Young's Modulus Research Articles

Sustainable Gelatin‐Based Nanocomposite Packaging Films with Enhanced Physical Properties and Inherent Recyclability

AbstractGelatin‐based composite films with enhanced physical and barrier performance are attractive for food packaging applications due to their potential to address critical challenges in the food packaging industry. This study presents gelatin‐based nanocomposite films reinforced with Ti3C2Tx MXene, developed through solution casting and optimized for food packaging applications. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirm that MXene nanoplatelets interacted with gelatin through the formation of hydrogen bonds. A homogeneous distribution of MXene in the gelatin matrix is observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in‐plane alignment of MXene is observed by SEM and is quantitatively demonstrated by polarized Raman spectroscopy. The Young's modulus and tensile strength of the films increased from 1.17 to 1.6 GPa and from 39.2 to 48.4 MPa, respectively, with 0.75 wt.% MXene, while the inclusion of MXene nanoplatelets proves highly effective at blocking UV light transmission. The water and oxygen permeability of the films are considerably reduced while composites display a hydrophobic behavior. Quite importantly, the produced films exhibit outstanding recyclability making them a compelling alternative to traditional packaging materials and addressing environmental concerns in the packaging industry.

Nanoindentation study of PbMoO4 single crystals: mechanical properties and implications for applications

Abstract Nanomechanical properties of lead molybdate (PbMoO4) single crystal were investigated using nanoindentation measurements. The force-dependent Young’s modulus and hardness of PbMoO4 along the [100] direction was determined using the Oliver–Pharr method. As the applied force increased, hardness and young modulus values decreased. This behavior was referred to the indentation size effect (ISE). The force-dependent plots were analyzed using proportional specimen resistance model and true hardness value was determined as 1.84 GPa. As a result of increasing the applied force from 5 to 100 mN, the Young modulus decreased from 81.7 to 60.2 GPa. The dependencies of plastic and elastic deformation components were also reported in the present study. It was seen that plastic deformation is the dominant component. The findings suggest that PbMoO4 is relatively soft material and can be considered as a promising material for mechanical and optoelectronics applications that require revealed hardness and Young’s modulus values.

Study of hygrothermal environment impact on the vibration behavior of thick nanocomposite beams reinforced with multilayer Graphene Nanoplatelet

This paper aims to investigate the free vibration of a multilayer piezo-electric beam strengthened with functionally graded graphene platelets (FG-GPLRC) and subjected to a consistent increase in temperature and humid external loads. Graphene platelets (GPLs) are supposed to be dispersed either uniformly or layerwise form in the polymeric matrix, with a variety of patterns configurations taken into consideration. The rule of mixing is employed to evaluate Poisson's ratio and mass density features. In order to estimate the efficient Young's modulus, the modifier Halpin-Tsai model has been employed. The whole system of governing equations for motion were achieved by exploiting Hamilton’s concept based on Timoshenko beam theory (TBT). After that, these equations were solved using the Navier analytical solution-based Fourier series with high accuracy. Next, to examine the effects of several elements, including graphene weight percentage and their distribution shape, length by thickness ratio, externally provided thermal-humidity fields, on the dynamic of nanocomposite reinforced beams.

Influence of clinical risk factors for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) on the elastic strength of fetal membranes at term: A prospective study.

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) before 37 weeks of gestation is a common obstetrical event, whose pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Our objective was to study the mechanical strength of fetal membranes in women with a clinical risk factor for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). We included, in a prospective, descriptive, single-center study, patients scheduled for cesarean section at term (≥ 37 weeks of gestation). For each patient, we performed uniaxial tensile tests on fetal membranes with a universal testing machine equipped with a force sensor (EZ20®, Lloyds), allowing the recording of an applied force/time curve. We collected maximum force (Fmax), maximum stress (σMax), and Young's modulus of elasticity. The thickness of each membrane sample was also measured. We compared the values obtained according to certain clinical risk factors for PPROM such as age, body mass index, gravidity, parity, a history of PPROM or preterm birth, smoking, gestational diabetes, geographic origin, and socioeconomic level. We analyzed 31 patients and found no association between the studied risk factors and σMax. Fmax was lower in primiparous patients (p = 0.02) but increased with patient parity (p = 0.005). Gestational diabetes was associated with a higher Fmax (p = 0.033) and sub-Saharan geographical origin with a greater thickness (p = 0.0043). As membrane thickness increased, σMax (p = 0.009) and Young's modulus decreased (p = 0.037). Primiparous patients have lower membrane mechanical strength than patients who have had one or more deliveries. Mechanically, the thicker membranes are less rigid and less resistant.

