Common Bean Yield Research Articles

Yield and Growth of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) Varieties as Influenced by Lime and Phosphorus Under Acid Soil Toxicity of South Western Ethiopia

Acidic soils limit the productive potential of crops because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen and aluminium in exchangeable forms. At the study area, soil acidity is a well-known problem limiting crop productivity. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify common bean variety that tolerate acid soil or low pH soil. Fifteen (15) common bean variety were grown in split plot design under four soil amendments (limed alone, phosphorus alone, both lime and phosphorus treated, and no any amendment) with three replications at three locations in Western and South Western Ethiopia. Data on growth and yield were collected and analyzed using SAS version 9.3 software. Treatment means were compared at 5% level of significance using List significant Different. The results revealed that variety X amendments X locations X seasons interactions were significant (p<0.01) for both grain yield and plant height. Availability of varietal difference among common bean varieties under both amended and unamended acid soil conditions was observed. The highest grain yield (1.043 t/ha) under control soil conditions obtained from this result is still below the national average (1.59t/ha), but more than the national average under lime and phosphorus treated plots (1.989t/ha), which shows that the selected variety is responded to lime and phosphorus than tolerant to acid soil. SER 119 variety is selected for those farmers who have the capacity to apply lime with phosphorus based on the yield performance at both locations and also this variety is included in the future work of further selection trials. However, further study is required including considering additional genotypes, at least for three or four years to determine the residual effect of phosphorus and lime to reach at a conclusive recommendation.

Improve Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Yield through Cattle Manure in Nioka Region, Ituri Province, DRC

The agricultural production of common bean farmers in the DRC is deficient due to several factors: lack of plant disease control, poor farming practices, declining soil fertility and limited use of soil conservation measures such as the application of cattle manure to restore soil fertility. A complete randomized block experiment design with three replicates was carried out in Rimba and Lekpa sites in Ituri Province in order to observe the seed yield of three varieties of common bean (M’Sole, AFR 708 and Shabi rouge) during two cropping seasons (seasons B 2016 and A 2017) following the effects of using organic manure at dose of 0 and 5 t/ha. Results showed that seed yield of common bean varieties fluctuated significantly according to the season, variety, manure input (P

Índices de vegetação na estimativa da produtividade do feijoeiro cultivado sob doses de nitrogênio

Remote sensing presents several applications in agriculture, highlighting the definition of specific management areas and estimation of crop yield. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two vegetation indices (NDVI and IRVI) in the estimation of grain and biomass yield of common bean cultivated under nitrogen doses in four phenological stages. The experiment was carried out in the winter crop of 2018. The experiment had five treatments, under N rates in the topdressing (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), with four repetitions. The NDVI and IRVI vegetation indices were obtained by the Greenseeker active sensor. Regressions of the mean value of NDVI and IRVI of each plot were plotted with the biomass and grain yield of the crop. The regressions were submitted to the analysis (p < 0.05) and, when significant, the adjustments were tested by the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The accuracy of estimating common bean grain yield by means of vegetation index (R2 = 0.71, RMSE = 162 kg ha-1) is higher than for biomass yield (R2 = 0.52, RMSE = 898 kg ha-1). The phenological stage with higher accuracy in the estimation of yields is grain filling (R8).

Intercropping fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by PGPR inoculation: A strategy for improving yield, essential oil and fatty acid composition

In order to evaluate the quali-quantitative traits of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) when intercropped with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different cropping patterns and under PGPR application, a two-years field experiment (2015 and 2016) was arranged as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of six cropping patterns including sole cropping of fennel, sole cropping of common bean, and different intercropping ratios of fennel to common bean (1:1, 2:2, 3:2, 4:2), whereas the second factor included the application and non-application of PGPR. The results showed that the highest seed yields of common bean (2474.83 kg ha−1) and fennel (2730.08 kg ha−1) were produced with sole cropping combined under PGPR application. The fennel essential oil (EO) and seed oil (fixed oil) content in all intercropping patterns were higher than those in sole cropping. Furthermore, under PGPR application, the seed yield, EO content, EO yield, fixed oil content and oil yield of fennel increased by 20.9, 16.4, 39.3, 10.3 and 33.3 %, respectively, compared with control. Based on the chemical analysis of fennel EO, the main constituents were (E)-anethole (73.71–81.10%), fenchone (3.44–6.18%), limonene (3.49–5.82%) and methyl chavicol (4.06–7.22%). The major fatty acids in fennel fixed oil were oleic (77.17–82.90%), linoleic (6.50–8.97%) and palmitic acids (3.25–6.80%). The highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) and (E)-anethole were obtained with intercropping ratios (fennel to common bean) of 2:2 and 3:2 under PGPR application, respectively. Furthermore, the highest land equivalent ratio (1.32) was obtained with intercropping ratio of 3:2 under PGPR application. Our findings showed that the intercropping ratio of 2:2 and 3:2 upon PGPR biofertilization may be suggested to farmers instead of sole cropping for enhancing the fennel EO and fixed oil quali-quantitative composition.

