Young Stock Research Articles

Морфогенетичні і вікові особливості свиней різного напрямку продуктивності

Pig breeding genetic resources are constantly threatened by haphazard crossbreeding, lack of breeding strategy and programs, violation of quarantine measures and weak protection against infectious diseases. The state of the gene pool is influenced by such factors as the intensification of production, the replacement of domestic breeds with more productive foreign ones, without taking into account forage, climatic and environmental conditions. The development of pig breeding is based on the use of highly productive breeds and types of pigs in the breeding process, as well as the latest achievements in breeding and genetics. Modern technologies for the production of pork make it possible to maximize the genetic potential of animals, in connection with which selection is a decisive factor in increasing the productivity of pigs. Given the importance of working with breeds as the main means of production in pig breeding, the authors set the goal of providing a scientifically based assessment of the genotypes of pigs that are bred and widely used in the country. The tasks set in the scientific work were solved using zootechnical (scientific and economic experience, control slaughter of animals, analysis of the reproductive capacity of sows, growth of young stock, assessment of the quality of carcasses), morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of animals. The large white breed of pigs in Ukraine is a monobreed, having more than 70% of the total number. This dominance raises concerns about the possible loss of original hereditary complexes and gene associations that have developed during the breeding process. Five international breeds are now widespread in the world: Large White (117 countries), Duroc (93 countries), Landrace (91 countries), Hampshire (54 countries) and Pietrain (35 countries). Pigs of the Large White breed are universal and are widely used in selection and breeding work for the purpose of the parent breed in crossing. Among the meat breeds of pigs in Ukraine, the Landrace breed occupies an important place, which is appropriate both in purebred breeding and in crossing and hybridization. The Mirgorodskaya breed of pigs of the greasy direction of productivity was bred by the method of complex reproductive crossing of local short-eared black-and-white pigs with Berkshires, medium, large white breed of pigs and, to a lesser extent, with large black and Tamworth’s. Improvement of the breed is carried out at the expense of boars of foreign and domestic selection, in particular, pietrain, Belarusian black and white, large black breed. A prerequisite for preserving the gene pool of local breeds is pure-bred breeding with an outbred type of selection.

Estimating Dairy Young Stock Rearing Cost of Different Management Systems in Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia

Background: Rearing young stock is costly, yet study on the economics of dairy young stock rearing in Malaysia is scarce. This study aims to determine the cost of rearing dairy young stock in different management system at the largest milk producer area located in Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia. Methods: A survey was conducted at 7 smallholders, 6 semi-commercial sand 1 commercial dairy farms between July and August 2019 to estimate costs of rearing young stock from birth until first calving age (FCA) with the average number of milking cows as 16±2.495, 40±3.256 and 1,303 heads, respectively and the average number of young stocks was 2±0.769, 14±4.578 and 2,221 heads, respectively. Only feed costs were estimated. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS software. Result: The average cost of rearing was RM4, 052 (USD1,000)/heifer across three different management systems, which were RM3,478 (USD858)/heifer in small scale, RM4,380 (USD1,081)/heifer) in semi-commercial and RM4,300 (USD1,061)/ heifer) in commercial farms.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ КОРМОВЫХ ДОБАВОК НА АКТИВНОСТЬ ФЕРМЕНТОВ ХИМУСА И ПЛАЗМЫ КРОВИ МОЛОДНЯКА ИСХОДНЫХ ЛИНИЙ МЯСНЫХ КУР

The research aimed to determine the effect of a mixture of low molecular weight organic acids and complex phytobiotics when replacing a feed antibiotic with them on the activity of digestive enzymes in the duode-nal chyme and the activity of pancreatic enzymes in the blood plasma of young stock B5 and B9 meat chicken lines. The experiments were carried out on the original lines of meat poultry lines B5 (Cornish) and B9 (Plymouth rock). There was an operation to insert a cannula into the duodenum at the age of 6 weeks. The enzymatic activity of the duodenum chyme and the content of pancreatic enzymes in the blood plasma in the groups of chickens receiving antibiotics, low molecular weight organic acids, and phytobiotics with the diet. The data showed that the influence of feed additives on the physiological status of poultry was different. The use of low molecular weight organic acids of the B5 and B9 chicken lines had a significant effect on the production of digestive enzymes due to an increase in the activity of chyme lipase (by 98.3%) and blood plasma lipase (by 26.6%) in B9 chickens and an increase in chyme proteases (by 30.9%) in B5 chickens compared with the control group, where the antibiotic was used. The introduction of complex phytobiotics into the diet had a negative effect on chickens of the B5 line (Cornish), reducing the activity of amylase and lipase of the duodenal chyme (by 29.2 and 26.9%) compared with the control group. In B9 (Plymouth rock) chickens, only the chyme amylase activity increased by 30.8% that indicates an improvement in the availability of feed carbohydrates. These data confirm the need to take into account the different effects of feed additives on the digestion processes in different poultry crosses.

SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY OF MICROENCAPSULATED PROBIOTIC DRUG “ENZYMSPORINE WITH TRYPSIN” AND ITS APPLICATION IN PIG PRODUCTION

The rationale for the study is explained by the fact that regular application of probiotic feeding supplements in pig breeding positively influences the growth and development of young stock, in particular, increases mean daily weight gain, normalizes the performance of the gastrointestinal tract and enforces the resistance of the organism. For this reason, a microencapsulated probiotic drug ―Enzymsporine withtrypsin‖ was developed in the facilities of Kursk State Agricultural Academy (Kursk, Russia). The authors studied the drug’s biological safety. The main method of the study of biological safety of the drug was the study of its subchronic toxicity that would allow for the production trials of this drug on agricultural animals. The article presents the experimental data obtained during the tests on Wistar rats.The tests on rats showed that new encapsulated probiotic drug ―Enzymsporine with trypsin‖ was safe in the doses that exceeded the recommended for the application in animal farming by 2 and 10 times. This provided perspectives for the application of this drug in animal production for the optimization of metabolism, an increase in the mass of animals, and the safety of meat products for humans.

The occurrence of methicillin-resistant non-aureus staphylococci in samples from cows, young stock, and the environment on German dairy farms

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of methicillin-resistant (MR) non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) on 20 preselected German dairy farms. Farms were selected based on the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during previous diagnostic investigations. Bacterial culture of presumptive MR-NAS was based on a 2-step enrichment method that has been recommended for MRSA detection. Quarter milk samples (QMS), bulk tank milk, swab samples from young stock, and environmental samples were collected for bacterial culture. Methicillin-resistant NAS were detected on all study farms. The MR-NAS positive test rate was 3.3% (77/2,347) in QMS, 42.1% (8/19) in bulk tank milk, 29.1% (59/203) in nasal swabs from milk-fed calves, 18.3% (35/191) in postweaning calves, and 7.3% (14/191) in nasal swabs from prefresh heifers. In the environment, MR-NAS were detected in dust samples on 25% (5/20) of the dairy farms as well as in teat liners and suckers from automatic calf feeders. The geometric mean somatic cell count in QMS affected by MR-NAS (183,000 cells/mL) was slightly higher compared with all QMS (114,000 cells/mL). Nine MR-NAS species were identified; Staph. sciuri, Staph. lentus, Staph. fleurettii, Staph. epidermidis, and Staph. haemolyticus were the most common species. In addition, 170 NAS isolates were identified that showed reduced cefoxitin susceptibility (4 mg/L) but did not harbor the mecA or mecC genes. On some farms, similar mobile genetic elements were detected in MR-NAS and MRSA. It was suggested that resistance genes may be transferred between NAS and Staph. aureus on the respective farms.

Innovative approaches to breeding in the dairy industry

The article presents a study of the economic aspects of the dairy cattle artificial insemination use, including the sexed semen use. The authors’ classification of the breeding types is proposed, including on the insemination types basis and the used breeding material. The study aim is to determine the economic parameters of the dairy cattle artificial insemination system based on the use of foreign selection bulls sexed semen. Within the framework of this, the following tasks were solved: - foreign and domestic experience of using sexized semen was studied; - the breeding types classification has been developed; - production experience was carried out in the Samara region conditions; - the economic parameters of various scenarios for the dairy cattle use obtained using sexed semen have been determined. When considering the profitable part of the experiment, two scenarios were considered: - growing replacement young stock for pedigree sale to third-party organizations; - an increase in livestock for the commercial milk production. The profit from the implementation of the first scenario (the use of sperm divided by sex in the pedigree young stock sale) will amount to 7951.9 thousand rubles. The second scenario final profit, taking into account the first year production, will amount to 13026.8 thousand rubles. With further use in the production of this cattle, the additional income amount will increase by 4131.0 thousand rubles yearly. The maximum increase in the business economic efficiency (all other things being equal) is provided by the sexed semen technology use, which makes it possible to double the offspring of heifers and accordingly milk production. It makes possible to reach the farm breakeven point even without taking into account the payments of budgetary funds under the state support program.