Evaluating the Impact of Sample Irregularities on the Dynamic Stiffness of Polyurethane: Insights from Experimental and FEM Analysis.

This study investigates the dynamic stiffness and damping characteristics of three polyurethane materials-PM, PS, and PST-using a comprehensive vibroacoustic testing approach. The aim is to examine material parameters such as dynamic stiffness, Young's modulus, critical damping factor, and the influence of sample irregularities on the accuracy of measurements. The study employs both experimental testing, in which cuboidal and cylindrical polyurethane samples were subjected to sinusoidal excitation, and finite element modeling (FEM) to simulate the test conditions in sample without irregularities. Results indicate that sample contact surface irregularities (even as low as ~0.04 mm) significantly impact the measured dynamic stiffness, with the effect intensifying for materials with higher Young's modulus values (above 5 MPa). Furthermore, cylindrical samples demonstrated more stable and repeatable measurements compared to cuboidal samples, where surface irregularities were tested in a more controlled environment. The findings underscore the need to consider sample geometry and irregularities in dynamic stiffness assessments to ensure better material evaluations. This work contributes valuable insights for the accurate modeling and testing of materials used in vibration isolation and sound insulation contexts.

The influence of firn layer material properties on surface crevasse propagation in glaciers and ice shelves

Abstract. Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) models have been used to estimate crevasse depths in glaciers and to represent iceberg calving in ice sheet models. However, existing LEFM models assume glacier ice to be homogeneous and utilize the mechanical properties of fully consolidated ice. Using depth-invariant properties is not realistic as the process of compaction from unconsolidated snow to firn to glacial ice is dependent on several environmental factors, typically leading to a lower density and Young's modulus in upper surface strata. New analytical solutions for longitudinal-stress profiles are derived using depth-varying properties based on borehole data from the Ronne Ice Shelf and are used in an LEFM model to determine the maximum penetration depths of an isolated crevasse in grounded glaciers and floating ice shelves. These maximum crevasse depths are compared to those obtained for homogeneous glacial ice, showing the importance of including the effect of the upper unconsolidated firn layers on crevasse propagation. The largest reductions in the penetration depth ratio were observed for shallow grounded glaciers, with variations in Young's modulus being more influential than firn density (maximum differences in crevasse depth of 46 % and 20 %, respectively), whereas firn density changes resulted in an increase in penetration depth for thinner floating ice shelves (95 %–188 % difference in crevasse depth between constant and depth-varying properties). Thus, our study shows that the firn layer can increase the vulnerability of ice shelves to fracture and calving, highlighting the importance of considering depth-dependent firn layer material properties in LEFM models for estimating crevasse penetration depths and predicting rift propagation.

Cell-cycle and Age-Related Modulations of Mouse Chromosome Stiffness.

Chromosome structure is complex, and many aspects of its organization remain poorly understood. Measuring chromosome stiffness offers valuable insight into their structural properties. In this study, we analyzed the stiffness of chromosomes from metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes. Our results revealed a ten-fold increase in stiffness (Young's modulus) of MI chromosomes compared to somatic chromosomes. Furthermore, the stiffness of MII chromosomes was lower than that of MI chromosomes. We examined the role of meiosis-specific cohesin complexes in regulating chromosome stiffness. Surprisingly, chromosomes from three meiosis-specific cohesin mutants exhibited stiffness comparable to that of wild-type chromosomes, indicating that these cohesins are not the primary determinants of chromosome stiffness. Additionally, our findings revealed an age-related increase in chromosome stiffness in MI oocytes. Since aging is associated with elevated levels of DNA damage, we investigated the impact of etoposide-induced DNA damage on oocyte chromosome stiffness and found that it led to a reduction in MI chromosome stiffness. Overall, our study underscores the dynamic and cyclical nature of chromosome stiffness, modulated by both the cell cycle and age-related factors.

