurs becauseof the patriarchy system and sexism in schools. 

Study on distributed resistivity and protective performance of silicone epoxy coatings with and without filler under tensile stress

The corresponding physical models of coating resistivity fitting were established according to the different failure processes and diffusion dynamics of SE and SET coatings under tensile stress. Power-law model was used to evaluate the protective performance of SE coating under tensile stress. Based on Young's theory, the two-layer model was established to evaluate the protective performance of SET coatings. Consequently, the resistivity distribution with coating thickness was calculated as a critical parameter to describe the protective performance of the coating. The water diffusion dynamics based on different coating structures were also provided for selecting the distribution model.

Assessing readiness factors for implementation of LGBTQ+ affirmative primary care initiatives: Practice implications from a mixed-method study.

Access and utilization barriers in primary care clinics contribute to health disparities that disproportionately affect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) people. Implementing inclusive practice guidelines in these settings may decrease disparities. The purpose of this exploratory/developmental study is to identify key issues affecting the readiness of primary care clinics to implement such guidelines. Using a concurrent mixed-method research design, we conducted surveys, interviews, and focus groups with 36 primary care personnel in clinics in New Mexico, USA, to examine readiness to implement LGBTQ+ inclusive guidelines, analyzing factors affecting motivation, general organizational capacity, and innovation-specific capacity. We supplemented these data by documenting LGBTQ+ inclusive policies and practices at each clinic. We undertook descriptive analyses and between-subscale comparisons controlling for within-rater agreement of the survey data and iterative coding and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Quantitatively, participants reported significantly more openness toward adopting guidelines and attitudinal awareness for developing LGBTQ+ clinical skills than clinical preparedness, basic knowledge, and resources to facilitate implementation. Six themes derived from the qualitative findings corroborate and expand on these results: (1) treating all patients the same; (2) addressing diversity in and across LGBTQ+ populations; (3) clinic climates; (4) patient access concerns; (5) insufficient implementation support; and (6) leadership considerations. This study demonstrates that personnel in primary care clinics support initiatives to enhance service environments, policies, and practices for LGBTQ+ patients. However, drawing on Iris Young's theory of structural injustice, we found that neutralizing discourses that construct all patients as the same and time/resource constraints may diminish motivation and capacity in busy, understaffed clinics serving a diverse clientele and reinforce inequities in primary care for LGBTQ+ people. Efforts are needed to build general and innovation-specific capacities for LGBTQ+ initiatives. Such efforts should leverage implementation teams, organizational assessments, education, leadership support, community engagement, and top-down incentives.

Work needed to force the water-air interface down in the re-entrant structured capillary pore

The re-entrant structure of the membrane surface has attracted researchers' attention recently, due to its ability to make the membrane surface more wetting resistant-either in water or in liquids of low surface tension. The underlying principle of this approach is that an energy barrier has to be overcome when the transition occurs from the Cassie Baxter state to the Wenzel state of the rough membrane surface, which prevents the passage of liquid through the membrane pore. In this work, the energy barrier was evaluated for the cone-shaped pore based on Young's theory of the capillary force. It was found that the energy barrier is enhanced by increasing the angle of the apex of the cone, the pore length, and the contact angle. The effects of the first two geometrical factors, the angle of apex of cone and pore length, are much stronger than the effect of the contact angle. It is believed that this work will offer a guideline for the rational membrane design to reduce, and even prevent, the pore wetting of membranes, particularly for oil/water separation and membrane distillation.