Prevalence of tick infestation of sheep and goats in Bui and Donga-Mantung Divisions of the North West Region of Cameroon

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, intensity and management systems associated with tick infestation in sheep and goats from Bui and Donga-Mantung Divisions. A total of 704 animals consisting of 342 males and 362 females (463 adults and 241 young (kids/lambs) were physically examined for tick infestation, of which 383 were goats and 321 sheep aged 5 months to 7 years. Of the 704 animals examined, 651 were found positive with one or more ticks giving an overall prevalence of 92.5%. The highest prevalence was recorded in sheep (99.4%) while 86.7% was recorded in goats. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the prevalence and intensity of tick infestation of these ruminants in the study area. The overall intensity of infestation or tick burden was 1302 with the highest intensity observed in Boophilus geygei (416). Six species of ticks were identified which were Boophilus geygei, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma truncatum and Haemophysalis laechi with a high prevalence recorded for Boophilus geygei (29.5%) and the least recorded for Haemophysalis laechi (8.4%). Adults and females were the most infested compared to young stock and male animals. Concerning the various management techniques, the prevalence of tick infestation was higher in tethered animals (97.8%), followed by free-range grazing animals (89.8%). Animals confined in paddocks had the least prevalence (71.6%). This study provides an important step to reduce animal infestation and minimize economic losses in sheep and goats by providing information that will help farmers of these areas to use strategic treatment methods and medicinal plants to reduce parasite infestations on the animals and also to practice the right traditional management techniques

Effect of Body Weight and Growth in Early Life on the Reproductive Performances of Holstein Heifers

In Italy most dairy cows produce milk for cheese manufacture and are farmed in intensive systems, with free stall barns, milking parlor or robotic milking, total mixed ration and no (or limited) access to pasture. The main objective for farmers is to maximize farm income and minimize farm costs by adopting strategies and ‘best practices’ in the early life of heifers. Monitoring body weight (BW) and fertility of young stock is fundamental to ensure good performances in future dairy cows and to enhance farm profit. In this study BW (kg) and average daily gain (ADG, kg/d) recorded at different stages in early life of 382 Holstein calves were used to estimate associations with fertility traits. Data consisted of BW at birth (BW0), three BWs (BW1, BW2, and BW3) recorded in three phases of calf’s early life, ADG in the three phases (ADGI, ADGII, and ADGIII), ADG of the entire period (ADGI-III), number of services per pregnancy (NS), and age at first calving (AFC). As expected, the four BWs were positively correlated to each. In general, heavier calves were characterized by better fertility compared to lighter calves. Monitoring BW and ADG in replacement heifers starting from the early age is recommended to improve NS and AFC at farm level and could be useful to set up genetic improvement programs. Future studies will benefit from the addition of milk-related traits and the increase of sample size (number of farms).

ПОЕДАЕМОСТЬ ПАСТБИЩНЫХ КОРМОВ И ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬ ДОЙНЫХ ВЕРБЛЮДОМАТОК-ДРОМЕДАРОВ ПИТАТЕЛЬНЫМИ ВЕЩЕСТВАМИ