Analysis of the Thermomechanical Behavior of SiC/Si/TiSi<sub>2</sub> Cermets Manufactured with Waste Wood from Capirona and Capinuri Peruvian Species

This study analyzes the thermomechanical behavior of SiC/Si/TiSi2 cermets manufactured from Peruvian wood waste of the Capirona and Capinuri species. A sustainable manufacturing process was used that uses sawdust as a precursor. The mechanical properties under compression and the elastic modulus of the cermets were characterized from room temperature to 1400°C. At room temperature, the values achieved exceed 500 MPa in both cermets, with the Capinuri precursor being slightly higher in maximum compressive strength with 691 MPa, but in elastic modulus, the Capirona cermet has a rigidity of 159 GPa. At 500°C, the cermets showed a small reduction in their mechanical performance. At 1100°C, a decrease in strength was observed to 248 MPa for Capinuri and 292 MPa for Capirona and in Young's modulus to 85.18 GPa and 91.92 GPa respectively. At 1400°C, both cermets suffered a significant deterioration of their mechanical properties due to a presumed chemical degradation of the individual components. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using wood waste as precursors for the sustainable manufacturing of advanced composite materials, however, optimization of manufacturing parameters and processes should be considered to improve the performance and stability of this material.

Young's modulus identification via finite element model updating using full-field data from a 3-point bending test

High-temperature applications usually require refractory materials because of their thermal and physical properties. The mechanical design of structures with these materials demands their elastic properties to be well known. However, evaluating these data at high temperatures through common experimental methods such as strain gauges, not only generally furnishes single-point measurements but may also become impossible at higher temperatures due to the required contact with the specimen. Non-intrusive image-based techniques are thus welcome to overcome these limitations, allowing full-field displacement and strain measurements, calculated from images gathered with cameras placed far from the sample. In this context, the article aims to assess the Young's modulus of a refractory material by combining Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and a Finite Element Model Updating (FEMU) approach. DIC allows the computation of the displacement field over a region of interest for each loading level (i.e., acquired picture), enabling different parameter evaluations from a single test. Pictures are gathered through a camera setup in a three-point bending test, and the DIC analysis is performed in MATLAB with the Correli framework. The identification problem is modeled using the finite element software Abaqus and its Scripting Interface in Python. A sensitivity analysis is performed to ensure the successful identification of parameters. Then, the elastic parameters are iteratively updated until computational results match the experimental displacement field and the resultant reaction forces (FEMU-UF). Both displacement and force residue involving the comparison of the computational model and experimental results are discussed. It is shown that the richness of full-field measurements is helpful to identify different parameters from a single experiment.

Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Response in Epoxy Nanocomposites Reinforced with MXene and Other Carbon-Based Nano-Fillers: An Experimental and Numerical Study

This research introduces a finite element model tailored explicitly to assess the mechanical characteristics inherent in MXene/polymer nanocomposite. The primary focus revolves around elucidating the performance attributes through numerical simulations and subsequently aligning these findings with experimental data. The numerical analysis not only predicts mechanical behaviours but also aims to correlate these insights with experimental results obtained from fabricated epoxy nanocomposites within the study's scope. By employing this simulation-driven approach, the study investigates a deeper understanding of the mechanical response, particularly focusing on the materials' tensile properties. From the experimental results, the MXene/epoxy nanocomposite sample exhibited the highest tensile strength and modulus, measuring 50.1 MPa and 7.13 GPa, respectively. The simulation results were 50.08 MPa and 6.95 GPa, showing a difference of less than 3%. Small discrepancies in Young's modulus between the experimental and simulation results may arise from inherent sample heterogeneity. This heterogeneity, which includes microstructural variations, impurities, or defects, contrasts with the idealized homogeneous structures assumed in simulations. This research endeavours to advance predictive modelling techniques, offering valuable insights that can potentially streamline the manufacturing process and optimize MXene-based polymer composites. The goal is to tailor these materials with precise mechanical properties, ensuring their enhanced performance in various applications.