Yield and Physiological Response of Common Bean in Three Semi-Commercial Farmers’ Fields in Limpopo Province

Despite the importance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in human nutrition, its production in developing countries is far below consumption rates. A study was established to understand the yield performance and physiological response of common bean under three farmers’ field in the Limpopo Province. The results revealed significant variation in grain yield and biomass between the locations. Physiological parameters such as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), SPAD value and leaf gas exchanges were strongly influenced by the location, the crop growth stage and crop management. Dry bean crop performance was significantly lower at Masemola. Grain yield at Masemola was 30% less than that achieved at Dalmada and Mokopane. NDVI and LAI were also consistently lower at Masemola when compared to the other locations. This study revealed that poor yields by emerging farmers in dry areas are due to poor agronomic and irrigation management.

Sources and Rates of Potassium for Drip Irrigation of Polyethylene-mulched Bean Production

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Common bean is a type of vegetable that can be consumed in the form of young pods. Potassium is one of the macronutrients needed to achieve maximum yield in common bean. Therefore this research is aimed at determining a suitable potassium source as well as an appropriate rate for drip irrigation in common bean using polyethylene mulch. The study was conducted from January to May 2018 at University Farm, IPB University. This experiment was set up as a nested randomized block design with two factors i.e. potassium sources as the main factor ( KCl, ZK, and NPK), and potassium rates (0, 37.5, 75, 112.5, 150 kg of K2O per ha). Fertilizer rates were nested in the main factor and fertilizers were applied Fertilization through a drip irrigation fertigation system with emitters placed close to the roots of plants. Fertilizer sources had significant effects on the variables of growth and bean yields. NPK resulted in a better growth and yield compared with KCl and ZK. Fertilizer sources that have very significant effect were likely related to the shape and solubility of the fertilizers, the ease of application, and also completeness of nutrient content in fertilizer. Based on the pod weight per plot, the productivity per hectare of bean pods produced in this study reached 7.52 ton.ha-1. Potassium (K2O) rate did not have significant effects on the variables of growth and yields of the bean.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effects of organomineral fertilizers formulated with biosolids and filter cake on common bean yield crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of different sources of residues in the composition of organomineral fertilizers on common bean yield. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Uberlândia. A randomized complete block design was used in the 2 x 4 + 2 factorial scheme corresponding to two organic sources (biosolids and filter cake) and four doses of pelletized organomineral fertilizer (50, 75, 100 and 125% of the recommendation for common bean, plus two additional treatments without fertilization and fertilization with mineral fertilizer). The plant height and stem diameter were evaluated at 30 days after sowing (DAS), and an average number of pods plant-1 and grains pod-1, yield (g plant-1), dry mass (g), and mass of 1000 grains (g) at 84 DAS. The organomineral fertilizer based on biosolids fertilizer provides the largest growth with the use of 100% of the recommended dose, the largest volume of dry mass up to 75% and the highest yield at 50%. The organomineral fertilizer based on filter cake increased dry mass volume. The organomineral fertilizers evaluated have the potential to substitute exclusively mineral fertilization in the common bean crop.