The aim of the research is to determine the amount and nutritional value of pasture forage eaten by dromedary camels on saltwort pastures. As the results of the experiments showed, adult female camels consumed, on average, over three years, 19.2 kg of sagebrush-saltwort-herb pasture pasture food of the above-described saltwort pasture with an initial moisture content of 35.7% and a nutritional value of 0.44 feed units, 4.96 MJ of exchange energy , 50 g digestible protein, 2.92 g calcium, 0.73 g phosphorus and 27 mg carotene in 1 kg of pasture feed at natural moisture. Adult single female camels with live weight in the range of 530-550 kg in the indicated amount of pasture forage (19.2 kg) consumed an average of 12.29 kg of dry matter, which contained 8.45 forage units, 95.23 MJ of metabolizable energy, 960 g of digestible protein, 56.06 g of calcium, 14.01 g of phosphorus and 518.4 mg of carotene. The actual provision in digestible protein was 115.8%, as they consume 960 g at a rate of 829 g, which indicates good grazing and forage conditions of saltwort pastures. The indicated feeding level of single female camels provided the animals with the average daily gain of 670 g. On a similar type of saltwort pastures, a 1.5 year old young camel stock with an average live weight of 265 kg consumed about 11.5 kg of pasture forage, which contained 7.36 kg of dry matter, 5.06 forage units, 57.04 MJ of metabolizable energy , 575 g of digestible protein, 33.6 g of calcium, 8.4 g of phosphorus, and 310 mg of carotene. At the same time, the average daily gain of the experimental young stock for the grazing period is 620 g.

Economic analysis of the use of in vitro produced embryos transferred during heat stress under dairy herd constraints

The use of embryo transfer helps to improve reproductive performance during periods of heat stress. In vitro produced embryo transfer (IVP-ET) is more expensive than artificial insemination. We hypothesized that the value IVP-ET in seasonal herds depends on herd constraints, such as the maximum number of milking cows and the maximum number of calvings that can be accommodated throughout the year. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate how profitability in dairy herds exposed to summer heat stress is affected by the number of months in which IVP-ET is used, the use of IVP-ET in repeat-breeder cows, IVP-ET cost, and herd constraints. We built and used a nonlinear programming model of a dairy herd with young stock and cows with monthly Markov Chain transitions. The model varied the number of heifers calving in each calendar month to maximize herd profitability. We varied IVP-ET cost ($100 or $200), duration of the IVP-ET program (2 or 4 months), and the breeding number in which IVP-ET started (1st or 3rd). In total, 20 scenarios were simulated. Maximum profitability was obtained when IVP-ET was not used, regardless of herd constraints. The 16 scenarios in which IVP-ET was used showed increased seasonality in milk yield, numbers of milking cows, total cows, total calvings, and heifer calvings because the program tried to limit the number of IVP-ET breedings in the summer. The addition of the calving constraint increased the value of IVP-ET. The breakeven cost per IVP-ET ranged from −$6.79 to $24.38 compared with conventional semen cost of $20. In conclusion, the current market costs of IVP-ET did not warrant application with the objective to increase reproductive performance during heat stress. Herd constraints on the maximum allowable seasonality in the monthly number of milking cows and calvings affected the value of IVP-ET during heat stress.

Growth and development indices of Aberdeen-Angus bulls originating from sires of different body types

The purpose of this work was to establish the characteristics of growth, exterior, payment for feed by gain in live weight among young Aberdeen-Angus breed, originating from bulls of different body types. Hammer LLC of Karachay-Cherkessia conducted the experiment: from the offspring of 4 large bulls and 3 small bulls of the Aberdeen-Angus breed, 14 bulls were selected in each group. The investigation results on the intensive rearing of different young stock from weaning to 18 months of age showed that large-type bulls were superior to small-type bulls in terms of growth rate and better payment for feed by gain in live weight. At the age of 18 months, bulls from large-type parents reached a weight of 442 kg, and from small ones - 413 kg. These differences are statistically significant (P > 0.99) for the period from weaning to one and a half years old bulls, originating from bulls of a large type spent 8.1 EFU per 1 kg of gain, and bulls originating from bulls of a small type – 8.4 EFU.

Economic efficiency of the use of dwarf pine and lichen in the diets of young cattle in the conditions of the Magadan region

For the first time, in the conditions of the Magadan Region, studies were carried out on the use of a feed additive (FA) prepared from dwarf pine (mountainpine) in combination with lichens in feeding young cattle of the Holstein breed and crossbred young animals of the Golstein and Hereford breeds. Over the period of the experiment, the absolute increase of the experimental bulls exceeded the indicators of the control groups: young Holstein breed by 2.15 kg (0.58%), hybrids by 6.35 kg (1.51%). The relative growth rate of experimental bulls according to Brody was higher than that of bulls in the control groups: bulls of the Holstein breed by 0.12%, crossbreeds by 0.77%. The use of crossing low-productivity dairy cattle with bulls of meat breeds makes it possible to obtain interbred hybrid animals of the I and II generations. The production of beef from crossbred young stock is characterized by greater economic efficiency in comparison with the fattening of super-renovated young Holstein breed. In the experimental group of a hybrid of the Holstein and Hereford breeds of the 1st generation, this indicator was 7.2 energy feed units (EFU), which is 7.7% lower than in the control one, and 13.25% lower than in the experimental group of the Holstein breed.

