Young Female Athletes Research Articles

Prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in female crossfitters: A cross-sectional study.

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence (UI) in female crossfitters. This is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected using assessment forms: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice survey for young female athletes; Incontinence Severity Index; and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for UI. Descriptive analysis was conducted to obtain absolute and relative frequencies, means and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the association between UI and sociodemographic, gynecological-obstetric, and anthropometric variables, associated morbidities, previous history and physical activity. Prevalence of UI, in the 189 included volunteers, was 38.6% and the most frequent type was stress UI (69.9%). A total of 72.6% of incontinent women reported urine loss during CrossFit training. Knowledge (53.4%) and attitude (86.2%) regarding UI were generally adequate, while prevention, management and treatment were inadequate (96.3%). The predominant characteristics of UI were frequency of once a week or less (74.0%), in small amounts (86.3%), mild intensity (57.5%) and slight impact on quality of life (64.3%). In multivariate analysis, no variable was significantly associated with UI. The prevalence of UI in female crossfitters was 38.6%. The factors investigated did not contribute to the development of UI.

Comparison of Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of Hungarian Female Rowers across Age Categories, Rankings, and Stages of Sports Career

There is very little research on the anthropometric and physiological profiles of lower-ranked young female athletes, even though, in most rowing clubs, such rowers constitute the vast majority. Therefore, this study investigated the anthropometric and physiological profiles of young Hungarian female rowers of different age categories and sports rankings (international vs. club). Anthropometric and physiological profiles were created for 36 junior (15–16 years), 26 older-junior (17–18 years), and 8 senior (19–21 years) female rowers who were club and international ranked members of seven of the largest Hungarian rowing clubs. Rowers >17-years-old with international rankings significantly outperformed their age-group peers with club rankings in terms of power, absolute VO2 max, and time to cover 2000 m, among other differences, but such differences were not observed with junior rowers. In all age groups, the length of the athletes’ sports career was not significantly associated with differences in anthropometric and physiological characteristics. This study suggests that ranking is not associated with differences in the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of juniors. Thus, with non-elite juniors, it can be more difficult to predict competition outcomes based on differences in anthropometric and physiological profiles.

Study of the features of bone pelvis options in genital somatotypes in young female athletes engaged in tennis

The article presents the results of a study on the study of the individual characteristics of the size, species and buildings of bone poles, in sexual vehicles, at the athletes of the youth age engaged in tennis. According to the results of the study, it was determined that in the group under study there are manifestations of not only inversion of sex somatotypes, but also numerous, often combined variants of disorders, both in the size ratios, so forms and types of pelvis.

Shoulder Strength and Upper Body Field Performance Tests in Young Female Handball and Volleyball Athletes: Are There Differences Between Sports?

Volleyball and handball players have usually been studied collectively as "overhead athletes," since throwing present similarities in the proximal to distal movement sequencing and upper limb joints ranges of motion. However, each sport presents specificities in the objectives when accelerating the ball and a variety of possible throwing techniques. Therefore, it is expected there may be differences in the shoulder and upper body physical performance between sports. The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in shoulder muscle strength and upper body field performance tests between volleyball and handball athletes. Cross-sectional. Ninety-nine volleyball and handball female athletes aged between 13 and 20years were evaluated for isometric shoulder abductor and rotator strength (handheld dynamometer) and upper body field performance tests: Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter, modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, and unilateral and bilateral Seated Medicine Ball Throw. Handball athletes presented greater shoulder internal rotation strength (between-group difference: 2.84; effect size 0.70), higher medial (between-group difference: 9.54; effect size 0.90), superolateral (between-group differences: 8.9; effect size 0.68), and composite scores (between-group difference 5.7; effect size 0.75) of the Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter and higher unilateral (between-group difference: 41.92; effect size 0.91) and bilateral (between-group difference: 46.11; effect size 0.83) Seated Medicine Ball Throw performance. Groups were not different for Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, external rotation, and abduction isometric strength. Our findings suggest that young female handball athletes present greater internal rotator strength and better performance in Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter and Seated Medicine Ball Throw compared to volleyball players. These differences may be related to the different demands required in the throwing movements performed in each sport and should be considered when assessing these populations.