Structural Injustice and Labour Migration – From Individual Responsibility to Collective Action

AbstractThis paper argues that the vast inequalities in access to migration opportunities and treatment of migrants constitute a structural injustice, and that although states are clearly the most powerful agents in migration injustices, individuals also bear a personal responsibility to ameliorate these injustices. The argument builds on Young's theory of structural injustice and critically applies it to labour migration. The paper argues that wealthy migrants and citizens who benefit from migrant labour have a responsibility to contribute towards ameliorating migration injustice on account of their position of privilege, whereas disadvantaged migrants have a responsibility due to their interest in changing their situation. It then considers how people might discharge such an obligation through collective political action, pointing in particular to non‐governmental organizations, labour unions, and local government. Finally, the paper addresses the objections that positing personal responsibility for labour migration is overly demanding and that the current labour migration regime is meritocratic and fair. The article concludes by showing how this sort of stance can be seen as interest‐driven by privileged groups and argues for the role of disruptive politics in overcoming it.

Abundance of Strange Attractors Near an Attracting Periodically Perturbed Network

We study the dynamics of the periodically forced May--Leonard system. We extend previous results on the field, and we identify different dynamical regimes depending on the strength of attraction $\delta$ of the network and the frequency $\omega$ of the periodic forcing. We focus our attention in the case $\delta\gg1$ and $\omega \approx 0$, where we show that, for a positive Lebesgue measure set of parameters (amplitude of the periodic forcing), the dynamics are dominated by strange attractors with fully stochastic properties, supporting Sinai--Ruelle--Bowen (SRB) measures. The proof is performed by using the Wang and Young's theory of rank-one strange attractors. This work ends the discussion about the existence of observable and sustainable chaos in this scenario. We also identify some bifurcations occurring in the transition from an attracting two-torus to rank-one strange attractors, whose existence has been suggested by numerical simulations.

Pengembangan inventori kecanduan internet untuk siswa sekolah menengah atas

This study aims to develop an inventory suitable for counselors to use to measure students' internet addiction. This research method is a development research. The number of samples was 302 students at senior high school Malang City who were selected by using the Random Sampling technique. The inventory was compiled using the Internet addiction Likert scale and the validator test score sheet. Data analysis using Pearson Product Moment to calculate the validity of the item, Alpha Cronbach to calculate the reliability coefficient and factor analysis to determine the adequacy of the sample or the feasibility of all inventory statement items. The results of this development research resulted in an internet addiction inventory consisting of 43 valid statement items and had a high reliability coefficient of 0.933. This internet addiction inventory has 6 correlated factors, according to the internet addiction construct based on Young's theory which underlies the development of inventory. This inventory is needed by counselors to measure internet addiction in students.

ГЕНЕЗИС ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ БАЗОВИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ КОЛЬОРУ

Purpose. The determination of the formation features of basic models of color and identification of color in the initial stages (the 18th – 19th centuries) of scientific research of the problem. Methodology of the research is based on historical and cultural method. The source base is the artistic, scientific and technical literature of the studied period and also artefacts. Results. This publication reveals a generalized approach to theoretical developments on color perception and identification, and covers the initial period of color research and the formation of basic models of color (the 18th – 19th centuries). So in the middle of the 17th century I. Newton founded a seven-color ordering model, placing them to a closed color circle. At about the same time, other attempts at color systemization were proposed, such as color identification in the form of tables of existing paints, the work of I. Brennen and R. Waller. Subsequently, Jacob Christoph Le Blon concluded that in order to get results, you could use only three colors, namely red, yellow and blue. Based on this work, M. Harris presented his color circle, J. Lambert – a triangular color pyramid, and Ph.Runge built a color sphere using the principle of the globe. Goethe, contrary to Newton's physical doctrine of colors, conceived another system, it was based on the phenomenological perception of color. According to Goethe and his followers, the colors come from the struggle of "light" and "darkness". A. Schopenhauer took the step that J. Goethe lacked in his thinking: A. Schopenhauer formed a doctrine of color in terms of psychology, noting the enormous role that our brain plays in color perception, and proposing his model of identification by the principle of intensity / extensiveness/quality. for the formal description of the tri-color system of color, forming a mathe-confirmation of T. Young's theory and came to the conclusion that for the comparison of all shades, three light sources were needed and sufficient: in the red, green and blue parts of the spectrum. The perception of other colors is conditioned by the interaction of these constituents. In his work, J. Maxwell proved that all colors come from a mixture of three spectral colors: red, green, and blue. Based on his research, he introduced the first two-dimensional color spectrum visualization system. H. Grassmann's merit is the mathematical representation of the three spectral colors. E. Hering's theory highlights the psychological aspects of color vision: warm sensations occur for white, yellow, and red colors, while cold sensations occur for black, dark blue, and light blue. G. Peano introduced the concept of "color space" as a system of vector space equations.

