Yield Of Spring Barley Research Articles

Estimating Crop Yields at the Field Level Using Landsat and MODIS Products

Remote sensing can be used for yield estimation prior to harvest at the field level to provide helpful information for agricultural decision making. This study was undertaken in Polkovice, located at low elevations in the Czech Republic. From 2014–2016, two datasets of satellite imagery were used: the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat 8 datasets. Satellite data were compared with yields and other observations at the level of land blocks. Winter oilseed rape, winter wheat and spring barley yield data, representing the crops planted over the analyzed period, were used for comparison. In 2016, a more detailed analysis was conducted. We tested a relationship between remote sensing data and the spatial yield variability measured by a yield monitor from a combine harvester. Correlations varied from approximately r = 0.4 to r = 0.7 with the highest correlation (r = 0.74) between yield and the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index collected from a drone. Vegetation indices from both Landsat 8 and the MODIS showed a positive relationship with yields for the compared period. The highest correlation was between yield and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (r = 0.8) while the lowest was between yield and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from MODIS (r = 0.1).

Peculiarities of the yield capacity of spring barley gene pool accessions in the eastern of forest-steppe of Ukraine

The aim and tasks of the study. The purpose was to determine specific features of the yield formation by spring barley gene pool accessions in the contrast conditions of 2010–2017 and to identify sources of consistently high yields in the forest-steppe of Ukraine for breeding.Material and methods. The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Cereal Genetic Resources of the Plant Production Institute named after VYa Yuriev of NAAS in 2010–2017. 298 spring barley accessions from 20 countries were taken as the test material. The predecessor was bare fallow. The agrotechnics was conventional for the forest-steppe of Ukraine. The accessions were sown at the optimal for this crop time. The standard was planted between every 20 accessions. The collection accessions were evaluated in accordance with conventional methodical guidelines. To determine the homeostaticity of the varieties, VV Khangildin’s method was used. Statistical indices were calculated, as BA Dospekhov described.Results and discussion. The weather conditions in 2010–2017 were contrast, both in the temperature regime and in water availability, which made it possible to assess the influence of weather on the yields of modern spring barley varieties.Thus, it was established that 2014 (yield 517.5 g/m2), 2016 (584.7 g/m2) and 2017 (593.5 g/m2) were the most favorable for the growth and development. The hydrothermal conditions of 2011 and 2013 were characterized by uneven precipitation, mainly rain showers, during the growing season. Barley grain set and ripened under droughts associated with high temperatures, which considerably decreased the yields, which were 276 and 230.5 g/m2 in 2011 and 2013, respectively.As a result in 2011–2013, accessions with a yield of 404.1-485.8 g/m2 were selected. The variation coefficient was 7.7–31.6%, and the homeostaticity was 239–417. Accession Skhidnyi had a stable high yield (485.8 g/m2, variation coefficient V = 7.7%, homeostaticity Hom = 417). In 2012–2014, Ukrainian accessions Baskak, Hermes and Svarozhych were the best: their yields ranged within 572.6–621.7 g/m2, with the variation coefficient of 23.8–27.7% and homeostaticity of 351–366. In 2014–2016, we found two Ukrainian varieties (Podyv and Khors) and two Russian ones (Karat and Yaromir) with a yield of 600.4–753.1 g/m2. These accessions were noticeable for consistently high yields, with V = 24.7–31.3% and homeostaticity within 345–441. In 2015–2017, accessions with a yield of 565.3–731.7 g/m2 were the best. The variation coefficient of the varieties selected was 3.2–37.1%, with Hom = 333–554. They are Quench from the UK; Grace, Henrike and Scarlett from Germany; Gladys from the Netherlands; Balsam, Avgur, МІP Myrnyi, МІP Sotnik, Talisman Myronivskyi, and МІP Saliut from Ukraine; Fest from Belarus; Azik and Ilek-16 from Kazakhstan; and Shynar from Kyrgyzstan.Conclusion. The selected varieties gave stable yields during the study years, regardless of fluctuations in the weather conditions, that is, they are homeostatic. Therefore, it is expedient to use these accessions in breeding to increase the potential of new varieties, combining in their genotype resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions with high yield capacity