Impaired one-legged landing balance in young female athletes with previous ankle sprain: a cross-sectional study.

Ankle sprain is the most common type of sports injury, especially in team sports. Standing and dynamic landing balance, as an indicator of ankle instability, were investigated using varying experimental approaches. In the present cross-sectional study, 81 adolescent female elite handball and football players were divided into two groups based on previous ankle sprain injury (PI) or not (C). At time of test, all players were fully returned to elite-level sport. Subjects were tested during a one-legged landing (OLL) and in a one-legged static standing balance test (OLBT). In the OLL CoP trajectory displacement was calculated in 200 ms time epochs for evaluation of the initial stages of dynamic landing balance. OLBT was evaluated by calculating total displacement of the CoP trajectory. CoP displacement was greater in PI than C during the first 200 milliseconds epoch after landing (P=0.001, 252 mm [44], vs. 223 mm [28]), respectively) and in the subsequent 200 ms epoch (P=0.021, 72 mm [20], vs. 61 mm [16], respectively). No significant differences between PI and C were observed in time epochs from 400 to 1000 milliseconds or in OLBT. Adolescent elite athletes with a history of previous ankle sprain demonstrate impaired OLL balance in the first 400 milliseconds following jump landing compared to non-injured controls. Consequently, although athletes with previous ankle sprain may return to sport, dynamic postural control may not be fully restored. Future prospective studies are needed to decide, if the OLL test could be considered a relevant criterion tool for safe return-to-sport.

A preliminary investigation of the effects of patellar displacement on brain activation and perceived pain in young females with patellofemoral pain

ObjectivesTo identify the neural substrates of a clinician-based test and associated pain perception in young female athletes with patellofemoral pain. DesignCross-sectional. MethodsFemales with patellofemoral pain (n = 14; 14.3 ± 3.2 years) completed a patella displacement test during brain functional magnetic resonance imaging. The neuroimaging protocol included 18 s of interspersed rest/test blocks during which an experimenter manually applied intermittent frontal plane stress to the patella during test blocks. Patients rated their pain unpleasantness and pain intensity immediately after testing using a visual analog scale. ResultsDuring the patella displacement test, increased activation was observed in previously identified sensorimotor and neural pain regions, including the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and other cognitive-related brain regions (z's > 4.4, p's < 0.05). Furthermore, pain unpleasantness during the test was positively correlated with increased activation of the posterior cerebellum (z = 4.51, p = 0.02), which is involved in both motor and pain processing as well as cognitive and affective feedback. ConclusionsThese preliminary findings suggest that the posterior cerebellum may represent a critical modulator in the cognitive appraisal of pain in patellofemoral pain through cortico-cerebellar loops, which may have downstream effects on motor function. However further exploration of task-based functional connectivity between the posterior cerebellum and cortical regions is necessary to support these novel findings and associated interpretations.

Differences in strength and landing biomechanics between female jumpers and swimmers

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear if plyometric training as a single component could improve landing mechanics that are potentially associated with lower risk of ACL injury in the long term OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of experience undertaking plyometrics on landing biomechanics in female athletes. METHODS: Non-jumpers with little experience in plyometric training (12 female college swimmers) and jumpers with five years of experience in plyometric training (12 female college long jumpers and high jumpers) were recruited to participate in two testing sessions: an isokinetic muscle force test for the dominant leg at 120∘/s and a 40-cm drop landing test. An independent t test was applied to detect any significant effects between cohorts for selected muscle force, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography variables. RESULTS: While female jumpers exhibited greater quadriceps eccentric strength (P= 0.013) and hamstring concentric strength (P= 0.023) during isokinetic testing than female swimmers, no significant differences were observed in kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activities during both drop landing and drop jumping. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the female jumpers did not present any training-induced modification in landing mechanics regarding reducing injury risks compared with the swimmers. The current study revealed that plyometric training as a single component may not guarantee the development of low-risk landing mechanics for young female athletes.

