Young Model Research Articles

Compulsory Voting and Inclusion: A Response to Saunders

This article examines some of the arguments proffered in objection to the introduction of compulsory voting. In particular, it addresses the notion that abstention from voting is tied to political affect, and that inequality in votes is justified. Rather than presenting the debate on the enforcement of voting as a matter of pro or contra, however, it argues that insights from both sides of the discussion can be adopted to allow for an approach that manages to integrate politically alienated citizens, taking Iris Marion Young's model of inclusive democracy as a guide.

Bionic Duplication of FreshNavodon septentrionalisFish Surface Structures

Biomimetic superhydrophobic surface was fabricated by replicating topography of the fresh fish skin surface ofNavodon septentrionaliswith polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. A two-step replicating method was developed to make the surface structure of the fresh fish skin be replicated with high fidelity. After duplication, it was found that the static contact angle of the replica was as large as 173°. Theoretic analysis based on Young's and Cassie-Baxter (C-B) model was performed to explain the relationship between structure and hydrophobicity.

Finite element analysis of the human mandible at 3 different stages of life

This study analyzed detailed models of human mandibles at 3 different stages of life with simulation of supra normal chewing forces at static conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to generate models from cone-beam computerized tomograms (CBCT) of 3 patients aged 12, 20, and 67 years, using numerically calculated material parameters. Estimated chewing forces were then applied to the simulations. The results reflect higher elasticity in younger models in all regions of the mandible. The experimental models show that physiologic load stress and strain distributional changes of the mandible vary according to age. The CBCT-based model generation used in this study provided high-quality model definition of the 3 individual patients of different ages. FEA has great potential to predict bone responses to paradigms of mechanical activity. Future applications of FEA will include surgical planning, surgical hardware testing, and the design of scaffolds and tissue-engineered constructs.

Women's responses to fashion media images: a study of female consumers aged 30–59

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine whether female consumers ranging in age from 30 to 59 prefer fashion advertising models more closely resembling their age. The sample for this study consisted of 182 women. Stimuli included full‐colored photographs of current fashion models. A questionnaire designed to explore participants' responses to the stimuli included scales measuring participants' beliefs about the stimulus models' appearances and attractiveness, participants' purchase intentions and perceived similarity with the models and participants' perceived fashionability of the model's clothing. Participants rated models appearing older in age significantly higher than younger models on the characteristics related to appearance and attractiveness. Advertisements with older models also had a significant positive relationship to participants' purchase intentions as compared to younger‐age models. Participants who perceived more similarity to the models were found to have more positive beliefs about the model's appearance and attractiveness and the fashionability of the model's clothing. Perceived similarity also had a significant positive relationship to participants' purchase intentions. As a result of this study, findings suggest that marketers and retailers should consider the age of the model used in their promotional materials. Specifically, it is possible that female consumers either transitioning into, or currently in, the middle adulthood life stages may have a preference for fashion models more closely resembling their age group.

Early maladaptive schemas in children: Development and validation of the schema inventory for children

A Schema Inventory for Children (SIC) was developed, based on Young's schema model. Its psychometric properties were investigated in a non-clinical multi-ethnic sample of children, aged 8–13 years. The latent structure of the SIC was explored using a cross-validation design. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded satisfying fits for a modified model, that included 8 of the original 15 schema factors, as well as 3 new factors, each containing a theoretically meaningful combination of 2 or 3 original schema factors. Our data suggest that, to a certain extent, children present with the same schemas as identified in adolescents and adults, although some unique, children-specific schemas occurred. SIC item loadings were moderate to good, and all factors showed adequate discriminant validity. However, factor reliability estimates were mediocre, but in most cases still acceptable. Furthermore, results suggest adequate stability for all SIC scales. Finally, strong relations between most of the SIC scales and measures of psychopathology were found, although an opposite pattern of associations emerged for two scales (i.e., Enmeshment and Self-Sacrifice), suggesting that these schemas are not maladaptive -yet- at this young age.

Older women's responses to current fashion models

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine if older female consumers prefer apparel advertising models more closely resembling their age.Design/methodology/approach – The sample for this study consisted of 163 women between the ages of 60 and 80. Full‐color photographs of fashion models were presented as stimuli. A questionnaire measuring participants' beliefs about the models, purchase intentions, perceived similarity with the models, and perceived fashionability of the model's clothing was used.Findings – Participants perceived older looking models to be more attractive than younger models and indicated more likelihood of purchasing the clothing worn by the older models. Participants who perceived more similarity to the models also had more positive beliefs about the model's appearance and attractiveness, indicated a greater willingness to purchase the model's clothing, and perceived the model's clothing to be more fashionable.Practical implications – This study suggests that incorporating older ...