Growth, production and yield of common bean under water replacement levels

ABSTRACT The bean is a world-class crop and requires adequate water management for higher yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and the production and to fit multiple regression models to estimate the production components, total biomass accumulation and grain yield of ‘Rosinha’ bean under levels of replacement of evapotranspired water. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions. Treatments consisted of fractions of crop evapotranspiration (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% ETc). Growth variables (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area per plant, leaf area index, stem dry mass and leaf dry mass) and production components (number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, pod dry mass, total biomass, pod mass per plant, grain yield) were evaluated. Measurements of growth variables carried out at 35 days after sowing were used to fit multiple regression models to estimate dry pod mass, total biomass accumulation and grain yield of common bean. Higher growth and yield of common bean, ‘Rosinha’, are obtained with irrigation depth corresponding to 100% of the evapotranspired water.

Factors Affecting Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Technologies by Smallholder Common Bean Farmers in Kenya: A Case Study of Machakos and Bungoma Counties

Common Bean is an important pulse crop in Kenya. The yields of common beans in Kenya have been low and declining. The decline in Common Bean yields has been due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Research was carried out to determine factors that influenced the adoption of Integrated Pests and Disease Management technologies in Bungoma and Machakos counties, Kenya. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to randomly sample 502 smallholder farmers in Bungoma and Machakos counties. Primary data were collected from sampled farmers by carrying out face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Logistic regression using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 Software. Descriptive statistics results showed that farmers in the two study sites used both modern and indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) to control pests and diseases on their bean crops and produce. The Logistic regression results showed that five factors significantly influenced the choice of IPM technologies by farmers. These were: region, level of education of the household head, access to extension services, household food security status and availability of markets for beans. Access to extension and region were highly significant at 1% significance level. To achieve high yields the factor that significantly increased adoption of IPM in bean production such as access to extension should be enhanced.

Assessment of economic returns by using a central pivot system to irrigate common beans during the rainfed season in Central Brazil

Irrigation improves yield, but can create conflicts with other water uses during dry periods. Based on this, the aim of this study is to assess the economic returns provided by irrigation of common beans during the rainfed season in Central Brazil. Common bean yield was simulated for 30 growing seasons using the crop model DSSAT-CROPGRO-Drybean, with parameters calibrated for the cultivar Pérola. The yield simulations considered sowing dates from Nov. 01 to Jan. 01 at each 15 days, and four water managements: rainfed and irrigation starting at 70, 50 and 30% of the total soil water available (TSWA). Yield and irrigation costs were obtained from official institutes that assess net revenue considering sales prices from R$ 1.33 to R$ 5.00 per kg. The rainfed system yield ranged from 500 to 3000 kg ha−1. The irrigation at 70, 50 and 30% of TWSA increased yield, respectively, from 26.7 to 41.4%, from 5.5 to 14.5%, and from 0.4 to 2.4% in relation to the rainfed system with ranges depending on sowing dates. The average demand of 53 mm cycle−1 (range between 0 to 100 mm cycle−1) was required by the water management 70% of TSWA. However, the 50% of TSWA required an average demand of 19 mm cycle−1, and the 30% of TSWA in most growing seasons did not require irrigation. The net revenue was affected by sales prices and sowing dates (preferentially early sowing). A minimum sales price ranging from R$ 1.85 to R$ 2.83 per kg is required, according to the water management and the sowing date, for an internal return rate higher than 12%. Irrigation at 70% of TSWA provided a similar or better economic index and a higher yield than the rainfed system. It is an interesting water management option because water is used when the river water level is higher, ensuring yield stability and food production.

Using Carbon Isotope Discrimination to Assess Genotypic Differences in Drought Resistance of Parental Lines of Common Bean

Accurate assessment of crop water uptake (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) is not easy under field conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) has been used as a surrogate of WUE to examine crop yield responses to drought and its relationship with WU and WUE. A 2‐yr study was conducted (i) to characterize genotypic variation in Δ13C, grain yield, and other physiological parameters in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) parental lines, and (ii) to examine the relationships between grain Δ13C, shoot Δ13C, and grain yield under well‐watered and terminal drought stress conditions. All measured plant traits were strongly influenced by water availability, and genotypic differences in grain yield, shoot Δ13C, and grain Δ13C were found in both watered and terminal drought stress environments. The parental lines were classified into two drought adaptation groups, drought resistant and drought sensitive, based on a yield drought index. High yields under drought conditions were related to (i) greater water uptake, as indicated by high Δ13C in genotypes previously shown to have deeper roots (e.g., SEA 5 and BAT 477), and (ii) increased WUE, denoted by lower Δ13C and greater pod harvest index (PHI) (e.g., SER 16). Coupling of Δ13C measurements with measured yield and yield components analyses, such as PHI, provided an avenue to distinguish different physiological traits among drought resistant genotypes underlying adaptation to water deficit stress.