Determinants of whole-body maximal aerobic performance in young male and female athletes: The roles of lower extremity muscle size, strength and power.

This study sought to determine whether lower extremity muscle size, power and strength could be a determinant of whole-body maximal aerobic performance in athletes. 20 male and 19 female young athletes (18 ± 4 years) from various sporting disciplines participated in this study. All athletes performed a continuous ramp-incremental cycling to exhaustion for the determination of peak oxygen uptake (: the highest over a 15-s period) and maximal power output (MPO: power output corresponding to ). Axial scanning of the right leg was performed with magnetic resonance imaging, and anatomical cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of quadriceps femoris (QF) and hamstring muscles at 50% of thigh length were measured. Moreover, bilateral leg extension power and unilateral isometric knee extension and flexion torque were determined. All variables were normalised to body mass, and six independent variables (, CSAs of thigh muscles, leg extension power and knee extension and flexion torque) were entered into a forward stepwise multiple regression model with MPO being dependent variable for males and females separately. In the males, was chosen as the single predictor of MPO explaining 78% of the variance. In the females, MPO was attributed to, in the order of importance, (p < 0.001) and the CSA of QF (p = 0.011) accounting for 84% of the variance. This study suggests that while oxygen transport capacity is the main determinant of MPO regardless of sex, thigh muscle size also has a role in whole-body maximal aerobic performance in female athletes.

Home-based high-intensity interval training can improve physical performance in young female athletes during a quarantine

Aim: To verify the effects of a 2-week of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on physical performance in young female athletes. Methods: female rugby players (n = 13; 15.92 ± 0.76 years old) participated in an 8-session of HIIT supervised through online video calls for two weeks. They were evaluated pre- and post-HIIT for 3-min of burpees, 1-min of sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and 1-min of squats. Perceptions related to training protocols were collected through the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) post-intervention. Results: Significant improvements in burpees (pre:54.15 ± 18.03 and after: 63.15 ± 15.18), sit-ups (pre:24.38 ± 13.38 and after: 31.15 ± 13.15), push-ups (pre: 9.46 ± 6.59 and after: 13.85 ± 7.33) and squats (pre: 48.00 ± 8.37 and after: 54.85 ± 8.79) were observed. PACES revealed positive perceptions related to the enjoyment of participating in this HIIT. Conclusion: Virtually supervised HIIT improved physical performance in young female athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and maybe an efficient strategy for the quarantine period.

Assessment of the lower extremity functional and muscular performance in young female handball athletes

A low physical fitness and incorrect technique could result in muscle strength imbalance and poor dynamic/static balance in handball players. This study aimed to evaluate the muscular and functional performance of lower limbs in young handball athletes. Twelve female handball athletes performed isokinetic tests at 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s for the knee’s extensor and flexor muscles and functional tests for lower limbs. There were no differences between the limbs in the knee’s muscles’ peak torque, while the values of the conventional ratio were below the recommended. In functional tests, no significant changes were observed. Nevertheless, the composite score of the Y-Balance test demonstrated values below the suggested. Overall, the results showed that female youth handball athletes had symmetry between the limbs; however, there was a tendency to muscle imbalance (hamstrings weaker than quadriceps), and dynamic balance deficits that might increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury.

Effect of gender, carrying and planting the pole on approach step parameters in young pole vaulters

In pole vaulting, take-off speed is considered as a major determinant of performance. Pole carriage could affect the speed acquired during the approach and at the take-off. This study investigated different types of runs performed randomly by young male and female expert athletes: maximal sprint, maximal pole carriage run, maximal run-up with simulated pole plant and competition situation. Speed profile was determined with a radar gun and spatiotemporal parameters were recorded for the last 20 m of the approach with the Optojump Next system. For both genders, mechanical variables were compared using two-way ANOVAs with repeated measurements. Pole carriage represents the main cause of speed decrease for both men (−5.8%) and women (−6.2%). A step rate decrease during pole carriage was pointed out with an increase of contact time for both men and women. Significant speed decrease was observed for women at the take-off compared to pole plant simulation (−4.3%), while not for men. Those results provide a new insight for pole vault training allowing to update training process with specific exercises leading to reduce speed loss at take-off.

Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Neuromuscular Reaction Time of Young Female Athletes

"Introduction. Reaction time is the ability to perform a single (non repeated) movement in the shortest time and it is a crucial skill in sports. It has been shown that using different warm-up strategies can improve performance output. Recently it has been discovered that static stretching may temporarily decrease the muscle’s ability to perform. Objectives. The aim of this paper was to determine if the neuromuscular reaction time during jumping is influenced by dynamic stretching. Materials and Methods. The participants in this study were young female basketball players (N = 22), ages from 16 to 18 years old that underwent two measurements using the MGM-15 carpet in two situations: without doing dynamic stretching and after doing dynamic stretching. Results. There was a significant statistical difference in the scores between the control and after dynamic stretching measurements. This means that the dynamic stretching had an influence over the reaction time. Conclusion. The results of the present research demonstrated that local neuromuscular reaction time increased significantly after dynamic stretching compared to the baseline condition. Keywords: dynamic stretching, reaction time, female, athletes, neuromuscular "

Tibial cortical and trabecular variables together can pinpoint the timing of impact loading relative to menarche in premenopausal females.

Though relationships between limb bone structure and mechanical loading have provided fantastic opportunities for understanding the lives of prehistoric adults, the lives of children remain poorly understood. Our aim was to determine whether or not adult tibial skeletal variables retain information about childhood/adolescent loading, through assessing relationships between cortical and trabecular bone variables and the timing of impact loading relative to menarche in premenopausal adult females. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to quantify geometric and densitometric variables from the proximal tibial diaphysis (66% location) and distal epiphysis (4% location) among 81 nulliparous young adult female controls and athletes aged 19-33 years grouped according to intensity of impact loading both pre- and post-menarche: (1) Low:Low (Controls); (2) High:Low; (3) High:High; (4) Moderate:Moderate; (5) Low:Moderate. ANCOVA was used to compare properties among the groups adjusted for age, stature, and body mass. Significant increases in diaphyseal total cross-sectional area and strength-strain index were documented among groups with any pre-menarcheal impact loading relative to groups with none, regardless of post-menarcheal loading history (p < .01). In contrast, significantly elevated distal trabecular volumetric bone mineral density was only documented among groups with recent post-menarcheal loading relative to groups with none, regardless of pre-menarcheal impact loading history (p < .01). The consideration of diaphyseal cortical bone geometric and epiphyseal trabecular bone densitometric variables together within the tibia can identify variation in pre-menarcheal and post-menarcheal impact loading histories among premenopausal adult females.

Body Size Measurements and Physical Performance of Youth Female Judo Athletes with Differing Menarcheal Status.

Purpose: To compare body size measurements and physical performance among female youth judo athletes with differing menarcheal status and to identify indicators of physical performance in post-menarcheal girls. Methods: Nineteen young female judo athletes (age 13.9 ± 2.3 years) were divided into a pre-menarche (n = 7) and a post-menarche (n = 12) group. The athletes were evaluated through neuromuscular tests, including standing long jump (SLJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), and handgrip strength (HGS), and judo-specific assessments, including the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the Judogi Grip Strength Test (JGSTISO). Furthermore, years of experience in judo and the age at menarche were determined. Results: The main results showed higher performance for the post-menarche group for most variables (p < 0.05) compared to the pre-menarche group. A multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age at menarche, chronological age, and body mass explained close to 70% of JGSTISO, while training experience, chronological age, and age at menarche explained close to 59% of SLJ. Additionally, chronological age and age at menarche explained 40% of MBT, and chronological age and height explained 52% of HGS. Conclusions: Age at menarche and somatic growth variables explained moderate proportions of the variance of physical performance, thereby providing evidence that these parameters are the primary indicators of physical performance in young female judo athletes.

The female athlete triad: review of current literature.

