Cananga Odorata Research Articles

Application of Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum, and Cananga odorata essential oils for management of Ochratoxin A content by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum: An in vitro assessment in maize grains

The study is directed to establish the minimizing effects of Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum, and Cananga odorata essential oils on the growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) level of Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum in maize grains. S. aromaticum essential oil (SAEO), O. sanctum essential oil (OSEO), and C. odorata essential oil (COEO) were extracted by hydro-distillation technique, and a total of 50, 44, and 48 chemical constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively.The SAEO and OSEO belong to the chemotype of eugenol, whereas, COEO was found to be the chemotype of thymol, limonene, and α-ylangene. The antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) was determined by the micro-well dilution technique. The SAEO showed superior antifungal activity compared to OSEO, COEO, and synthetic antifungal agent nystatin, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values against A. ochraceous and P. verrucosum were noticed as 1251 ± 42.32 and 1878 ± 28.47 µg/mL, and 0815 ± 22.69 and 1146 ± 51.19 µg/mL, respectively.The antifungal mechanism of EOs was unveiled by assessing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), ergosterol content, and membrane integrity. The antifungal investigations found that EOs caused fungal mortality by increasing the intracellular ROS, depleting ergosterol synthesis, and distracting membrane integrity. Finally, antifungal and antimycotoxin activity of EOs was demonstrated in maize grains. The SAEO, OSEO, and COEO have reduced the complete fungal growth and OTA level of A. ochraceous and P. verrucosum correspondingly at 2500 and 2500, 3500 and 2500, and 3500 and 3500 µg/g in maize. The EOs could act as natural antifungal agents; protect foodstuffs from fungal infection and mycotoxins during storage.

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuine) terhadap Pemberian Pupuk Daun di Persemaian

Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina) is a plant with high adaptability but the production of ylang-ylang seedlings is still limited and the seeds produced cannot be stored for long time. One of the fertilization techniques on a large scale to optimize plant growth is by using leaf fertilizer. This study aims to analyze the response of ylang-ylang seedlings to the use of two different types of leaf fertilizer at different doses and spraying times. This study used a factorial design with three factors in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the use of different types of leaf fertilizer at certain doses at two different times did not show significant growth. The treatment of 4 g/L water of commercial leaf fertilizer A and 6 g/L water of commercial leaf fertilizer B result to a better influence on the growth of ylang-ylang seedlings..
 Keywords: Cananga odorata, completely randomized design, fertilizing, leaf fertilizer, nursery

Comparison of chemometric assisted targeted and untargeted approaches for the prediction of radical scavenging activity of ylang-ylang essential oils

Essential oils have been used for centuries for their preservative properties. An example is ylang-ylang Cananga odorata [Lam.] Hook. f. & Thomson essential oil, which exists in four different distillation grades, where the fraction with the longest distillation time has the highest radical scavenging activity (RSA). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for determination of RSA. Herein the performance of such multivariate statistical analysis using three data sets derived from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, is compared to that achieved using two direct and fast spectroscopic techniques, for the prediction of RSA using partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. The three GC-MS data sets were, ‘full chemical composition’, ‘total chromatogram average mass spectra (TCAMS)’ and ‘segment average mass spectra (SAMS)’, whilst two spectroscopic techniques, namely attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, provided the spectroscopic data sets for comparison. PLS models created using ATR-FTIR and ‘full chemical composition’ data sets provided the lowest relative error of prediction (REP) and mean error of prediction (MEP) in validation, whilst in independent test sets, the PLS models created using ATR-FTIR and SAMS data sets delivered the lowest REP and MEP. The three GC-MS derived data sets were further compared for value in determination of compounds contributing to the RSA. PLS regression analysis of the full chemical composition data set revealed that germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene were the major contributors to the RSA, whilst average mass spectrum based data sets, TCAMS and SAMS, also highlighted eugenol as another contributor to the RSA.