Effects of Different Spatial Precipitation Input Data on Crop Model Outputs under a Central European Climate

Crop simulation models, which are mainly being utilized as tools to assess the consequences of a changing climate and different management strategies on crop production at the field scale, are increasingly being used in a distributed model at the regional scale. Spatial data analysis and modelling in combination with geographic information systems (GIS) integrates information from soil, climate, and topography data into a larger area, providing a basis for spatial and temporal analysis. In the current study, the crop growth model Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) was used to evaluate five gridded precipitation input data at three locations in Austria. The precipitation data sets consist of the INtegrated Calibration and Application Tool (INCA) from the Meteorological Service Austria, two satellite precipitation data sources—Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and Climate Prediction Center MORPHing (CMORPH)—and two rainfall estimates based on satellite soil moisture data. The latter were obtained through the application of the SM2RAIN algorithm (SM2RASC) and a regression analysis (RAASC) applied to the Metop-A/B Advanced SCATtermonter (ASCAT) soil moisture product during a 9-year period from 2007–2015. For the evaluation, the effect on winter wheat and spring barley yield, caused by different precipitation inputs, at a spatial resolution of around 25 km was used. The highest variance was obtained for the driest area with light-textured soils; TMPA and two soil moisture-based products show very good results in the more humid areas. The poorest performances at all three locations and for both crops were found with the CMORPH input data.

The influence of bioorganic nanofertilizer on spring barley and oilseed rape productivity and economical effectiveness

Fertilizing field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2014–2015. Spring rape and spring barley with under-crop, perennial grass in the 1st year of use, and winter wheat were grown in four-field crop rotation. The experiment aim was to evaluate the influence of fertilizer on spring barley and on oilseed rape applying bioorganic nanofertilizers (BNF) and N60P60K70. The spring barley breed ‘Luokė’ and the oilseed rape ‘Sponsor’ were grown for the experiment. The research showed that N60P60K70 and BNF had a positive effect on the yield of spring barley ‘Luokė’ and of oilseed rape ‘Sponsor’. The spring barley grain yield increased from 6.8 to 16.3% and the oilseed rape seed yield increased from 8.1 to 23.3% compared to the control. The best yields were obtained fertilizing with N60P60K70 and BNF rate 1.0 l ha–1 and spraying twice. Fertilization with N60P60K70 and BNF 1.0 l ha–1 sprayed twice increased the crude protein content in grains by 0.51%. Fertilization with N60P60K70 and BNF solutions significantly increased the yield of spring barley grain and straw and improved the grain quality, positively influenced 1 000 grain weight, sprouting energy and germination. Application of N60P60K70 and BNF for barley is economically beneficial because it gave the highest profit compared to other options, 158.10 € ha–1. The premium yield of spring rape, sprayed with BNF 1.0 l ha–1 solution twice, was higher by 89.92 € ha–1 than that of the oilseed rape sprayed once. Application of N60P60K70 and BNF on oilseed rape is economically beneficial because it gave the highest profit compared with other options, 172.90 € ha–1.

Phosphorus Availability and Spring Barley Yields Under Graded P-Doses in a Pot Experiment