Ultrasound-based Eigenfrequency Analysis to Determine Material Parameters of Tissue Mimicking Phantoms

Abstract A modern area of research in cancer treatment is magnetic drug targeting (MDT) with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). In order to understand the processes involved in MDT in more detail and to be able to perform this therapy as efficiently as possible, a monitoring system for the spatial distribution of SPIONs in biological tissue is required. One approach is to use magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) to monitor the spatial distribution over time. However, the spatial distribution of SPIONs cannot be quantitatively determined applying basic MMUS algorithms. Therefore, MMUS has been extended by a simulation part to quantitatively determine the spatial distribution of SPIONs. This extended MMUS algorithm requires the material parameters and the geometry of the target tumorous tissue. In this contribution, we describe an ultrasound-based eigenfrequency analysis combined with an iterative inverse simulation-based method to determine the mechanical parameter Young's modulus of tissue mimicking phantoms. The presented approach yields a good estimate of the Young's modulus compared to the result from a compression test.

Improving properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol films using cashew nut testa extract: potential applications in food packaging.

Cashew nut testa, a by-product of cashew nut processing, is abundant in phenolic compounds and exhibits strong antioxidant properties, making it a potential additive for enhancing the antioxidant properties of biodegradable films used in food packaging. This study explores the fabrication of biodegradable chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol films incorporating varying concentrations of cashew nut testa extract (CNTE; 0, 1, 2 and 3% v/v) and evaluates their physical, structural, mechanical, optical and antioxidant properties. The results demonstrate that increasing extract concentration generally increased the thickness, tensile strength, Young's modulus, thermal stability and antioxidant capacity of the films, while reducing the moisture content, swelling degree, elongation at break, and light transmittance. Specifically, the film with 3% extract showed approximately 11% lower moisture content and 31% lower swelling degree compared with the plain film. It also displayed the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus at 28.63 and 147.35 MPa, respectively. Microstructural analysis revealed that the incorporation of CNTE resulted in a smoother and slightly denser film structure. Antioxidant activity, determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, was not detected in the plain film but increased with increasing extract concentration. The film with 3% CNTE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of 58.93 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g-1 film. This study highlights the potential of CNTE as an effective edible additive for developing antioxidant and ultraviolet barrier films with improved mechanical strength and water resistance for food packaging applications.

Enhanced physicochemical and antifungal properties of starch bionanocomposites reinforced with nanocellulose and functionalized with AgNPs derived from cocoa bean shell.

This study explored the synergistic combination of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), eucalyptus-derived nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cassava starch to develop bionanocomposites with advanced properties suitable for sustainable and antifungal packaging applications. The influence of AgNPs synthesized through a green method using cocoa bean shell combined with varying concentrations of NFC were investigated. Morphological (scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy), optical (L*, C*, °hue, and opacity), chemical (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), mechanical (puncture force, tensile strength, and Young's modulus), rheological (flow curve and frequency sweeps, strain, and stress), barrier, and hydrophilicity properties (water vapor permeability, solubility, wettability, and contact angle), as well as the antifungal effect against pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Colletotrichum musae, and Fusarium semitectum), were analyzed. The morphological analysis indicated excellent interaction between the bionanocomposites constituents. The maximum NFC addition increased the tensile strength of the bionanocomposites by approximately 283.93 % (14.85 MPa) while Young's modulus also showed a significant increase of 303.03 % (417.14 MPa), indicating increased stiffness. Water vapor permeability of the materials decreased by approximately 47.89 %. The materials exhibited hydrophilic properties while maintaining low wettability. Furthermore, the bionanocomposites demonstrated pseudoplastic (Ȳ = 0.59) behavior and an inhibitory effect against fungal pathogens. In conclusion, these innovative materials have the potential to transform packaging technology by serving as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived polymers while simultaneously adding value to agro-industrial waste.