Effect of zinc-biofortified seeds on grain yield of wheat, rice, and common bean grown in six countries.

Seeds enriched with zinc (Zn) are ususally associated with better germination, more vigorous seedlings and higher yields. However, agronomic benefits of high-Zn seeds were not studied under diverse agro-climatic field conditions. This study investigated effects of low-Zn and high- Zn seeds (biofortified by foliar Zn fertilization of maternal plants under field conditions) of wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on seedling density, grain yield and grain Zn concentration in 31 field locations over two years in six countries. Experimental treatments were: (1) low-Zn seeds and no soil Zn fertilization (control treatment), (2) low-Zn seeds + soil Zn fertilization, and (3) Zn-biofortified seeds and no soil Zn fertilization. The wheat experiments were established in China, India, Pakistan, and Zambia, the rice experiments in China, India and Thailand, and the common bean experiment in Brazil. When compared to the control treatment, soil Zn fertilization increased wheat grain yield in all six locations in India, two locations in Pakistan and one location in China. Zinc-biofortified seeds also increased wheat grain yield in all four locations in Pakistan and four locations in India compared to the control treatment. Across all countries over 2 years, Zn-biofortified wheat seeds increased plant population by 26.8% and grain yield by 5.37%. In rice, soil Zn fertilization increased paddy yield in all four locations in India and one location in Thailand. Across all countries, paddy yield increase was 8.2% by soil Zn fertilization and 5.3% by Zn-biofortified seeds when compared to the control treatment. In common bean, soil Zn application as well as Znbiofortified seed increased grain yield in one location in Brazil. Effects of soil Zn fertilization and high-Zn seed on grain Zn density were generally low. This study, at 31 field locations in six countries over two years, revealed that the seeds biofortfied with Zn enhanced crop productivity at many locations with different soil and environmental conditions. As high-Zn grains are a by-product of Zn biofortification, use of Zn-enriched grains as seed in the next cropping season can contribute to enhance crop productivity in a cost-effective manner.

A soil compaction diagnosis method for occasional tillage recommendation under continuous no tillage system in Brazil

Soil compaction has reduced crop yield under continuous no-tillage systems (NTS), and occasional tillage has been suggested as a mitigating measure. The aim of this study was to suggest a moisture content range ideal for diagnosing and monitoring soil compaction and propose a criterion based on PR for making decisions regarding recommendation of occasional tillage. After 10 years of cultivation under NTS, soil management practices were tested for mitigating soil compaction, combining occasional tillage (subsoiling or chisel plowing) and chemical soil conditioning (limestone or agricultural gypsum). Undisturbed soil samples were collected at three depths, and PR was measured at seven soil matric potentials at 1.5 years after the installation of the experiment. Five PR models were tested in accordance with soil moisture content and validated for each treatment and soil depth. The yields of soybean (2015/2016 and 2017/2018 crop seasons), maize (2016/2017 crop season), common bean (2017 second crop), and wheat (2018 second crop) were evaluated. Occasional tillage with subsoiling or chisel plowing under continuous NTS led to an increase in grain yield in the three subsequent years. An ideal range of soil water content for diagnosis of compaction (IRDC) in a continuous NTS area between the matric potentials of -0.03 and -0.50 MPa, preferentially -0.10 MPa, was suggested, unlike the value of field capacity suggested in the literature. Based on the IRDC, a method was proposed for diagnosis and monitoring of soil compaction in continuous NTS areas exhibiting restricted grain yield for the purpose of making decisions regarding occasional tillage. An example of application of this method was tested and was successful.

Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Putative Genes Involved in Flowering Time Under Different Photoperiods in ‘Hong jin gou’ Common Bean

Flowering time influences pod yield and quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); however, our knowledge of flowering time genes and flowering mechanisms in common bean remain limited. We performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses [long-day (LD) condition and short-day (SD) condition] to identify the flowering time genes and analyzed differentially expressed genes to examine their expression levels in relation to flowering time in ‘Hong Jin Gou’ common bean, a cultivar highly sensitive to photoperiod. The circadian patterns of related genes were identified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Flowering time in ‘Hong Jin Gou’ was influenced by day length: SD conditions promoted flowering. A total of eight flowering time–related genes were identified, which were classified into photoperiod pathways. Homologs of pseudo-response regulator 5, pseudo-response regulator 7, and gigantea were more highly expressed under SD conditions than under LD conditions. Homologs of late elongated hypocotyl and timing of cab expression 1 were differentially expressed under light and dark conditions. Early flowering 3 is a key regulator of the pathway, which coordinates light and circadian clock inputs in leaves to trigger the expression of downstream genes. The present study provides critical information that could facilitate further investigations on the genetic mechanism of flowering time in common bean.

Effects of Tin Mine Tailings on the Growth and Development of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Jos, Nigeria

Aims: To study the effects of mine tailings on the growth and yield of two genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).&#x0D; Study Design: The experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments, two blocks and each block was replicated three times.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria during the rainy season in a field experiment in 2014.&#x0D; Methodology: The mine tailings combinations include four different additions mine tailings soil {(T0) 0 kg as control, (T1) 2 kg, (T2) 3 kg, (T3) 4 kg} and the respective mine tailings soils were added to 6.3 kg of normal soil. Two common bean accessions were used (Cranberry-G1 and Pinto-G2), which gave the total of eight treatment combinations (T0G1, T0G2, T1G1, T1G2, T2G1, T2G2, T3G1, T3G2).&#x0D; Results: The control recorded significant higher mean plant height (cm), number of leaves and number of trifoliate leaves, number of pods and number of seeds per pod in both genotypes for all the different weeks after planting (WAP). A significant decrease in plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, number of leaves per plant, number of pods and number of seeds per pod in both genotypes were observed with increased levels of mine tailings. There was a significant increase in time to 50% flower and 50% pod production (P = 0.01) over the control which increased with increasing levels of mine tailings. The genotypes exhibited no significant difference (P = 0.05) for most traits accessed, except for number of pod per plant. It is evident from the findings that Cranberry is more tolerant to heavy metals contamination in soil, perhaps may be more suitable for planting in such mining soils.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study showed that inclusion of mine tailings had detrimental effect on both the growth and yield of common bean.

Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed yield and quali-quantitative production of the essential oils from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in intercropping system under humic acid application

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of fennel/common bean/dragonhead intercropping and humic acid application on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed yield and the quali-quantitative production of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) essential oils (EOs), a 2-year field experiment was carried out with a factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was given by 10 different cropping patterns including common bean monoculture, fennel monoculture, dragonhead monoculture and different intercropping ratios, 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:3:1, 2:1:2, 2:2:2, 2:3:2, 2:4:2 (fennel: common bean: dragonhead), whereas the second factor was represented by usage or not of humic acid (organic manure). The results demonstrated that the highest seed yield of fennel and common bean and biological yield of dragonhead were recorded in the monoculture of each plant. Application of humic acid increased the seed yield productivity of common bean and fennel and biological yield of dragonhead compared with control (i.e. no application of humic acid) by 10, 16 and 7%, respectively. Also, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in most of intercropping patterns increased over the monocultures. Additionally, the different intercropping patterns and application of humic acid improved the content of (E)-anethole, fenchone and limonene in fennel EO and those of geranial, neral and neryl acetate in dragonhead EO, over the control. Overall, intercropping of fennel and dragonhead with common bean under humic acid application could improve the EO quality and quantity of the mentioned medicinal and aromatic herbs and can be recommended to farmers as an alternative, sustainable and cleaner cultural system.

Field drought conditions impact yield but not nutritional quality of the seed in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Drought substantially limits seed yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the tropics. Understanding the interaction of drought on yield and the nutrient concentration of the seed is vital in order to supply nutrition to the millions of consumers who rely on common bean as a staple crop. Nevertheless, the impact of drought on common bean for both yield and nutrient concentration has not yet been concurrently investigated in a field environment. Using 10 bred lines developed by CIAT and its partners for their improved adaptation to drought and phosphorus deficiency, this study characterised the impact of drought on yield and nutrient concentration for leaf and seed tissue of common bean grown in the field. Drought significantly reduced leaf area (by ~50%), harvest index (by ~60%), yield (by ~70%), seed weight (by ~25%) and enriched carbon isotope abundance (δ13C) in the seed. Within the soluble leaf fraction, drought significantly decreased the concentration of mineral nutrients and amino acids, whereas no negative effect on the concentration of nutrients and amino acids was detected within the seed. Genotypic variation in nutrient concentration in both the leaf and seed tissue was identified and should be explored further to identify traits that may confer tolerance to abiotic stress.