The pot experiment with graded P doses was carried out in 2015 and 2016 in the Crop Research Institute, Prague – Ruzyně (undermentioned CRI). Three soil types were chosen for the experiment – Chernozem, Cambisol, Haplic Luvisol. The soils were treated by graded P doses (0.3–0.6–1.2 g P/5 kg of soil). The soil without any treatment served as a control. The spring barley (variety KWS Irina) was grown up to the milky ripeness stage. Plants were regularly watered with the deionised water. Two-year results of experiments showed that the increase of spring barley dry matter was noted under graded P doses particularly in the year 2015, whereas in the year 2016 the plant growth despite to increasing trends generaly was not significant. The P-uptake by plants increased in correspondence to graded P doses and correlated with the P contents in soils determined by Mehlich 3 and NH4-acetate soil tests. The proportion of readily available P-NH4-acetate fractions increased in Chernozem and Luvisol in comparison with total available P-Mehlich 3 fractions under graded P doses. No evident increase of P-NH4-acetate fractions was obtained in Cambisol having the lowest CEC from all tested soils. The correlations between P content in plants of spring barley, P-uptake and phosphorus determined by Mehlich 3 and NH4‑acetate methods, with exception of relationship between P-barley and Mehlich 3, showed significant positive relationships. The highly positive relationship between P-Mehlich 3 and NH4-acetate methods indicating the suitability of both tests to predict phosphorus supply in soils.

Effect of biochar and nutrient amendment on vegetative growth of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Malz)

We tried to determine whether a commercially available, amended biochar could potentially increase the growth and yield of spring barley ('Hordeum vulgare' L. var. Malz) on loamy soil located in western Slovakia in 2014. Treatments (n=15) with three replications consisted of a control, raw biochar (RB) (0, 10, 20 t ha-1) and nitrogen-enriched biochar+compost (EB) (0, 10, 20 t ha-1) application, combined with 3 levels of mineral fertilization (0, 40, 80 kg N ha-1). The plots (4 m x 6 m) were organized in randomized block design. We examined above and below-ground biomass, crop height, number of plants per m2, grain yield and plant canopy development determined from digital image-derived vegetation indices. The positive effect of biochar application on the plant canopy development was observed. In case of the vegetation index, the difference between the treatments and control rose in the following order at all fertilization levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1): control < RB (10 t ha-1) < RB (20 t ha-1) < EB (10 t ha-1) < EB (20 t ha-1). Ten and twenty t ha-1 of EB without fertilizer increased root biomass by 126 and 52%, and above-ground biomass by 62 and 36%, respectively. We conclude that a single EB application of 10 t ha-1 or 20 t ha-1 (even if applied without N fertilizer) can increase plant biomass on loamy Typic Hapludalfs at least in the first cropping season.

Урожайность ярового ячменя на периодически орошаемых светло-каштановых почвах полупустынной зоны Северного Прикаспия

Урожайность ярового ячменя на периодически орошаемых светло-каштановых почвах полупустынной зоны Северного Прикаспия

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФРАКЦИОННОГО СОСТАВА И ПРОТРАВИТЕЛЕЙ НА ПОСЕВНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА СЕМЯН ЯРОВОГО ЯЧМЕНЯ

The effect of fraction composition and protectants on sowing characteristics of spring barley seeds The use of optimal seed fractions for sowing is an important agrotechnical technique for increasing the yield of spring barley. At present, investigations are under way to study the different grain sizes of spring barley seeds for sowing. The article presents the results of studies conducted in 2016-2017, to determine the effect of various disinfectants on the sowing characteristics of spring barley seeds, depending on the fractional composition. In laboratory tests, it was found that the treatment of barley seeds with various preservatives, depending on the fractional composition, influenced the planting qualities and stimulated growth processes. Thus, in the fractions isolated on sieves with aperture diameter (2.4 * 20mm and 2.6 * 20) using Lamador, KS and Ranazol Ultra, KC, the highest germination energy (from 84 to 89%) and laboratory germination (from 95 up to 97%). For most values of the intensity of growth of shoots, the optimal variants of the experiment were established on fractions 2,4 * 20 and 2,6 * 20 when treated with Ranazol Ultra, CS. On the control (without treatment), the maximum length of the germ on the fractions (2.0 * 20 and 2.2 * 20) was also noted and was 12.5 and 14.0 cm. The length of the sprout in the fraction (2.2 * 20) in the control and seed treatment with Ranazol Ultra, KS was almost identical. The highest yield was obtained with the use of the average fraction of seeds (2,4 * 20), with preplant seed treatment with Ranazol Ultra, KS - 10.2 t / ha; the smallest when treated with Vitovax 200 FF, VSC (8.6 t / ha). The data obtained make it possible to recommend the use of seeds with a fraction composition of 2,4 * 20 in combination with presowing treatment with Ranazol Ultra disinfectant, KS to obtain better seed and high yield of spring barley.

