Common Bean Yield Research Articles

Genome prediction accuracy of common bean via Bayesian models

ABSTRACT: We aimed to apply genomic information based on SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers for the genetic evaluation of the traits “stay-green” (SG), plant architecture (PA), grain aspect (GA) and grain yield (GY) in common bean through Bayesian models. These models were compared in terms of prediction accuracy and ability for heritability estimation for each one of the mentioned traits. A total of 80 cultivars were genotyped for 377 SNP markers, whose effects were estimated by five different Bayesian models: Bayes A (BA), B (BB), C (BC), LASSO (BL) e Ridge regression (BRR). Although, prediction accuracies calculated by means of cross-validation have been similar within each trait, the BB model stood out for the trait SG, whereas the BRR was indicated for the remaining traits. The heritability estimates for the traits SG, PA, GA and GY were 0.61, 0.28, 0.32 and 0.29, respectively. In summary, the Bayesian methods applied here were effective and ease to be implemented. The used SNP markers can help in the early selection of promising genotypes, since incorporating genomic information increase the prediction accuracy of the estimated genetic merit.

PHENOLOGICAL, PLANT ARCHITECTURE, AND GRAIN YIELD TRAITS ON COMMON BEAN LINES SELECTION

ABSTRACT The development of common bean cultivars with early cycle, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield represents marketing advantages to bean farmers. This study aimed to evaluate whether common bean inbred lines differ for phenological, plant architecture, and grain yield traits; analyze the correlations between these traits; and select early and upright common bean lines with high grain yield. To this end, 14 common bean inbred lines were evaluated in two growing seasons in Santa Maria - RS, Brazil. Common bean inbred lines showed significant differences for all traits, except for insertion of the first pod and length of the fourth and fifth internodes. The four superior common bean lines selected by the multiplicative index were CNFP 10794, CNFC 10762, DF 06-09, and BRS Valente. CNFP 10794 presents earliness (flowering and cycle), upright plant architecture (lower values of general adaptation score, lodging, and stay-green phenotype) and high grain yield (higher values of number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield). Mass of 100 grains showed a positive correlation with grain yield (r= 0.68). The indirect selection using mass of 100 grains is of intermediate efficiency to increase grain yield in common bean. CNFP 10794 presents earliness, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield and will be selected for the breeding program.

Economically optimal water depth and grain yield of common bean subjected to different irrigation depths

ABSTRACT Common bean crop plays an important role in the world, not only in economic aspects but also in social development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain yield and the economically optimal water depth which reflects the maximum technical efficiency of the common bean crop. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in Alegrete - RS, from February to May 2016. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of five water replacement treatments (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and four replicates. Based on the obtained results, both water deficit and water excess directly affected the final grain yield of the crop. Maximum grain yield was 3,554.1 kg ha-1, obtained by applying 492.72 mm (100% ETc). On the other hand, the economically optimal water depth was estimated at 91.2% ETc, indicating that water depths above this value are not suitable for maximum technical efficiency in the common bean crop under these conditions. It was concluded that the water depth equivalent to 100% ETc maximizes grain yield for the region of Alegrete-RS, and irrigation is considered a solution in the water supply to the common bean crop during critical periods.

Leaf gas exchange and grain yield of common bean exposed to spermidine under water stress

Three prevalent aliphatic polyamines (PAs) include putrescine, spermidine, and spermine; they are low-molecular-mass polycations involved in many physiological processes in plants, especially, under stressful conditions. In this experiment, three bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes were subjected to well-watered conditions and two moderate and severe water-stressed conditions with and without spermidine foliar application. Water stress reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll contents, stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate, maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), net photosynthetic rate (PN), and finally grain yield of bean plants. However, spermidine application elevated RWC, gs, Ci, Fv/Fm, and PN, which caused an increase in the grain yield and harvest index of bean plants under water stress. Overall, exogenous spermidine could be utilized to alleviate water stress through protection of photosynthetic pigments, increase of proline and carotenoid contents, and reduction of malondialdehyde content.

Effect of nitrogen sources on the yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in western Kenya

ABSTRACTDepletion of soil nutrients due to continuous cultivation without adequate external fertilization is one of the challenges facing many smallholder farmers in western Kenya. This study was conducted to assess the effects of organic (water hyacinth compost), inorganic (urea) nitrogen (N) sources, and commercial Rhizobia inoculant on the yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for two consecutive seasons in the short rains (2013) and long rains (2014). The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Triple superphosphate was applied to all treatments except those with compost to ensure that the soil had adequate phosphorus (P). Yellow and Rose coco bean varieties grown with urea and inoculated with commercial Rhizobia inoculant gave significantly higher yield of 382 kg ha−1 and 341 kg ha−1, respectively in the short rains (SR) season. In the long rains (LR) season bean yield was high in water hyacinth compost (1526 kg ha−1) and control with non-limiting P (1300 kg ha−1) treatments. Commercial Rhizobia inoculant did not significantly increase in yield in the SR and LR seasons. There was no significant influence on soil properties after two seasons of continuous cultivation of common bean and application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. These results demonstrate that water hyacinth compost improved bean yield in the LR season. However, longer field testing and economic analysis are required for it to be recommended as a substitute for inorganic N source among smallholder farmers.