Rhizobial inoculation improves drought tolerance, biomass and grain yields of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) at Halaba and Boricha in Southern Ethiopia

ABSTRACTWhile pulses are staple food-legumes in Ethiopia, their productivity is low due to low soil fertility. Elite rhizobial strains that significantly increased shoot dry weight and nitrogen (N) contents of common beans and soybeans in greenhouse were selected for two-year field trials to evaluate their effect on yields of the pulses in the field. Each pulse had six treatments, namely four rhizobial inoculants, uninoculated control, and synthetic N fertilizer. In the drought-affected year 2015, inoculated pulses tolerated moisture stress better than non-inoculated controls. Inoculation was conducive to higher or equivalent yields compared to synthetic N fertilizer. At Halaba, bean inoculated with strain HAMBI3562 gave the highest grain yield (1500 ± 81 kg ha−1; mean±SE) while the control yielded only 653 ± 22 kg ha−1. At Boricha, HAMBI3570 gave a grain yield (640 ± 35 kg ha−1) comparable to synthetic N. When rainfall was optimal in 2016, inoculation with HAMBI3562 and HAMBI3570 gave grain yields (around 4300 kg ha−1) equivalent to synthetic N. With soybean, strain HAMBI3513 produced consistently higher or comparable biomass and grain yields compared to synthetic N. In conclusion, HAMBI3562 and HAMBI3570 for beans and HAMBI3513 for soybeans can serve as inoculants for areas having similar conditions as the test areas.

Componentes agronômicos do feijoeiro superprecoce BRS FC104 em diferentes arranjos espaciais e adubações fosfatadas

The adequate combination of row spacing with the number of plants per meter in front of different edaphoclimatic conditions is fundamental to obtain greater common bean yields. This work aimed to identify the best spatial arrangement and dose of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) to maximize the productive potential of very early BRS FC104 common bean cultivar. The experiments were conducted in Formosa, Cristalina, Santa Helena de Goias and Santo Antonio de Goias, Goias, in a randomized block design with split plots and four replications. In the plots, five doses of MAP, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg ha-1, and, in the subplots, five plant populations, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 plants per meter were evaluated. Two experiments were carried out in each locality, one at 0.38 m spacing and another at 0.50 m spacing. The number of pods per plant was the grain yield component most affected by the spatial arrangement of plants, increasing its value with the increase in row spacing and the reduction in plant population, in all locals. The response of common bean yield to row spacing was variable, depending on the local and the dose of MAP. The plasticity of the grain yield components kept the common bean yield stable in relation to changes in the plant population, in all locals, except in Santa Helena de Goias, where greater grain yield was obtained with about 14 plants per meter. Phosphate fertilization increased common bean yield in Santo Antonio de Goias.

Morphological and Agronomic Characteristics of Common Beans Subjected to Seed Priming With Different Doses of N6-benzyladenine

In field conditions, the more usual application of cytokinins is based mainly on seed treatment and foliar spraying. Nowadays, seed priming with plant growth regulators is a successful agricultural practice due to its easy application in annual crops, resulting in a higher vigor and production. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatment of common bean seeds with N6-benzyladenine (6-BA), in the morphophysiology and crop yield, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replicates and five doses of 6-BA (0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.1125 and 0.15 g kg-1 of seed). The growth regulator was applied to the seeds in order to cover their entire surface. At 30 days after emergence, the physiological parameters were increased as a function of the doses of 6-BA. On the other hand, at 30 and 45 days after emergence of the crop, there was a drastic reduction in nodulation with increased 6-BA doses, which resulted in the lower accumulation of leaf nitrogen, pod number, and common bean yield. The ranging doses till 0.15 g kg-1 of seed of the cytokinin 6-BA are not recommended in seed priming of common beans. However, the effective recommendation of cytokinin as a seed priming is still not determined, and studies about products and doses must be improved before recommendation.