Влияние способов обработки почвы на водно-физические свойства и урожайность ярового ячменя при возделывании на склоновых землях Ростовской области

Влияние способов обработки почвы на водно-физические свойства и урожайность ярового ячменя при возделывании на склоновых землях Ростовской области

Mid-season prediction of grain yield and protein content of spring barley cultivars using high-throughput spectral sensing

Abstract The ability to forecast grain yields and protein contents of spring barley is of particular interest for the malting and brewing industry, as well as for plant breeding. However, methods for early prediction of grain yield and protein content should ideally be timesaving, non-destructive and inexpensive. In this 3-year study using the mobile phenotyping platform PhenoTrac 4, proximally sensed reflectance data of 34 cultivars were used to develop vegetation indices and to calibrate PLSR models, followed by subsequent validation in independent field trials. A comparison among PLSR, the NDVI and REIP indices and an optimized vegetation index indicated that PLSR and REIP (R 2 = 0.71-0.95) gave superior predictions of grain yield. Furthermore, it was possible to distinguish the performance of different cultivars. In contrast, protein content could not be predicted reliably. As an alternative, a PLSR model of leaf N uptake at anthesis was tested to predict grain protein content. Satisfactory correlations were obtained with R 2 = 0.61, but protein content was considerably overestimated. The results show that tractor-based proximal sensing is a high-throughput, non-destructive and precise method to predict the grain yield of spring barley and could be a suitable tool to deliver information for the brewing industry and plant breeders.

A fungal endophyte consortium counterbalances the negative effects of reduced nitrogen input on the yield of field-grown spring barley

SUMMARYThe use of chemicals to fertilize crops incurs economic and environmental costs and it is widely recognized that the current level of chemical fertilizer use is unsustainable in many intensive farming systems. Any methods that can reduce fertilizer input and still maintain acceptable yields would be of great benefit to both the farmer and the environment. The use of beneficial endophytes as crop inoculants may go some way towards improving crop yields beyond that achievable using fertilizer increases alone. Field trials were conducted over two seasons on three contrasting field sites to test the effects of fungal endophytes from a wild barley relative on three barley cultivars (Mickle, Planet and Propino). Seeds were either untreated or dressed with a consortium of four endophyte strains, and three levels of nitrogen (N) were applied to both treatments: full N, 50% N and 0 N. On the field site with the lowest overall N input, the endophyte treatment with 50% N restored yield for ‘Planet’ to that associated with untreated plants receiving the full N input. On the same site and with the same cultivar, endophyte treatment increased yield by 15% under full N, and by a mean 12% for all three cultivars with 50% N input. Over both seasons and all three sites, the endophyte treatment increased yield for the cultivar Planet by a mean of 9%. For the endophyte-associated increase in the variety Planet grain yield over the untreated trials strong correlations were found between increased yield and each of low rainfall, greater evaporation and greater number of degree days above the base. Furthermore, the efficacy of the endophytes was not removed by regular foliar fungicidal treatment. These results suggest that fungal endophytes can contribute to improving barley yield grown in low rainfall areas and under a range of fertilizer input regimes, provided that endophyte treatments are applied to compatible crop cultivars and sites.