Study on SARs in Head Models With Different Shapes by Age Using SAM Model for Mobile Phone Exposure at 835 MHz

Four head models with the outer shapes of different ages were established using the specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) model of IEEE Standard 1528. The criteria of head height, face length, head length, and head breadth by age were applied to build the models. We assumed that the shells of all the head models have the same dielectric properties with the head-equivalent tissue in order to simulate a real pressed ear. The cheek and tilt positions of three bar-type phone models were used, and the positioning processes against each head model were described in detail. Antenna input impedances of the phones under the test positions and specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions in the head models were computed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. Spatial peak SARs averaging over 1 and 10 g were compared for fixed input and radiated powers of all the phones. The effect of the dielectric properties in a younger head model on SAR result was analyzed. First, input resistance of the phone antennas in the cheek position gradually increased when head size grew with age, but those for the tilt position showed a slight decrease. Second, for a fixed input power, the head models by age changed peak 1- and 10-g SARs by approximately 15%. The electromagnetic absorption depths in the head models in the same test position were about the same, but the head-averaged SAR was higher in the younger model because of the smaller head volume. Third, for a fixed radiated power, the peak SARs got relatively lower in the smaller head model and higher in the larger head model, compared with those for the fixed input power since the smaller head model needs lower input power. Fourth, it was shown that simultaneous change in the conductivity and permittivity of head tissue within 20%-30% did not have a significant influence on energy absorption.

Women, Weight, and Age: Social Comparison to Magazine Images Across the Lifespan

The finding that rates of body dissatisfaction in women remain relatively stable across the adult lifespan may be due to older women having fewer but heavier age-relevant comparisons in the media. To examine this, magazine images that depict women’s full bodies were coded for age, body size, and clothedness. Analyses suggest that overall, older women are not well represented in this medium. In addition, magazines aimed at younger women depict younger and thinner models than do those magazines with a larger percentage of older readers. Moreover, across magazines, younger models are thinner and less clothed than older models. Thus, larger body ideals portrayed in the media, in combination with increased weight with age, may contribute to similarities in body satisfaction over the lifespan.

Preference for older over younger models during mate-choice copying in young guppies

Female mate-choice copying occurs when a female's preferences for mates is changed as a function of the preference of others. Prior work in the guppy has shown that young females copy the mate choice of older females, but older females do not copy the mate choice of younger females. Here, we presented an observer young female with information on the mate preferences of a younger and older model female simultaneously, and examined which model had astronger effect on the subsequent mate choice of the observer. We hypothesized that younger females would be more influenced by the mate choice of the older model they observed. Our results demonstrate that younger females were indeed more likely to copy the mate choice of older females. This suggests that young females do not randomly copy the mate choice of individuals around them, but rather display more fine-scaled decisions with respect to mate-choice copying.

Configural coding of facial expressions: The impact of inversion and photographic negative

In previous research we used the composite paradigm (Young, Hellawell, & Hay, 1987) to demonstrate that configural cues are important for interpreting facial expressions. However, different configural cues in face perception have been identified, including holistic processing (i.e., perception of facial features as a single gestalt) and second‐order spatial relations (i.e., the spatial relationship between individual features). Previous research has suggested that the composite effect for facial identity operates at the level of holistic encoding. Here we show that the composite effect for facial expression has a similar perceptual basis by using different graphic manipulations (stimulus inversion and photographic negative) in conjunction with the composite paradigm. In relation to Bruce and Young's (1986) functional model of face recognition, a suitable level for the composite effect is a stage of front‐end processing referred to as structural encoding, that is common to both facial identity and facial expression perception.

Hindcasting of storm waves using neural networks

Cyclone generated waves play a significant role in the design of coastal and offshore structures. Instead of conventional numerical models, neural network approach is used in the present study to estimate the wave parameters from cyclone generated wind fields. Eleven cyclones, which crossed the southern east coast of India between 1962 and 1979, are considered for analysis in this paper. The parametric hurricane wave prediction model by Young (1988) [Young, I.R., 1988. Parametric hurricane wave prediction model. Journal of Waterways Port Coastal and Ocean Engineering 114(5), 637–652] is used for hindcasting the wave heights and periods. Estimation of wave heights and periods is carried out using back propagation neural network with three updated algorithms, namely Rprop, Quickprop and superSAB. In neural network, the estimation is carried out using (i) difference between central and peripheral pressure, radius of maximum wind and speed of forward motion of cyclone as input nodes and the wave heights and periods as output nodes and (ii) wind speed and fetch as input nodes and wave heights and periods as output nodes. The estimated values using neural networks match well with those estimated using Young's model and a high correlation is obtained namely (0.99).