Tactile sensitivity to softness in virtual reality can increase when visual expectation and tactile feedback contradict each other

Objective. The perception of softness plays a key role in interactions with various objects, both in the real world and in virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) systems. The latter can be enriched with haptic feedback on virtual objects' softness to improve immersivity and realism. In such systems, visual expectation can influence tactile sensitivity to softness, as multisensory integration attempts to create a coherent perceptual experience. Nevertheless, expectation is sometimes reported to attenuate, and other times to enhance, perception. Elucidating how the perception of softness is affected by visual expectation in VR/AR is relevant not only to the neuropsychology and neuroscience of perception, but also to practical applications, such as VR/AR-based training or rehabilitation.Approach.Here, by using novel wearable tactile displays of softness previously described by us, we investigated how the sensitivity to softness in a visuo-tactile VR platform can be influenced by expectation. Twelve subjects were engaged in comparing the softness of pairs of virtual objects, familiar or not, with tactile feedback of softness and visual expectation either conflicting or not. The objects' Young's moduli were initially randomly selected from a large set, spanning two orders of magnitude (0.5, 2, 20, 50 and 100 MPa), and then their difference was iteratively reduced, to reach the just noticeable difference in softness.Main results.For the intermediate modulus, a conflict between tactile feedback and visual expectation caused a statistically significant increase in sensitivity.Significance.This finding supports the theory that there can be conditions in which contradictory stimuli strengthen attention (to resolve conflicting sensory information), which in turn can reverse the sensory silencing effect that expectation may otherwise have on perception.

Variable Contact Area‐Based Compressive Properties of Orally Self‐Disintegrating Puffs

ABSTRACTMilk protein‐rich, orally self‐disintegrating puffs were designed utilizing supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX) to address the needs of both infants and the elderly who require high protein foods and suffer from swallowing difficulties. The physio‐mechanical properties of the puffs need to be accurately evaluated as the physiological processes occurring in the mouth are quite complex. Generally, mastication is simulated through a compressive test that utilizes a constant contact area which does not well simulate the oral environment. Most snacks do not have a uniform shape and undergo a change in contact area during compressing leading to inaccurate predictions of the sample's response in the mouth. The objective of this study was to quantify the change in the contact area and its effect on compressive properties. Variable contact area was experimentally measured to provide an accurate estimation of the sample stress during testing. The sample's mean variable yield contact area was 43.1 mm2 while the constant yield contact area was significantly higher at 100.5 mm2 (p < 0.05). The relationship between the variable contact area and deformation was determined by fitting the data to a polynomial model (R2 = 0.99). From this relationship, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were evaluated. The Young's modulus values determined with variable contact area correlate well with each puff's corresponding disintegration time. The puffs have soaked Poisson's ratio values close to 1.00 indicating that these sample are deforming more like a liquid than a solid. Overall, the results showed that the variable contact area should be utilized when analyzing compressive properties to form accurate predictions of oral disintegration for extruded puffs to meet the needs of those who have difficulty swallowing.

Effect of thermoplastic starch/poly(lactic acid) weight fraction on phase morphology and performance of biodegradable blends and their jute fiber composites.

The present work investigates the phase morphology and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS)-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends and their jute fiber (JF) biocomposites. The TPS/PLA blends and TPS/PLA/JF composites were fabricated using a twin-screw extruder and then injection molded into the test specimens, varying the TPS/PLA weight fractions (80/20, 60/40, 40/60, and 20/80) while keeping the JF content constant (10wt%). At 80wt% TPS, the TPS/PLA blend showed a co-continuous structure, whereas the remaining blends (20, 40, and 60wt% TPS) exhibited a TPS droplets-PLA matrix structure. The TPS/PLA/JF composites displayed a PLA droplets-TPS matrix structure at 80wt% TPS, a co-continuous structure at 60wt% TPS, and a TPS droplets-PLA matrix structure at 20 and 40wt% TPS. Increasing the proportion of PLA increased the melt flow ability, tensile strength, Young's modulus, storage modulus, thermal stability, and water contact angle of the blends and composites. The addition of jute fibers altered the phase morphology of the blends, enhanced their strength and stiffness, increased PLA nucleation, and improved the TPS-PLA phase compatibility. The blends and composites herein exhibit great potential in developing environmentally friendly injection-molded products, such as stationery, toys, gardening supplies, etc.