Structure of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency – Bali

Ayung river is the longest river in Bali. The middle part of the river is frequently utilized as rafting for tourism, such as in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency – Bali. To preserve the river’s ecological function, the information of riparian vegetation as the dynamic component in river is highly required. This research aimed to study the structure of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village. The plot method was used and the study site was divided into three stations. Each station was composed by three replications with four plot variations: trees (20 x 20 m), poles (10 x 10 m), saplings (5 x 5), and herbs-shrubs (2 x 2 m). The data was analysed using vegetation analysis that completed with Importance Value (IV), Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’), Index of Dominancy (C), and Index of Evenness (E). This study found that the structure of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village was in good condition which was indicated by the high abundance of local tree species. The floristic composition of riparian vegetation comprised by 18 species of trees, 18 species of poles, 21 species of saplings, and 29 species of herbs and shrubs. Cocos nucifera, Pterospermum javanicum, Bischofia javanica, Cananga odorata, Elaeocarpus serratus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Coffea canephora, and Nephelium lappaceum were the species with the highest Importance Value (IV). The floor vegetation in form of herbs and shrubs was dominated by Sphaegneticola trilobata, Oplismenus burmanni, and Diplazium esculentum. Based on the Diversity Index (H’), Index of Dominancy (C), and Index of Evenness (E), diversity of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village was classified as medium category, without any dominated species, and the vegetation composition was equivalent.

Study of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Flower Development: Morphological Variations in an Urban Environment

Cananga odorata is a native plant in the Indonesian archipelago. The flowers are often used to produce essential oils with many uses and a distinct fragrance. This study aims to observe each stage of the Cananga odorata flower development. The flowers were obtained from a home garden in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, from November 2020 until January 2021. Further observations of the stamen and pistil developments were conducted using Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope AM4115 Series. The results show that Cananga odorata flower development can be categorized into bud, display-petal, initial-flowering, full-flowering, end-flowering, and senescence stages. The flowers require 35 days to develop from bud stage to flower senescence. Stamens and pistils also develop primarily during the bud stages and mature after flower anthesis. Flower mutants were also found and may be caused by a mutation in the flower’s homeotic genes. Each different stages of flower development show a different morphological change in the flower perianth and reproductive organs. A discrepancy of flower morphology within each stage, especially those seen during the anthesis stages, might imply a variation in the flower’s internal factors.

Phenol Coefficient Test Combination Infusion of Cananga odorata – Averrhoa bilimbi L. Against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi in Vitro

Cananga odorata (kenanga) flowers and Averrhoa bilimbi L. (belimbing wuluh) fruit are plant parts that contain relatively the same antibacterial compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Both of these plants can be developed as an alternative natural antiseptic preparation, which is made in the form of a combination infusion. The effectiveness of an antiseptic preparation is measured by the coefficient value of the phenol antiseptic substance compared to 5% phenol against several standard test bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430 based on the in vitro phenol coefficient test. The phenol coefficient test method was carried out conventionally. The coefficient value close to 1 can be said that the antiseptic preparation has good activity and is equivalent to the phenol coefficient value as a comparison. The results showed that the mean coefficient of the phenol coefficient of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit was 0.91 against S. aureus and 0.83 against S. typhi. The conclusion of this study, the antibacterial activity of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit against Staphylococcus aureus obtained a higher phenol coefficient value than Salmonella typhi.

Tree species diversity on ebony habitat with different degradation levels in Sulawesi

Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is endemic species to Sulawesi that is experiencing population decline. It is known that population size is an important element for the dynamics of natural forests through changes in vegetation structure and composition that need to be monitored. This study aims to analyze the species diversity in natural habitats of genetically diverse ebony, namely: i) Bantimurung National Park (BB), ii) Cani Sirenreng Nature Park (CS), iii) Farhumpenai Nature Reserve (FP), and iv) Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve (PB). Data collection was carried out based on a modified transect line and plot with 20 m x 100 m in size. The results showed that as many as 28 families were identified, consisting of 44 species at the tree level, 37 species at the pole level, 39 species at the sapling level, and 31 species at the seedling level, respectively. The composition of vegetation in Babul National Park consists of 32 species, Cani Sirenreng consists of 18 species, Farhumpenai consists of 19 species, and Pangi Binanngga consists of 19 species. The species composition was dominated by Diospyros celebica Bakh., Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, Canangium odoratum, Ficus benjamina L., Pterospermum celebicum Miq., Kleinhovia hospita L. and Vitex cofassus Reinw. Ex Blume. The diversity index (H’-Index) of tree species in BB, CS, FP, and PB were 0.82, 1.13, 1.03, and 1.60, respectively. The Important Value Index (INP-Index) of ebony in BB, CS, FP and PB were 18.01%, 74.1%, 60.13% and 113.5%, respectively. The structure of the forest canopy layer in BB and FP consists of three layers of canopy, while CS and PB consist of two layers of canopy.