Adolescence and young adulthood are a critical period in the life of women for optimizing long-term bone health. Young athletes lead a demanding lifestyle with increased dietary requirements to meet the robust demands of energy expenditure to maintain a state of energy balance. During a time of fast paced changes and unpredictable societal demands on young athletes, it is important to review the severe consequences of energy deficiency and options for adequate management. This review focuses on hormonal adaptations that occur in energy deficient female athletes that lead to menstrual irregularities and impaired bone health, increasing the risk for stress and other fractures. We also describe management strategies to mitigate the consequences of limited energy availability on bone and other outcomes. These strategies should help guide the management of young female athletes to prevent irreversible changes to their bone health. Identifying current knowledge should help increase awareness among medical providers, which can then be communicated to the sports community, parents, and athletes.

Kinetics and kinematics of sprinting in mid and post peak height velocity female athletes

Sprinting speed is a crucial physical capacity and can change throughout an athlete’s growth. Previous research has shown that both kinetic and kinematic variables change across maturation in young males. However, due to the changes in growth and hormonal levels, the kinetic and kinematic factors associated with sprinting may vary in young females compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, determining kinetics (force, maximal power) and kinematics (step length, step frequency, contact time and flight time) associated with sprinting in young females can provide valuable insights into training for this cohort. Thirty-two young female athletes, 11 mid-peak height velocity (PHV) age (12.8±0.6) and 21 post PHV (13.5±0.93) performed two 15 and 30 m sprints each. Theoretical velocity, maximal velocity, step length, force and power max were significantly higher in post PHV girls (p&lt;0.05). Univariate regression analysis reported that the best predictors of velocity (15 and 30 m) were contact time, power max, stride frequency, step length and leg length with contact time being the strongest predictor. The findings of this research provide insight into the natural development of sprinting in young females and will help practitioners specifically develop training programs that can effectively improve sprinting kinetics and kinematics in this cohort.

Are physical activity or body mass index associated with subsequent knee injuries in young female athletes?

Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are devastating for young, active individuals, with up to 50% developing osteoarthritis (OA) before aged 40 years. Subsequent knee injury rates are high and lead to even poorer long-term joint health. At 2-3 years after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), the relationships between known modifiable OA risk factors [e.g. moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), body mass index (BMI)] and subsequent knee injury is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the odds of subsequent (new or recurrent) traumatic knee injury in a cohort of young females with ACLR 2-3 years post-surgery compared with healthy matched-controls. Secondary objectives were to (i) explore the relationships of MVPA and BMI with traumatic knee injury; (ii) document self-reported MVPA satisfaction and beliefs about future OA. Methods: Fifty-one females (aged 14-22 years) with prior (1-2 years) sport-related unilateral ACLR and 51 age-and-sport-matched controls underwent assessment of MVPA (GT3X accelerometers) and BMI. One year later, participants self-reported subsequent (new or recurrent knee injuries), return to sport, MVPA satisfaction, and beliefs about OA risk. Bivariable conditional logistic regression explored the association of knee injury with (i) group (injury/control), (ii) MVPA and (iii) BMI. Beliefs about MVPA satisfaction and OA risk was reported descriptively. Results: At 1 year follow-up (n=101), 19.6% of injured cohort and 6.0% of control participants sustained subsequent knee injuries. The odds of traumatic knee injury for the injury group increased 7-fold over controls [OR=7.00 (95% CI=0.86,56.90)]. Odds ratios (OR) for MVPA and BMI were 0.98 (95%CI= 0.93,1.03) and 1.24 (95%CI=0.85,1.82) respectively. Just over half (55%) of injury participants and 66% of controls were satisfied with their MVPA, while 82% of injury participants believed they had increased knee OA risk compared to someone who had never had a knee injury. Discussion: In the 2-3 years following ACLR, one in five young females had a subsequent traumatic knee injury. Based on the point estimate, injured participants were more likely to suffer a traumatic knee injury than matched controls. BMI was not associated with increased odds of a subsequent traumatic knee injury. Given participation in MVPA did not increase odds of knee injury and the high level of dissatisfaction with MVPA reported in this cohort, in-depth conversations between clinicians and patients who have had ACLR regarding enjoyable and sustainable MVPA participation are encouraged to promote long term joint health. Conflict of interest statement: We acknowledge no conflict of interest of relevance to the submission of this abstract.