Value of Shear Wave Elastography in the Evaluation of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global public health problem with eventual progression to end-stage renal disease which tends to increase kidney stiffness. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a recently developed ultrasound based technique which can be used to assess tissue stiffness noninvasively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential diagnostic value of SWE to assess renal parenchymal stiffness in CKD and its correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which may be used as a marker for detecting and staging CKD. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional ethics Committee at Kasturba medical college, Manipal and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study included 93 control subjects and 108 patients with CKD. SWE imaging was performed to assess renal cortical stiffness, as measured by the Young's modulus (YM). Correlations between SWE and conventional ultrasound parameters with age, serum creatinine, eGFR and serum urea were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were derived. The diagnostic performance of SWE correlated with serum creatinine levels and eGFR. We found a statistically significant difference in kidney stiffness values between healthy individuals and CKD patients. The Spearman correlation coefficient revealed moderate negative linear correlation between the YM measurements and eGFR. We obtained a YM measurement cut-off value of 4.43 kPa, a value less than or equal to this suggested a no diseased kidney. This yielded sensitivity and specificity of 92.6% and 80.6%, respectively, with an AUROC of 0.92. Our results demonstrated that shear wave elastography may provide a low-cost, non-invasive method for the morphological assessment and progression of the disease status in chronic kidney disease patients with CKD.

Effects of aging on the tensile strength and surface condition of orthodontic aligners: a comparative study of five models.

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of aging on tensile strength and surface condition of orthodontic aligners on days 0, 1, 5, 7, 10, and 14. The total sample of 80 aligners included five brands (Accusmile®, Angel®, GRAPHY®, Invisalign® and Suresmile®) were placed in a thermocycler to imitate the temperature variations of the oral cavity and accelerate aging for 50, 250, 350, 500, and 700 cycles. The mechanical tensile properties (Young's modulus E, yield strength YS, maximum elastic stress MES, Ultimate Tensile Strength UTS, and maximum stress MS) were measured by Universal Testing Machine at a rate of 5 mm of deformation per minute for 4 minutes. Microscopic observations were made under a voltage of 10 kV at magnifications times 50, 250, 500, 1000, and 2500 after cleaning with ethanol and ultrasound then metallization with gold. YS and MES of Angel® aligners are statistically reduced after five days of aging (P = .003). Aligners from the most rigid to the most flexible are (decreasing E): Accusmile® > GRAPHY® > Suresmile® > Invisalign® > Angel®. Surface conditions also deteriorated with aging (appearance of scratches, porosity, cracks, etc.). GRAPHY® aligners are more heterogeneous and weaker than others. In vitro study. Mechanical properties of Accusmile®, GRAPHY®, Invisalign®, and Suresmile® were not affected by aging. YS and MES were reduced from day 5 for Angel® aligners. Surface conditions are also altered by aging.

Density functional theory investigation of the phase transition, elastic and thermal characteristics for AuMTe2(M = Ga, In) chalcopyrite compounds.

We explored the pressure-induced structural phase transitions and elastic properties of AuMTe2 (M = Ga, In) using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the framework of density functional theory, applying both generalized gradient and local density approximations. Thermodynamic properties were further assessed through the quasi-harmonic model. We determined the transition pressures for the phase shift from the chalcopyrite structure to the NaCl rock-salt phase in both AuGaTe2 and AuInTe2. Additionally, we calculated and analyzed mechanical properties, such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, elastic anisotropy, ductility versus brittleness, and hardness for the polycrystalline forms of AuMTe2 (M = Ga, In). The study also examined how temperature and pressure affect the Debye temperature, heat capacities, thermal expansion, entropy, bulk modulus, Grüneisen parameter, and hardness, utilizing the quasi-harmonic Debye model.

A holistic approach of stability using material parameters of manipulators

The demand for a comprehensive method to assess stability using manipulator material parameters is high. Various material parameters, such as the Young modulus, which represents stiffness, damping, and deflection, influence the material of the robot manipulator. The correlation between robot stability and these characteristics remains unclear, as prior studies have not yet examined the collective impact of these parameters on robot manipulators. This work considers two sophisticated manipulators, namely ABB and FANUC. The main objective of this research is to construct a stability model that considers the material properties of stiffness, damping, and deflection to assess the manipulator’s stability level, which may be categorized as low, medium, or high. Furthermore, the presented stability model examines and employs numerous modified and conventional formulas for material properties to determine the level of stability. The findings show that stiffness significantly influences the stability of robot manipulators, a relationship that applies to all the examined manipulators. We also emphasize that the choice of manipulator materials significantly impacts stability maintenance. These findings are expected to enhance the design and advancement of novel robot manipulators within the industry.