Early maladaptive schemas in patients with somatoform disorders and somatization.

Maladaptive schemas are stable relational patterns that develop through harmful childhood experiences with primary caregivers. Schemas within somatoform disorders are rarely explored even though these disorders are clinically important due to high prevalence, co-morbidity, and cost for the health care system. This study investigates schemas according to Young's schema theory in patients with somatoform disorders in comparison with healthy controls and patients with depressive or anxiety disorders. Further associations between schemas and somatization were explored. We included 134 patients with a somatoform disorder and 39 age-matched healthy controls, 83 patients with a unipolar depression, and 34 patients with an anxiety disorder. The clinical sample consists of day care patients, diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, but without a personality disorder. Primary measures were the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S2), the Screening for Somatoform Disorders (SOMS-7T), the Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Analyses of variance indicated that somatoform patients scored higher on almost all schemas than do healthy controls (p<0.001, η2 =0.148). The highest mean scores were reached for the schemas "self-sacrifice" and "unrelenting standards," with significant higher values in the patient sample. However, when compared with patients with depressive or anxiety disorders, somatoform patients scored equally or even lower. High somatization was associated with generally higher schema activation. This effect was to a great extent mediated by depressive symptoms. Only the schema "vulnerability to harm or illness" was exclusively related to somatization. These findings suggest that schemas should be systematically assessed within psychotherapy of somatoform patients.

Uber in Bangladesh

Ridesharing services have been viewed as heralding the next generation of mobility and recognized for their potential to provide an alternate and more flexible model of work. These services have also been critiqued for their treatment of employees, low wages, and other concerns. In this paper, we present a qualitative investigation of the introduction of Uber in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Using interview data from drivers and riders, and content analysis of riders' Facebook posts, we highlight how Uber's introduction into Dhaka's existing transportation infrastructure influenced experiences and practices of mobility in the city. Drawing on Iris Marion Young's theory of justice, we demonstrate how the introduction of Uber in Dhaka reinforces existing modes of oppression and introduces new ones, even as it generates room for creative modes of resistance. Finally, we underline algorithms' opacity and veneer of objectivity as a potential source of oppression, call for deepening the postcolonial computing perspective, and make a case for stronger connections between technology interventions and policy.

DINAMIKA KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI PERGURUAN TINGGI UMUM

This article examines the Indonesian Government's policy on the implementation of Religious Education at Public Higher Education. The research is conducted through a socio-cultural-historical approach using content analysis methods to relevant texts, both in book form and related documents. The results show that the policy of Islamic Religious Education in public universities is influenced by the assumption and response of policy maker, in this case the government (Old Order, New Order and Reform Order), to the socio-political and cultural reality that developed in society, this is in accordance with K. Young's theory. The policy is part of the government's effort to control the implementation of Islamic Religious Education in public universities, as described in Roger Dale's theory, through regulation, bureaucratic system, the implementation of obligations and political reproduction in the Indonesian context.

The Association of NPOs and Compulsory Education Aid in China

Previous research has linked the activities of the non-profit sector to desired aid outcomes in China, such as improved public-service quality. However, issues related to the role of non-profit organizations (NPOs) in compulsory education aid have received little attention. This study draws on Dennis Young's complementarity theory - one of the most prominent non-profit theories - in examining the necessity and feasibility of NPO aid to Chinese compulsory education. In addition, it undertakes exploratory research in order to test an integrated model. Based on both data collected in surveys and statistical data from 263 Chinese county-level jurisdictions in five provinces, this study concludes that NPO aid can positively influence compulsory education outcomes in mainland China. Its main contribution is to expand our understanding of NPOs and offer insights on how public managers can improve governance.