МЯСНОЕ СКОТОВОДСТВО В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БУРЯТИЯ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article considers one of the main directions of increasing the level of food security of the country at the present time – the development of specialized beef cattle breeding, which contributes to an increase in pro- duction volumes in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the development of the beef catle breeding industry; it is recommended to take measures to increase the production of beef meat in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. Methods used: static, comparison, deductive analysis with a monographic survey, and also used logical, static, mathematical methods of information processing. The natural and climatic conditions of the republic are characterized as extreme, which increase costs, require disproportionately significant costs for the production of crop products, necessitate an increase in feed for the production of live- stock products, due to a long stall period and low negative temperatures determine its high cost. For the development of pedigree farms engaged in beef cattle breeding, the following measures will be taken: creation of stations for testing pedigree bulls on the basis of cows’ own productivity. Beef cattle breeding in the Republic of Buryatia is the most labor-intensive industry with a long payback period, therefore this sector is underdeveloped. The main problems of beef cattle breeding: the lack of high-value breeding bulls, the technology of dairy and beef cattle breeding is carried out on an extensive basis, and the low potential of livestock productivity. The following activities will take place. Measures to increase the production of high-quality beef: formation of a breeding base for beef cattle breeding based on the provision of differentiated subsidies for the maintenance of broodstock of beef cattle according to the “cow-calf” system in breeding plants and pedigree reproducers; purchase of pedigree young stock of specialized meat breeds.

INFLUENCE OF PARATYPIC PARAMETERS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF BREEDING OF HEIFERS

The article examines the effectiveness of heifers under the influence of paratypic parameters. Parameters of efficiency of heifers at the “Gontarivka” breeding facility were 1.2153 times worse than the indicators at “Profintern” breeding facility in 2018; for 2019 - 1.3449 times and for 2020 - 1.2372 times. Multicriteria analysis takes into account such parameters as the age of the first insemination and the number of heads in the insemination groups. It was found a special advantage of soybean meal usage according to the considered criteria when it was 0.0119 and for sunflower meal – 2.3697 times less. The probable influence of the year on the growing intensity of young stock (p<0.001) was established. Thus, the strength of the influence of this parameter in the breeding facility “Gontarivka” was 0.8%, in “Kutuzivka” breeding facility it was 4.1% and in “Stepne” breeding facility it was 1.8%. The growth rate of heifers during the study period in all farms changed slightly. The increase in the average daily weight gain between 2018 and 2021 in the “Gontarivka” breeding facility was 124 g, in the “Kutuzivka” - 164 g and in the “Stepne” - 27 g (p <0.001). The same patterns in changes in average daily increments over the years in all farms indicate their dependence on climatic conditions of the season. The dynamics of changes in the growth of heifers depending on their age was also determined, the strength of which was 5.26% in “Gontarivka”, 7.43% in “Kutuzivka” and 7.43% in “Stepne” (p <0.001). The average daily weight gain also depended on the average monthly air temperature. The strength of the impact of this factor was 17.7% in “Gontarivka”, 13.6% in “Kutuzivka” and 9.6% in “Stepne” (p <0.001). Analysis of the dynamics of changes in average daily weight gain for the whole period showed that in the summer with increasing air temperature decreased. Conversely, in winter, when keeping heifers indoors, the average daily gain increased. The correlation coefficient between the growth of heifers and the average monthly temperature in "Gontarivka" was negative (r = -0.159, p <0.001), and with the age of animals - positive (r = +0.039, p <0.01). For “Kutuzivka”, the values of the coefficients in the direction of communication did not differ and amounted to -0.159 (p <0.001) and +0.190 (p <0.001), respectively. According to the data of animal development of the State Enterprise "Stepne" positive correlations of growth with the age of heifers (r = +0.187, p <0.001) and with the average monthly air temperature (r = +0.151, p <0.01). Based on the results of calculations, models for forecasting average daily increments for experimental farms have been developed.