Analysis of Telajakan characteristic and the existence of ritual plants in Canggu Village and Penglipuran Village

The life of Balinese people can never be separated from ritual activities or religious ceremonies. The existence of telajakan is essential to preserve. Aside from being a traditional Balinese identity, it also provides space for ritual plants and biodiversity. So that effort is needed to manage the existence of telajakan. This research is expected to analyze the characteristics of telajakan and the existence of ritual plants found in telajakan. Field observation was undertaken to inventory distribution point of remains telajakan in Canggu village. The sampling method uses purposive sampling by tracing along the main road and marking the visible point of telajakan. Changes function of telajakan was found in the Canggu area, and in Penglipuran villages, there is still preserved. Following this study, 49 samples of remains telajakan were collected from Canggu village and 69 samples from Penglipuran village. The characteristics of telajakan can be observed with the structure and size. The result shows, the structure of telajakan can be any combination of an open ditch, covered ditch, pedestrians track, open ground, grass, and fence wall. Size of telajakan can be grouped into small size (width <50 cm), medium size (width 50-99 cm), large size (width 100-149 cm), and extra-large size (width > 150 cm). Based on survey research and observation, various plants are found in each sample. Seventy-seven species of plants were found in 49 samples of telajakan in Canggu village. Plumeria accuminata, Codiaeum Sp., and Bougainvillea spectabilis is the most common species. Meanwhile, in Penglipuran village, 117 species of plants were found in 69 samples of telajakan. Furthermore, the most common species found were Plumeria accuminata, Alternanthera ficoidea, Cordyline terminalis, and Cananga odorata. Result show both Canggu village and Penglipuran villages have high species diversity index (H′>3). Canggu village species diversity index amount 3.88 and Penglipuran village amount 4.12. The utilization of telajakan as space for ritual plants can preserve Balinese tradition and cultures’ local identity.

Antibacterial and Mode of Action of Extracts from Endophytic Fungi Derived from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata.

Emerging drug-resistant bacteria creates an urgent need to search for antibiotics drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Endophytes have established a reputation as a source of structurally novel secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we explore the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from different tissues of Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata. The crude ethyl acetate extracts of 56 different endophytic fungi were screened against seven bacterial strains using the broth microdilution method. The antibacterial modes of action of the most active extracts (04) were evaluated using E. coli ATCC 25922 and H. influenzae ATCC 49247 strains. Both the DPPH and FRAP assays were used to investigate their antioxidant activity, and their cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line was evaluated using the MTT assay. Out of the 56 crude extracts tested, about 13% were considered very active, 66% partially active, and 21% nonactive against all tested bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 0.32 μg/mL to 25 μg/mL. The four more potent extracts (MIC <5 μg/mL) (from Aspergillus sp. N454, Aspergillus sp. N13, Curvularia sp. N101, and Aspergillus sp. N18) significantly lysed the bacteria cells, increased outer membrane permeability, reduced salt tolerance, and inhibited bacterial catalase activity. They exhibited a DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 ranging from 150.71 to 936.08 μg/mL. Three of the four potent extracts were noncytotoxic against the Vero cells line (CC50 > 100 μg/mL). Results from this investigation demonstrated that endophytes from Cameroonian medicinal plants might content potent antibacterial metabolites. The bioguided fractionation of these potent extracts is ongoing to isolate and characterise potential active ingredients.

The Effect of Cananga (Cananga odorata) Aromatherapy on Anxiety Level of Patients Before Tooth Extraction in RSGM-P USU

Tooth extraction is a form of treatment in dentistry. Tooth extraction has the potential to cause excessive anxiety in patients because patients tend to think about things that will or can happen during the procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Cananga aromatherapy (Cananga odorata) on the anxiety level of patients at RSGM USU. This research method is a quasi-experimental study using a re-experimental design non-randomized pretest and posttest control group design. The sample was divided into 2 groups, namely the treatment group and the control group. Each group consists of 16 people who will extract the posterior teeth of the upper and/or lower jaw. The treatment group was given a Cananga aromatherapy nasal inhaler and the control group was given an empty nasal inhaler without Cananga aromatherapy. Blood pressure and pulse measurements were taken twice. The first measurement after the patient was given informed consent and the MDAS questionnaire (Modified Dental Anxiety Scale) and the second measurement after inhaling the Cananga aromatherapy nasal inhaler and empty nasal inhaler without Cananga aromatherapy within 10 cm from the nasal cavity for 5 minutes. The results of this study were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. In the treatment group, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure and pulse compared to the control group with a value of p = 0.000 &lt;0.005. This study concludes that Cananga aromatherapy is effective in reducing the anxiety level of patients before tooth extraction in RSGM USU.