Association of Performance in Strength and Plyometric Tests with Change of Direction Performance in Young Female Team-Sport Athletes.

The change of direction (COD) ability is a task-specific skill dependent on different factors such as the degree of the turn, which has led to differentiating CODs as more force- (>90°) or velocity-oriented (<90°). Considering force and velocity requirements is of importance when designing sport-specific training programs for enhancing COD performance. Thus, 25 female handball and soccer players participated in this study, which investigated the association between three different strength and plyometric exercises and force- and velocity-oriented COD performance. By utilizing the median split analysis, the participants were further divided into a fast (n = 8) and a slow (n = 8) COD group, to investigate differences in step kinematics between fast and slow performers. The correlational analysis revealed that the bilateral back squat and unilateral quarter squat were significantly associated with several force- and velocity-oriented COD performance (r = −0.46 to −0.64), while the association between plyometric and COD performance was limited (r < 0.44). The fast COD group revealed higher levels of strength, jump height, peak velocities, higher step frequencies, shorter ground contact times, and greater acceleration and braking power (d > 1.29, p < 0.03). It was concluded that the observed correlation between strength and COD performance might be due to stronger athletes being able to produce more workload in a shorter time, which was supported by the step kinematics.

Early sport specialization in the adolescent female athlete

: A growing trend in sports is early sport specialization which involves training in a single sport on a year-round basis. Factors that contribute to an athlete specializing in a sport include: enjoyment of the sport, obtaining a scholarship, professional aspirations, gaining a competitive advantage, lack of enjoyment in other sports, injury risk, lack of time to participate in other sports, and parent/coach pressure. With the growing hyper competitiveness and professionalization of sports and lucrative financial gains that proceed them, more and more young athletes, coaches and parents are looking to gain a competitive edge. Sport specialization may contribute to increased risk of injury and burnout in athletes. Male athletes have garnered most of the attention regarding early sport specialization, particularly in baseball. Female athletes have their own set of risk factors as they tend to specialize earlier in their athletic career and have been shown to accumulate primarily overuse injuries. In addition to contributing to this paper, Dr. James R. Andrews has been one of the leaders in injury prevention and an advocate in cautioning against early sport specialization in all young athletes. The focus of this paper is to highlight the specific risks associated with sport specialization for adolescent female athletes in hopes of developing successful athletes while avoiding injury or burnout along their path. Over the years there has been a trend of increased youth sports participation by female athletes. As female athlete participation continues to increase, we concomitantly have an increase in injury rates. Additionally, the iconic female influences of superstars like Nadia Comaneci and Lindsey Vonn has popularized the notion of sports specialization in young female athletes. Thus, with both the increase in participation as well as the heightened popularity of sport specialization, greater focus needs to be devoted to injury recognition and prevention in youth female athletes. Identifying the at-risk female athlete is prudent for the health and well-being of our youth athletes.

Dietary intake of young Portuguese handball players

The aim of this study was to analyse dietary intake (macronutrients and micronutrients) in young female and male handball athletes. A transversal study was performed with young handball players from sub 16 and 18 Portuguese Handball Federation, who volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric (weight and height measure), nutritional intake (using food frequency questionnaire) and position in the game were evaluated. The final sample comprised 64 athletes (48.4% female and 51.6% male). The mean age was 16± 1 years, average body mass index was higher in females (24.1± 3.5kg/m2) than males (23.8± 3.0 kg/m2). Mean energy intake per day was significantly lower in females than males 2167.4± 1185.0 and 2952.9± 1315.8 kcal/day (p= 0.015, 95CI), respectively. According to the recommendations from food, most of the young handball athletes reported a generally higher dietary intake (protein intake was near to the upper recommendation limit; the carbohydrate intake was below and the fat intake higher) and a lower for some micronutrients. A process to identify the athletes that need nutritional support should be considered by handball coaches to optimise their performance and safeguard their health. Keywords: nutrition; food intake; handball; adolescents.