Brown Algae and Basalt Meal in Maintaining the Activity of Arylsulfatase of Soil Polluted with Cadmium

This study analysed the effectiveness of innovative (basalt meal, brown algae extract) and conventional (barley straw) substances which hypothetically alleviate the inhibiting effect of Cd2+ on biochemical properties of soil, with particular regard to the activity of arylsulfatase. An analysis of their potential was carried out based on the activity of arylsulfatase and the number of Pseudomonas sp. determined on the 25th and 50th days of the study. Cd2+ was applied in the following doses: 0, 4, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 mg Cd2+ kg−1 of DM soil, in the form of CdCl2·2.5H2O. A complex formulation of the issue was obtained from the presentation of biochemical properties using the RS (resistance of soil) index. Cadmium caused permanent adverse effects in the soil environment, inhibiting the activity of arylsulfatase and the yield of spring barley. The consequences of stress connected with increasing Cd2+ pollution were intensified by an elongation of the accumulation time of the tested metal in the soil. Chances for regeneration of the soil may be sought, most of all, with the application of straw and, to a lesser degree, with basalt meal. Brown algae did not meet the expectations for its potential. An increase in the studied parameters also resulted from sowing the soil with spring barley.

Expre­s­sion level and correlation between yielding capacity, morphological characters and yield components in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Purpose. To reveal trends of expression level and relationship between yielding capacity, yield components and morphological characters of spring barley of two-row type in the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. To identify new genetic sources for breeding.Methods. Field experiments, variance, correlation and cluster analyses.Results. During the investigation of 30 spring barley genotypes of various eco-geographical origin during the period of 2012–2014 with contrast meteorological parameters in the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, it was found significant differences in expression level of morphological characters, yielding capacity and yield components. Samples with increased yielding capaci­ty [‘Kozvan’ (‘Maiak’) (UKR), ‘AC Kings’ (CAN), ‘Siaivo’ (UKR), ‘RD-1’ (UKR), ‘Arhument’ (UKR), ‘B 1215’ (USA)] and some yield components have been identified. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, samples were grouped by the expression level of the studied characters. Some genotypes identified by yiel­ding capacity were placed in different groups, that raise the possibility of systematic genetic improvement of plants when creating new source material and using them as parental components in crosses. Reliable correlations between yielding capacity and productive tillering (r = 0.67–072), yielding capacity and grain weight per plant (r = 0.73–0.77) were found. Grain weight per plant in all years reliably correlated with productive tillering (r = 0.62–0.80). In dry conditions of 2013, higher correlations between yielding capacity and other morphological characters and yield components were observed, in particular plant height (up to r = 0.52), length of upper internode (r = 0.52), grain weight of main spike (r = 0.39). Higher correlation between yielding capacity and 1000 kernel weight were noted in 2013 and 2014 as compared to 2012 against a background of decline in expression level of the character.Conclusions. Genotypes identified with high expression level of breeding valuable characters should be used as genetic sources when creating new germplasm. In order to increase formative process for productivity in the hybrid progeny, high-producing genotypes belonging to different clusters should be chosen as components in crossings. Under environments of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, productive tillering plays the most significant role in the formation of yield of two-rowed spring barley. However, for providing high level of productivity of plants and agrocoenosis as a whole, late­ral stems should be developed simultaneously with the main stem and characterized by balance of grain number per spike and grain size.

Yield and soil coverage of catch crops and their impact on the yield of spring barley

The aim of experiment was to evaluate the impact of catch crops on the yield of spring barley. An assessment of the suitability of catch crops in relation to their yield and soil coverage was made. The field experiment was set up in a corn-growing area (south Moravia, Czech Republic). The results show a statistically significant difference in yield of dry matter and soil coverage among catch crops as well as among years. The most appropriate was the cultivation of Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham and Sinapis alba L., which regularly provided the highest yields and soil coverage. In some years, similar results were also achieved for Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and Carthamus tinctorius L. Less suitable catch crops are Secale cereale var. multicaule L., which ensured lower yield and good soil coverage, but reduced the yield of spring barley, and Panicum miliaceum L. Yield of spring barley was affected by year and species of catch crops. The lowest yield of barely was in the year with unfavourable rainfall. The yield decreased with increasing quantities of catch crop matter. In the case of favourable rainfall year, there was no risk of lower yield of spring barley after monitored catch crops in one of the driest and warmest places in the Czech Republic.