Radical scavenging activity and metabolomic profiling study of ylang-ylang essential oils based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography and multivariate statistical analysis

Ylang-ylang (YY) essential oil (EO) is distilled from the fresh-mature flowers of the Annonaceae family tropical tree Cananga odorata [Lam.] Hook. f. & Thomson, and is widely used in perfume and cosmetic industries for its fragrant character. Herein, two different metabolomic profiles obtained using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), applying different stains, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and p-anisaldehyde, were used for discrimination of 52 YY samples across geographical origins and distillation grades. The first profile is developed using the DPPH· stain based on the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of YY EOs. Results of the HPTLC-DPPH· assay confirmed that RSA of YY EOs is in proportion to the length of distillation times. Major components contributing to the RSA of YY EOs were tentatively identified as germacrene D and α-farnesene, eugenol and linalool, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The second profile was developed using the general-purpose p-anisaldehyde stain based on the general chemical composition of YY EOs. Untargeted metabolomic discrimination of YY EOs from different geographical origins was performed based on the HPTLC-p-anisaldehyde profiles, followed by principal component analysis (PCA). A discrimination and prediction model for identification of YY distillation grade was developed using PCA and partial least squares regression (PLS) based on binned HPTLC-ultraviolet (254 nm) profiles, which was successfully applied to distillation grade determination of blended YY Complete EOs.

DOMINANCE, ASSOCIATION AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF TREE SPECIES IN BURNT FOREST IN EAST KALIMANTAN

Repeated forest fires have high impact on species’ composition. Pioneer species colonize the burnt forest and develop widely up to 30 years after a fire but late-succession species regenerate gradually or even disappear owing to direct impact of fires or other ecological consequences related to fires. Forest restoration through assisted natural regeneration needs information about the state of species’ composition after fire. Species’ dominance is a species’ composition indicator used in this research, with additional information on species’ association and distribution patterns, to understand tree species’ composition after repeated fires. A 1.8-hectare plot divided into 10 x 10 m sub-plots was established in secondary forest in Samboja Research Forest, East Kalimantan. The plot sample was burnt in 1982/1983 and 1997/1998. All trees above 10 cm DBH were measured; leaf specimens were collected for species’ identification at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Cibinong, West Java. For comparison, we used 1981 data observed by the Indonesian Institute of Science, published by Kartawinata et al 2008. The Importance Value Index was used in the data analysis to express species’ dominance. A 2x2 matrix based on presence-absence of species for each sub-plot was used to analyse the association index among species. Variance and average value ratio of certain species present in each sub-plot was expressed in a dispersion index. A chi-square was used to test the significance of the association and dispersion index. Thirteen years after a second fire, pioneer species of Macaranga gigantea were most dominant, followed by Vernonia arborea, a sub-climax species. This indicated that the forest was in an early succession process. Pholidocarpus majadun was consistently dominant before and after the fire. We found 38 pairs of species significantly positively associated and 4801 pairs negatively associated. About 60% species’ association, both negatively and positively, occurred between ‘native species’ (species that exist befores burnt) and ‘non-native species’ (new comer species regenerated after burnt) in the plot sample. A non-native species, Vernonia arborea, associated negatively with the non-native species Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa, and native species, Oncosperma horridum, Palaquium dasyphyllum and Endiandra rubescens. The distribution pattern of four native species—Artocarpus anisophyllus, Cananga odorata, Croton laevifolius and Macaranga gigantea—changed after repeated fires, from uniform to clumped.