The Rise of Powerful Geography

ABSTRACTThe Grosvenor Center for Geographic Education and National Center for Research in Geography Education propose a new framework for geography called Powerful Geography, which revolutionizes the traditional notion of standards in geography education. Combining Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum's principles of human capabilities, Michael Young's theory of powerful disciplinary knowledge, and Wesley Null's concept of a liberating curriculum, Powerful Geography offers a new conceptual approach to professional development for teachers. The approach aims to help teachers model geographic knowledge and skills that offer a diverse group of students the best preparation needed to attain personal and career goals and aspirations. This article argues the logic and value of Powerful Geography, sets up the rationale for Powerful Geography, describes how it builds on prior research, and presents a multiyear research and development plan involving social studies teachers.

Rehearsing Inclusive Participation Through Fishery Stakeholder Workshops in the Philippines

Participatory methods in 'conservation for development' projects regularly fail to live up to expectations of social and environmental change. Stakeholder workshops are an ubiquitous example that can reproduce rather than challenge inequality and exclusion. Technical tools used in workshops, like maps, games, and computer models, are criticised for unjustly privileging expert/scientific viewpoints over other perspectives. Iris Marion Young's theory of communicative democracy is an insightful and robust framework to examine how people interact in the workshop 'contact zone', and how to bring workshops closer to participatory ideals. Young identifies four communication modes critical for inclusive participation: greeting, rhetoric, narrative, and argument. We apply her framework to a case study of fisheries stakeholder workshops in the Philippines, demonstrating its utility and cultural applicability. The workshops used a game-based computer modelling tool to structure discussions about coastal management. Qualitative analysis of video data shows how stakeholders signalled resistance, garnered sympathy, influenced outcomes, and established relationships through Young's modes of communication. Based on this analysis, and using concepts from Philippine psychology, we conclude that workshops have potential as 'rehearsal spaces' for inclusive deliberation, particularly when they encourage improvisation and humour, rather than rote adherence to standardised activities.

Janus Graphene Oxide Sponges for High-Purity Fast Separation of Both Water-in-Oil and Oil-in-Water Emulsions.

Membrane separation of oil and water with high purity and high permeability is of great interest in environmental and industrial processes. However, membranes with fixed wettability can separate only one type of surfactant-stabilized emulsion (water-in-oil or oil-in-water). Here, we report on Janus graphene oxide (J-GO) sponges for high purity and high permeability separation of both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Millimeter-scale reduced GO sponges with a controlled pore size (11.2 or 94.1 μm) are synthesized by freeze drying, and the wettability is further controlled by fluorine (hydrophobic/oleophilic in air) or oxygen (hydrophilic/oleophilic in air) functionalization. J-GO sponges are prepared by the fluorine functionalization on one side and oxygen functionalization on the other side. Interestingly, the oil wettability of oxygen-functionalized surface turns into an oleophobic surface when immersed in water, which is explained by Young's theory. This effect is further used in the separation of both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions by changing the flow direction. The purity of the separated oil and water is very high (≥99.2%), and the permeability is more than an order of magnitude greater than those of the other Janus membranes reported. J-GO sponges can be reused with an excellent repeatability, demonstrating feasibility in practical applications.

Step-by-step Evolution of Young’s Double-slit Interference Fringes Using Boundary Diffraction Wave Theory

Present work reports formation of Young’s double-slit interference fringes using the Young's own theory of diffraction called the theory of boundary diffraction wave. Theory demands that double-slit interference fringes are generated due to superposition of boundary diffraction waves originating from the edges of the slits due to their physical interaction with the incident light. The theoretical development is further verified with the experimental observations.