Negative impacts of climate change on cereal yields: statistical evidence from France

In several world regions, climate change is predicted to negatively affect crop productivity. The recent statistical yield literature emphasizes the importance of flexibly accounting for the distribution of growing-season temperature to better represent the effects of warming on crop yields. We estimate a flexible statistical yield model using a long panel from France to investigate the impacts of temperature and precipitation changes on wheat and barley yields. Winter varieties appear sensitive to extreme cold after planting. All yields respond negatively to an increase in spring–summer temperatures and are a decreasing function of precipitation about historical precipitation levels. Crop yields are predicted to be negatively affected by climate change under a wide range of climate models and emissions scenarios. Under warming scenario RCP8.5 and holding growing areas and technology constant, our model ensemble predicts a 21.0% decline in winter wheat yield, a 17.3% decline in winter barley yield, and a 33.6% decline in spring barley yield by the end of the century. Uncertainty from climate projections dominates uncertainty from the statistical model. Finally, our model predicts that continuing technology trends would counterbalance most of the effects of climate change.

Effects of Crop Inputs, Diversity, Environment and Terrain on Yield in an 18-year Study in the Semi-Arid Canadian Prairie

A field experiment was conducted from 1994 to 2013 at Scott, SK, to assess the effects of cropping diversity and inputs on spring wheat, canola, and barley yield in the context of growing season pr...

Test results of waste processing potassium-magnesium ores, as a fertilizer of prolonged action

The results of using K-Mg ore processing wastes as long-life fertilizers after high-temperature roasting are presented. The results of laboratory and field tests of the effectiveness of the action of these fertilizers (hereinafter cinder) with a different temperature of roasting on cereals and potatoes are shown. The use of cinders as fertilizers ensured the formation of yields of spring wheat, barley and potatoes at the level of standard fertilizer - potassium chloride. The increment of spring wheat yield in comparison with the control was 1.42-1.78, with a background of 0.23-0.28, barley 1.30- 2.02; 0,34-0,47 and potatoes 1,44-4,58; 0.54-3.15, respectively. Quality indicators of products (grain, straw from cereals, tubers from potatoes) were also at the level of the application of a standard fertilizer. The conclusion is made about obtaining the maximum effect when using cinders with a firing temperature of 900oС.

The influence of composts on yield and chemical elements of winter wheat and spring barley

The influence of composts on yield and chemical elements of winter wheat and spring barley

Changing regional weather-crop yield relationships across Europe between 1901 and 2012

Europe is, after Asia, the second largest producer of wheat in the world, and provides the largest share of barley. Wheat (and to a similar extent, barley) production in Europe increased by more than 6-fold during the 20th century. During the first half of the 20th century, this was driven by expanding the harvested area. This was followed, from the mid-20th century, by a massive increase in productivity that in many regions has stalled since 2000. However, it remains unclear what role climatic factors have played in these changes. Understanding the net impact of climatic trends over the past century would also aid in our understanding of the potential impact of future climate changes and in assessments of the potential for adaptation across Europe. In this study, we compiled information from several sources on winter wheat and spring barley yields and climatological data from 12 countries/regions covering the period from 1901-2012. The studied area includes the majority of climatic regions in which wheat and barley are grown (from central Italy to Finland). We hypothesized that changes in climatic conditions have led to measurable shifts in climate-yield relationships over the past 112 yr, and that presently grown wheat and barely show a more pronounced response to adverse weather conditions compared to crops from the early 20th century. The results confirm that climate-yield relationships have changed significantly over the period studied, and that in some regions, different predictors have had a greater effect on yields in recent times (between 1991 and 2012) than in previous decades. It is likely that changes in the climate-yield relationship at the local level might be more pronounced than those across the relatively large regions used in this study, as the latter represents aggregations of yields from various agroclimatic and pedoclimatic conditions that may show opposing trends.

Relationships between the evaporative stress index and winter wheat and spring barley yield anomalies in the Czech Republic

Relationships between the evaporative stress index and winter wheat and spring barley yield anomalies in the Czech Republic