Flowers and Value of Conservation in The Culture of Hindu Community in Bali

Balinese Hindu community cannot be separated from plant in their life. The information on plant species and how to utilize them are easy to find but limited information about the potency of flowers in the Balinese Hindu community. Flowers have a meaning as sincerity, a symbol of Sang Hyang Widhi, the valour, and also have mythological values. This research aimed to determine the species of flowering plants that are often used for ceremonial and understand the meaning, the cultural conception related to conservation education. The study was carried out in four locations in Tabanan Regency (Baturiti, Penebel, Marga, and Tabanan). Data were collected using an interview with purposive sampling. Data analysis based on the value of Relative Frequency (FR) which is indicated plant most widely used. Â A total of 36 species of flowers are used in traditional Hindu religious ceremonies, of which 29 species are cultivated plants and 7 species are still wild. There are ten of plants which have high FR value, such as: Cananga odorata (FR 0.069), Impatiens balsamina (FR 0.069), Hydrangea macrophylla (FR 0.069), Plumeria acuminata (FR 0.069), Tagetes erecta (FR 0.069), Magnolia champaca (FR 0.069), Gomphrena globosa / bunga ratna (FR 0.047), Gardenia jasminoides / jempiring (FR 0.039), Nymphaea spp./ tunjung (FR 0.030), and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L./ pucuk (FR 0.030). This research revealed the role of flower in Hindu ceremony and describe the strategic plant conservation due to culture of Balinese Hindu community. Finally, this research expected to documented local knowledge about flowers used as Hindu religious ceremonies, to provide an understanding of the meaning and conceptions of culture related to conservation education.

Olfactory and behavioral responses of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, to ylang ylang oil and its components

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is one of the most successful invasive pest ants in the world. We evaluated ylang ylang oil, an essential oil of fragrant yellow flowers of the tree, Cananga odorata, in our effort to search for attractants and repellants for S. invicta management. The results showed that ylang ylang oil elicited clear dose dependent EAG (electroantennography) responses to ants of all castes. We performed EAG on 70 chromatographic fractions from ylang ylang oil. To facilitate the identification of active compounds in each fraction, the fractions which covered strong EAG activity shift were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, revealing that S. invicta exhibited strong olfactory responses to fractions dominated by terpenes or esters. Further EAG analysis showed that prenyl acetate (PA) and benzyl acetate (BA) were key compounds responsible for high EAG amplitude in male alates. In addition, ylang ylang oil, PA and BA were attractive to male and female alates in two-choice attraction bioassay and they also act as attractants at low concentrations to workers in two-choice digging bioassay. Discovery of these behavior-modifying compounds may open up new possibilities for developing better fire ant control products by manipulating chemosensory communication of ants.

Influence of essential oils on sporulation of Eimeria magna oocysts.

We researched the influence of essential oils from 14 species of plants (Piper cubeba, Cananga odorata, Pelargonium graveolens, Citrus sinensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Lavandula angustifolia, Picea abies, Citrus paradisi, Pterocarpus santalinus, Abies sibirica, Juniperus communis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum verum) on the process of sporulation of Eimeria magna Perard, 1925. In the experiment we used 0.5% emulsion of oil during 72 hours, oocysts of E. magna. Essential oil from C. verum exerted the strongest influence on oocysts of E. magna, causing death to 100% of oocysts during 72 hours exposure. About 54% mortality of partially sporulated oocysts was observed during the influence of emulsion of essential oil of S. aromaticum, while no sporulated oocysts were recorded. Many of the tested essential oils can delay the sporulation of E. magna oocysts (P. abies, C. paradisi, P. santalinus, A. sibirica, J. communis, M. аlternifolia). Oils from P. cubeba, C. odorata, P. graveolens, C. sinensis, E. globulus, L. angustifolia had no effect on sporulation of E. magna. Thus, the study of the biological properties of essential oils of C. verum and S. aromaticum is of great interest for further research in the field of parasitology.