Thalamocortical dysfunction and complex visual hallucinations in brain disease – Are the primary disturbances in the cerebral cortex?

Applying Behrendt & Young's (B&Y's) model of thalamocortical synchrony to complex visual hallucinations in neurodegenerative disorders, such as dementia with Lewy bodies and progressive supranuclear palsy, leads us to propose that the primary pathology may be cortical rather than thalamic. Additionally, the extinction of active hallucinations by eye closure challenges their conception of the role of reduced sensory input.

Demonstrating the acquired familiarity of faces by using a gender-decision task.

We report an experiment in which participants made gender judgments (male or female) to faces. There were three groups of faces: unfamiliar, familiar (celebrities), and a set which had been learned earlier by the participants during the experimental session. The principal purpose of this study was to establish an indirect measure of assessing whether faces have become familiar through learning that does not require overt recognition. Bruce and Young's (1986 British Journal of Psychology 77 305-327) model of face recognition suggests face-processing tasks are independent of one another and so familiarity should have no impact on the time taken to perform gender decisions. However, recent studies have suggested that some face processes are not completely independent. A gender judgment is a simple task which would be useful in face-learning experiments. We examined whether exposure to previously novel faces facilitates a later gender decision to those faces. During a learning stage, participants viewed a set of unfamiliar faces. At test, participants were able to assign gender faster to previously familiar (famous) faces and learned faces than they were to unfamiliar faces. Therefore familiarity can influence the speed at which gender is analysed. We explain our findings with reference to the Burton et al (1990 British Journal of Psychology 81 361-380) interactive activation and competition (IAC) model of face recognition and discuss how the gender judgment might be employed as a means of tracking the acquisition of familiarity in face-learning studies.

The Advent of the Sample Survey in the Social Sciences

It is generally thought that the sample survey was developed in the social sciences in the late 19th century. We trace its inception back to the survey of rural economy that was undertaken by Arthur Young in England in 1768. Young was aware that his survey technique was an important innovation, and he discussed the best method of data collection to ensure that the sample was representative of the population. His contemporaries, such as Davies and Eden, recognized the potential of sample surveys and soon undertook important investigations based on Young's model. Sample surveys declined in importance during the 19th century as census data became more abundant and mathematicians formalized the theory of population statistics.

Severe Destructive Autoimmune Lesions with Aging in Murine Sjögren's Syndrome through Fas-Mediated Apoptosis

When we evaluated the age-associated changes in autoimmune exocrinopathy in a NFS/sld murine model for primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), severe destructive autoimmune lesions developed in the salivary and lacrimal glands in the aged mice, compared with those observed in the younger model. We detected a decreased secretion of saliva and tear flow in the aged group. A significant increase of TUNEL(+)-apoptotic epithelial duct cells in the salivary glands was detected in the aged SS animal model. A higher proportion of mouse salivary gland cells bearing Fas was found in the aged group, whereas no significant changes were seen on tissue-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells bearing FasL in the salivary glands from young and aged mice. We detected an increased cleavage product of organ-specific autoantigen, 120-kd alpha-fodrin, in the aged salivary gland tissues on immunoblotting, and an increase in serum autoantibody production against 120-kd alpha-fodrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An increase in the proliferative response of splenic T cells against organ-specific autoantigen was observed, whereas nonspecific concanavalin A responsiveness was decreased in the aged mice. In addition, a decrease in Fas expression was found on splenic CD4(+) T cells in the aged mice, and anti-Fas mAb-stimulated apoptosis was down-regulated on CD4(+) T cells. These results indicate that age-associated dysregulation of CD4(+) T cells may play a crucial role on acceleration of organ-specific autoimmune lesions in a murine model for primary SS through Fas-mediated apoptosis.

Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects were involved in three gender-processing tasks based on human faces and on human hands. In one condition all stimuli were only of one gender, preventing any gender discrimination. In a second condition, faces (or hands) of men and women were intermixed but the gender was irrelevant for the subject's task; hence gender discrimination was assumed to be incidental. In the third condition, the task required explicit gender discrimination; gender processing was therefore assumed to be intentional. Gender processing had no effect on the occipito-temporal negative potential at approximately 170 ms after stimulation (N170 component of the ERP), suggesting that the neural mechanisms involved in the structural encoding of faces are different from those involved in the extraction of gender-related facial features. In contrast, incidental and intentional processing of face (but not hand) gender affected the ERPs between 145 and 185 ms from stimulus onset at more anterior scalp locations. This effect was interpreted as evidence for the direct visual processing of faces as described in Bruce and Young's model [Bruce, V. & Young, A. (1986) Br. J. Psychol., 77, 305-327]. Additional gender discrimination effects were observed for both faces and hands at mid-parietal sites around 45-85 ms latency, in the incidental task only. This difference was tentatively assumed to reflect an early mechanism of coarse visual categorization. Finally, intentional (but not incidental) gender processing affected the ERPs during a later epoch starting from approximately 200 ms and ending at approximately 250 ms for faces, and approximately 350 ms for hands. This later effect might be related to attention-based gender categorization or to a more general categorization activity.

A Case of Prosopagnosia Following Moderate Closed Head Injury with Left Hemisphere Focal Lesion

This study describes a left handed woman with prosopagnosia following traumatic brain injury with a focal lesion confined to the left-posterior hemisphere. Few cases of prosopagnosia following unilateral left hemisphere lesions have previously been reported in the literature. Corrected visual acuity was 20/70 (binocular), color vision was intact on screening, and shape detection was borderline. Impairments in higher order visual perception were evident to varying degrees on nonfacial tasks. Matching of unfamiliar faces was very slow but accurate. A marked impairment in the ability to recognize familiar faces and learn new face-name associations was evident on experimental tasks relative to the performance of healthy control subjects. In contrast, identification of characteristics of faces (gender, age) and identification and matching of facial expressions were relatively preserved. We discuss the cognitive processing stages that appear to be disrupted using Bruce and Young's (1986) model of facial recognition and perception as a framework.

New directions for cognitive therapy: A schema-focused approach

Personality disorders are among the most difficult to treat and most frequently encountered problems presented to clinicians. When working with these individuals, it is imperative to have a sound conceptualization and thorough plan for treatment. The conceptualization and treatment plan for a 26-year-old female diagnosed with major depression and borderline personality disorder (BPD) is based on Jeffrey Young's model (1994) , schema-focused therapy, an integration of cognitive therapy (CT) with gestalt and object relations techniques. It extends traditional CT developed by Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery (1979) by placing greater emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, affective experience, and the linking of early life experiences to present-day problems (Young). This model and treatment approach was developed for character disorders, including BPD, as these individuals often showed a less favorable response to traditional CT. Anna appears to be an appropriate patient for the use of this treatment approach, as she reports long-standing interpersonal problems, severe levels of depression and anxiety, and chronic feelings of emptiness and hopelessness. This paper will outline the schema-focused model of CT and demonstrate how this approach can be applied and tailored to Anna.

Writing and memory: The occupation and the construction of the self in 1980s French literature

This article looks at the strategies used by two writers to represent the Occupation in 1980s French literature. Working with James E. Young's model of memory as a constantly evolving reading of the past, the study focused on the construction of a narrating self. In Ils partiront dans l'ivresse, Lucie Aubrac presents an ‘integral self, confident in her ability to talk for the Resistance. However, Aubrac's awareness of the multiplicity of women's roles during the Occupation problematicises that seemingly authoritative narrative position. In Nice, pour mémoire, Garnier's main protagonist, Noémi, is a fragmented self, unable to confront her family's Jewish past. The text offers resolution in the form of an apocalyptic reading of the Holocaust, but Noémi refuses to frame events in such ahistorical structures. Ultimately, both writers endorse a multifaceted and open‐ended vision of the Occupation as historical narrative.

Will Older Models Turn Off Shoppers?

Little is known about the sales effects of different aged models on older (65 years and over) and younger (less than 65 years) consumers. This is an important issue because marketers have expressed some fear about using older models in the promotion of products directed at multiple age groups. This article presents the results of a study of 3,390 consumers' sales response to older, younger, and a combination of older and younger models in point‐of‐purchase advertising for an age‐free product. The results indicate that model age does not have a significantly different effect on consumers of different ages. Managerial implications are provided.