Beef Production Efficiency Gains through Commercial Herd Crossbreeding

The objective of the work was to study the beef production efficiency through intensive rearing and fattening of Simmental and crossbred bull calves. The bull calves were divided into three groups of 15 animals each in order to carry out the survey. The first (control) group involved purebred Simmental bull calves. The second group consisted of young stock produced via crossbreeding Simmental cows with German Simmental beef bulls. The third group was formed from crosses of Simmental cows with Charolais bulls. The animals of the second and third groups were characterized by lower feed costs per 1 kg liveweight gain, comprising 8.5 and 8.1 EFU, respectively, while the feed utilization efficiency for the bull calves of the first group comprised 8.7 EFU. These factors affected the profitability of beef production. Thus, the level of profitability of rearing the Charolais crosses reached 20.7%, which was 6.8 and 3% higher than that in the bull calves of groups one and two, respectively. Fattening to the age of 18 months contributed to a significant increase in the carcass fat mass. Therefore, the protein-to-fat ratio comprised 1 : 084, 1 : 0.75, and 1 : 068 for the groups in ascending order of their numbers. Under intensive rearing and fattening systems, Simmental bull calves of group one gained the target beef quality up to the age of 15 months. The practice of fattening the crossbred bull calves of groups two and three up to the age of 18 months has proved that their meat gains the target protein-to-fat ratio, while the meat of bull calves of the maternal breed should be considered over-fat beef, since the fat content exceeds the standard recommendations. The intensive system of rearing and fattening the Simmental bull calves up to the age of 15 months and the Simmental crosses with the German Simmental beef breed and the Charolais breed up to the age of 18 months can ensure the production of heavy carcasses with the target quality beef.

The potentiality of phytoprophylactic correction of immunodeficiency conditions in agricultural animals

The paper presents the results of feeding dairy cattle with vitamin-herbal flour from safflower leuzea, sandy sainfoin and meadow clover in order to improve metabolic processes in the body and reproductive function of cows. Zootechnical and veterinary sciences provide for the implementation and development of progressive modern technologies for the production of livestock products and raw materials. In line with the ongoing state policy of import substitution, the need of increasing the production food products, cow's milk and beef meat being of special importance. To ensure sustainable growth in the livestock and productivity of cattle, it is necessary to have healthy purebred young stock. In 2016-2020 in the Perm Region, at livestock farms of all categories non-infectious pathology of the digestive system was recorded in cattle in 42-44% of cases, including 76,7% of cases in young animals, based on the Form 2-vet data. The analysis of the incidence of respiratory diseases in cattle in the Perm Region showed that respiratory diseases of calves are widespread (25-31% of the total number of patients with non-communicable diseases). This pathology is difficult at the age of transition to group keeping of animals. Despite the extensive arsenal of immunomodulators of natural and synthetic origin accumulated in recent decades, the question of finding the most active, environmentally friendly means remains relevant. Under conditions of modern dairy farming, the use of various feed additives, premixes, probiotic preparations, including dry plant raw materials as vitamin-herbal flour, has become widespread in animal feeding, providing a high level of productivity and reducing the cost of metabolic energy per unit of production and the safety of young animals. The research results can be used in the selection of perennial grasses, in the fields of seed growing and fodder production, when feeding animals in farms of any form of ownership.

PARAMETERS OF QUALITY IN CONCENTRATED FEEDS OF PLANT ORIGIN AND THEIR VARIABILITY

The qualitative parameters of the major components of feeds of plant origin (grain fodder, meals) have been studied. In terms of nutritional value and safety, barley, wheat, sunflower and soybean meal turned out to be the most suitable for inclusion in the composition of mixed feed for farm animals young stock. The limits of variability of each quality parameter under control (limits, coefficient of variation, mean value) are defined, and monitored parameters of priority are determined.