Studi Teknik Tradisional Budidaya dan Produksi Kenanga Jawa (Cananga odorata f. macrophylla) di Blitar

Java kenanga or kenanga (Cananga odorata f. macrophylla) is a tropical and sub-tropical tree species that grows naturally in Indonesia and produces essential oil. This species has been cultivated in the past by community in Indonesia, mainly on their yard. The population of kenanga has decreased significantly, but in Blitar district the community is still doing cultivating the species although in a small scale. The purpose of this research is to observe the cultivation efforts by the community and also kenanga flower production in Blitar district. This research was conducted by interviewing farmers and observation of kenanga trees in the field. The results showed that cultivation efforts being made to improve the production of kenanga flower is by pruning, fertilizing, flowering routine and retrieval or emoval of kenanga fruit. The average kananga flower production reached 381 kg / year / tree in the age group above 11 years. Factors that affect flower production were tree age (years), total tree height (m), diameter at breast height (cm) and the width tree canopy (m2). The most significant factors affecting flower production were tree diameter and width of tree canopy. Cultivation efforts being made to improve the production of kenanga flower is by pruning, fertilizing, flowering routine and retrieval or removal of kenanga fruit.&#x0D; Keywords: Cananga odorata f. macrophylla, essential oil, cultivation, Blitar

ETNOBOTANI TANAMAN OBAT MASYARAKAT SUKU DAYAK BAKUMPAI DI DESA LEMO II KECAMATAN TEWEH TENGAH KABUPATEN BARITO UTARA

This study aims to identify the types of traditional medicinal plants and plant parts that can be used by the Dayak Bakumpai tribe community in Lemo II village including analyzing how to treat these traditional medicinal plants to cure a disease and analyze how many dayak Bakumpai tribes still use plants traditional medicine in lemo II village, central teweh sub-distric, North Barito Regency. the data was obtained by interviewing the village physician using snowbal sampling technique. The results of this study of medicinal plants used consisted of 20 types of Pungkala Tawar (Costus speciusus), Bemban (Donax caniformis), Sasingut Pusa (Orthosiphan oristatus), Kangkawang (Shorea macrophylla), Penawar Sampai (Baccaurea lanceolata), Kalampeso (Helminthostacyys zeylanica), Teken Parei (Helminthostacyys zeylanica), Lukud (Asplenium nidus L.), Ligundi (Vitex trifolia L.), Cermin Pilanduk (Omalanthus grandifolius Ridl), Karamunting (Melastoma malabatrhricum L), Kayu Matan Andau (Lepisanthes amoena), Uhat Bahenda (Coscinium fenestratum), Mintu (Ligudium circinatum), Cocor Bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata), Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Kapas Rampit (Gossypium acuminatum Roxb.), Lambiding (Stenochloena palustris), Kenanga Hutan (Cananga odorata), and Krukutayu (Ageratum conyzoides L.). How to cultivate these plants with a variety of ways such as mashed, boiled, baked, soaked, dried and etc.Keywords: Ethnobotany; Medicinal Plants; Dayak Bakumpai

Mosquito Repellent Property of “Ylang-Ylang” (Cananga odorata) Essential Oil in Urea-Formaldehyde Microencapsulated Cotton Fabric

Common mosquito-borne diseases in the Philippines include dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and filariasis. Mosquito repellents are effective protective measures against mosquito bites and microencapsulation of essential oils to fabric is currently an emerging trend for mosquito repellency. Accordingly, “ylang-ylang” (Cananga odorata) is a fast-growing tree endemic to the Philippines and found to have mosquito repellent properties. This study aimed to determine the mosquito repellency of microencapsulated ylang-ylang oil applied to cotton fabrics. The difference in the mosquito repellent property between untreated and treated fabrics in different concentrations of microencapsulated ylang-ylang oil was tested. The prepared microcapsules containing 10 mL and 2.5 mL ylang-ylang oil were applied to separate cotton fabrics using a bath exhaustion method. The fabrics were examined using a scanning electron microscope and showed irregularly shaped and rough-walled microcapsules with sizes ranging 50–100 μm. The fabrics were then tested for mosquito repellency using the World Health Organization (WHO) cone test in five replicates. An untreated fabric served as negative control. The test of significance used the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the p-value was set at p &lt; 0.05. The fabrics treated with 10 mL and 2.5 mL microcapsules showed increasing rates of mosquito repellency from 80 ± 10% to 88 ± 8.37% and from 64 ± 5.48% to 82 ± 8.37%, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The mosquito percent repellency showed a significantly higher % repellency in treated than the untreated fabric (p &lt; 0.05). The fabric with microcapsules containing 10 mL of ylang-ylang oil has greater mosquito repellency than that of 2.5 mL (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests the potential of urea-formaldehyde microencapsulation as an effective method in making cotton fabrics with mosquito repellent properties using ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil.

Działanie olejku ylangowego (Cananga oil) wobec grzybów drożdżopodobnych

Introduction. Several herbs produce substances with medicinal properties. They show antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Cananga odorata Hook (Annonaceae family) is found in the Philippines, Madagascar island, Sumatra, in Jemen and Australia. It is fast growing, evergreen tree, that reaches up to 20 m. Essential oil produced of flowers is used in medicine. The chemical composition of the Cananga oil is as follows: geraniol, linalool, methyl salicylate, α-terpineol, eugenol, α- and β-caryophyllene, farnesen, δ-cadinene, γ-kadinene, geranyl acetate, methyl p-cresyl ether, p-cresol, neridol, α-pinene, carbohydrates, saponins, tanins, flavonoids, amino acids and coumarins. It possess different therapeutic properties. Aim. The aim of the study was evaluation of antifungal activity of Cananga oil. Material and methods. The strains of fungi were isolated from oral cavity. They were from the following genera: Candida albicans (10 strains), C. glabrata (4), C. guilliermondii (2), C. kefyr (2), C. krusei (4), C. lusitaniae (2), C. parapsilosis (3), C. tropicalis (5) and C. utilis (2). Furthermore 9 reference strains C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 66032, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. kefyr ATCC 4130, C. krusei ATCC 14249, C. lusitaniae ATCC 34499, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and C. utilis ATCC 9958 were tested. The sensitivity (MIC) of the yeast to Cananga oil (Semifarm) was determined by method of plate dilution technique in Sabouraud’s agar. First the essential oil was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Serva) and then in sterile distilled water. The oil concentrations were: 15.0, 10.0, 7.5, 5.0, 2.5 and 1.2 mg/ml. The inoculum containing 105 microorganisms per drop (CFU) was applied with Steers replicator on agar with or without oil (strains growth control). Incubation of the agar plates was carried out under aerobic conditions at 37°C for 12-48 hrs. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the Cananga oil inhibited the growth of the tested strains of yeast-like fungi. Results. The results show, that the growth of 97% of the tested strains of yeast-like fungi was inhibited in the concentration range 1.0-10.0 mg/ml. The strains of C. albicans and C. glabrata were susceptible in range 2.5-5.0 mg/ml. The oil shoved activity against C. guilliermondii and C. utilis strains at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Only 1 strain of C. parapsilosis and 1 strain of C. tropicalis were susceptible at 1.2 mg/ml. However, the oil shoved the lowest activity against C. krusei strains. The MIC values of Cananga oil ranged from 10.0 to 15.0 mg/ml. Conclusions. Most of the estimated strains from Candida genus were susceptible to low concentration of Cananga oil. The oil in low concentrations inhibited the grows of C. albicans strains. The C. krusei strains were the least sensitive to Cananga oil.

Perbandingan Minyak Atsiri Bunga Kenanga (Cananga odorat) Segar dan Kenanga Layu

Isolasi dan identifikasi sifat fisika-kimia minyak atsiri bunga kenanga (Cananga odorata) segar dan layu telah dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Minyak atsiri bunga kenanga diisolasi dengan metode destilasi uap. Komponen kimia dari dua kondisi bahan bunga kenanga dianalisis menggunakan instrumen GCMS. Beberapa parameter fisika meliputi uji warna, bau, berat jenis dan indeks bias dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil analisis diketahui rendemen minyak atsiri pada bunga kenanga segar dan layu masing-masing adalah 0,325%(b/b) dan 0,276%(b/b). Komponen senyawa kimia utama yaitu 1-metoksi-4-metil benzena (3,05%) linalool (22,06%), geranil asetat (7,54%), trans-kariofilen (28,06%),a-humulen (8,65%) dan D-germacren (21,91%), sedangkan penyusun minyak kenanga layu adalah 1-metoksi-4-metil benzena (2,79%), linalool (21,76%), trans-kariofilen (31,87%), a-humulen (9,25%) dan D-germacren (21,62%). Hasil uji sifat fisika-kimia minyak bunga kenanga segar berwarna kuning bening, bau harum kenanga, berat jenis 0,9157 dan indeks bias 1,5039, sedangkan untuk minyak bunga kenanga layu berwarna bening jernih, bau harum sangit, berat jenis 0,9138 dan indeks bias 1,5040.