Day-old chicken quality and performance of broiler chickens from 3 different hatching systems

In on-farm hatching systems, eggs are transported at d 18 of incubation to the broiler farm, where chickens have immediate access to feed and water after hatching. In hatchery-fed systems, newly hatched chickens have immediate access to feed and water in the hatchery and are transported to the farm thereafter. Conventionally hatched chickens can remain without access to feed and water up to 72 h after hatching until placement on the farm. The current study compared day-old chicken quality, performance, and slaughter yield of broiler chickens that were on-farm hatched (OH), hatchery-fed (HF), or conventionally hatchery-hatched (HH). The experiment was performed in 6 rooms in 1 house. Each room contained 2 duplicate pens with approximately 1,155 chickens per pen; 2 rooms with each 2 duplicate pens were assigned to 1 treatment. The experiment was repeated during 3 consecutive production cycles. Chickens originated from young parent stock flocks. Results showed that HF and OH chickens were heavier and longer than HH chickens at day (D) 1. Relative weight of stomach and intestines were highest for OH chickens. The OH chickens had worse day-old chicken quality in terms of navel condition and red hocks than HH and HF chickens. Treatments did not differ in first wk and total mortality. From D0 until slaughter age, body weight was highest for OH, followed by HF and HH. Furthermore, carcass weight at slaughter age (D40) was highest for OH chickens, followed by HF and HH chickens. Breast fillets showed a higher incidence of white striping and wooden breast in HF and OH chickens compared with HH chickens. In conclusion, the current study showed that both OH and HF chickens of young parent flocks had better growth performance, which could explain the higher prevalence of breast myopathies, compared with HH. The worse day-old chicken quality for OH compared with HH and HF does not seem to affect first wk mortality and later life performance.

BIOLOGICAL AND ADAPTIVE ABILITIES OF YOUNG CATTLE OF HEREFORD AND ABERDEEN-ANGUS BREEDS AND THEIR CROSS-BREEDS IN ARID TERRITORIES OF WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

In recent years, there has been a persistent anomalous development of the climate. As a result of which pastures have been scorched, the yield of hayfields has sharply decreased, and temperature drops have been observed. In these conditions, the scientifically grounded choice of the breed and the creation of new genotypes adapted to local conditions and market requirements is an urgent problem. The object of the study were young stock (bulls-calves, heifer calves) and adult cattle (cows) of the Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, and Kazakh whiteheaded breeds and young cattle cross-breeds of Hereford and Aberdeen-Angus bulls with scrub cattle. The article presents the analysis and determination of the breed resources of beef cattle for obtaining environmentally-safe beef. The study was conducted to establish the degree of adaptation of non-Kazakhstani beef breeds to the natural and climatic conditions of the West Kazakhstan region. Cross-bred animals had more pronounced adaptive properties in terms of hair cover and hair structure of the 1st and 2nd control groups. Simultaneously, in terms of main parameters of changes in hair cover and hair structure, purebred animals of the Hereford and Aberdeen-Angus breeds of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, in general, were characterized by rather good adaptive properties depending on changes in the external environment. The data on the biochemical composition of blood indicated the normal physiological state of animals of all groups. They showed good adaptive capabilities to the sharply continental climate of the steppes and semidesert of West Kazakhstan in animals of all groups.

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ВОСПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА СВИНОМАТОК В УСЛОВИЯХ ООО «БАШКИРСКАЯ МЯСНАЯ КОМПАНИЯ»

The article provides material on determining the influence of some technological factors and the genotype of pigs in the main herd on the reproductive qualities of sows. Analysis of the breeding campaign in IC 2 "Mirny" LLC "Bashkir Meat Company" for 2017-2019. showed that the number of cases during the analyzed period increased by 1.6%, incl. for the main queens - by 10.3%, and for the checked ones, on the contrary, decreased by 21.3%. In general, analyzing the productivity of the broodstock of SK 2 "Mirny" LLC "Bashkir Meat Company", it can be noted that in 2019 12256 farrows were received, of which 79.7% - from the main queens and 20.3% - from the checked sows. The average fertility of queens for the breeds raised was 15.0 heads, incl. in the main queens - 15.4 heads, in the tested queens - 13.4 heads. The greatest multiple (16.1 heads) was revealed in purebred breeding of the Yorkshire breed. The average large-sized piglets in the complex is 1.38 kg, the survival rate for weaning is 93.1%, and the yield of business piglets is 13.6 heads. It has been established that the reproductive qualities of sows are relatively stable throughout the year, which is associated with the maintenance of an optimal microclimate in the livestock premises of the pig complex. When receiving marketable fattening young stock, preference should be given to parental genotypes YxJ, YxL.