<b>Application of lime, phosphogypsum and fertilization rates affect soil fertility and common bean development in no-tillage system in a Cerrado Oxisol

There is a lack of information about the effects of interactions among lime, phosphogypsum (PG) and fertilization on soil fertility and their effects on common bean yields in the tropics. This study aimed to determine the effects of annual application of PG and limestone and rates of fertilization on the chemical attributes of soil, fertilization efficiency, yield components and the grain yield of the common bean. The study was performed for three growing seasons in an acidic Oxisol. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of lime, lime + PG, PG, and control (without corrective application) with four fertilization rates. In an acidic and low-fertility Cerrado soil, limestone or limestone + PG applied annually at 1/3 of the total rate in a no tillage system increased the common bean yield and the efficiency of the fertilization, although the improvement of the soil acidity indicators did not reach the desired levels. The application of soluble fertilizers to provide adequate and balanced amounts of nutrients provided greater yield gains and improved soil fertility compared to surface liming without fertilization, but the combination of the two practices resulted in the greatest benefits to both plant and soil fertility.

Phosphorus and potassium fertilization increase common bean grain yield in Mozambique

ABSTRACT There is little information about common bean fertilization in African Savannas. The objectives of this study were as follows: i) to evaluate the common bean yield potential in the environmental conditions of Lichinga, Niassa, Mozambique, and ii) to determine the common bean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization applied together in order to verify whether the interpretation of soil analysis for the Brazilian Cerrado could be adopted for Savanna soils in Mozambique. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 5 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of a combination of phosphorus doses (0, 35, 70, 140 and 280 kg ha-1 of P2O5), potassium doses (0, 50 100 and 200 kg ha-1 of K2O), and different growing seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). The field rainfed experiments were conducted in Lichinga city, province of Niassa. Common bean crops presented high productivity potential in rainfed systems in the environmental conditions of Lichinga, Niassa, Mozambique, reaching grain yields of up to 3,600 kg ha-1 depending on the rates of fertilization with phosphorus and potassium. Common beans responded to phosphorus and potassium fertilization despite high contents of these nutrients in the soil, according to the interpretation of soil analysis for the Brazilian Cerrado. Maximum grain yield in the average of two growing seasons was estimated to occur for 239 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 141 kg ha-1 of K2O, indicating that further calibration studies for P and K are required for this specific region of Mozambique.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growth promotion and biocontrol by rhizobacteria under Rhizoctonia solani suppressive and conducive soils

Rhizobacteria promote plant growth and disease control. However, in crop management practices cultivar and environmental conditions may also interfere with diseases outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of common bean seed treatment with isolates ALB629 and UFLA285 of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, combined or not with metalaxyl + fludioxonil, the control of Rhizoctonia solani damping-off and web blight (WB), plant growth parameters and common bean yield. Field and greenhouse trials were carried out in two different locations in Brazil – Lavras, MG (Southeast) with suppressive soil conditions and Boa Vista, RR (North) with a conducive WB condition, using two cultivars of common bean – Pérola and BRS Agreste. The treatments responded differently to either the locations and the cultivars regarding the disease development or plant growth parameters. In Lavras the suppressive conditions did not allow R. solani establishment and promoted higher seed germination and emergency when soils were kept in natural conditions compared to sterile soils. In Boa Vista with conducive conditions, treatments with rhizobacteria associated with fungicide reduced by up to 164% the WB incidence in both cultivars, but the treatment with only ALB629 or UFLA285 also reduced the disease severity. The combination of rhizobacteria with fungicide ensured consistency and stability of results. The common bean yield was higher than the control in 23% and about 500% in Lavras (cv. Perola) and Boa Vista (cv. BRS Agreste), respectively when seeds were treated with ALB629. The use of ALB629 is a plausible strategy for bean seed treatment to control disease and increase bean yield, and therefore an important tool to improve common bean production.

The effect of longitudinal distribution and seed depth on grain yield of common bean

Abstract: The aim of this study was to quantify the longitudinal distribution of plants in the row and seed depth and their effects on hypocotyl length and diameter and on yield components and grain yield of common bean, specifically the cultivar BRSMG Realce in a Latossolo soil in the Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna). The data on plant distances in the row were obtained in the field with the aid of a measuring tape in four rows of 2.5 m length. Seed depth was determined by measuring the length of the hypocotyl that was within the soil after pulling up the plant. Hypocotyl diameter was evaluated at ground level using a digital caliper. Descriptive (univariate) statistical analysis was applied to the data. Linear correlations were established among distribution of distance between plants in the row, the depth of sowing, the characteristics of the hypocotyls, and grain yield data of common bean. Negative linear regression was observed between grain yield with sowing depth, and positive linear regression between hypocotyl diameter and longitudinal spacing between plants in the row. In the sowing process, special attention should be given to seed distribution in the row to avoid subsequent uneven plant distribution and to seed depth to avoid yield loss.

The Effect of Soil Moisture Level on Growing of Two Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) Cultivars

The amounts of water use efficiency vary with climatic, soils and crop ability to extract water in the soil. It has been frequently reported, lack of water availability reduce the amount and yield of common bean. The aim of study was to determine the effect of soil moisture level on growth of two common bean cultivars. The study was conducted in greenhouse. The design was factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design. Forty eight treatment pots were used for two common bean cultivars.

Interaction of biological nitrogen fixation with sowing nitrogen fertilization on common bean in the two seasons of cultivation in Brazil

ABSTRACTSowing nitrogen (N) fertilization can limit biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) reducing common bean yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sowing N fertilization plus inoculation on the growth and yield of plants in the two seasons of cultivation in Brazil. In the dry season, N fertilization and inoculation promoted a greater shoot dry weight and higher pod number and yield than only inoculated. In contrast, in the rainy season, this treatment promoted no increase in shoot dry weight and yield compared with the inoculated alone. The number of nodules was greater for the inoculated alone treatment, but nodule weight was not affected by N fertilization in either season. Therefore, sowing N fertilization and inoculation can be an agronomic practice to achieve a higher common bean yield in the dry season, while in the rainy season, the inoculation without N fertilization can support a high yield at a lower cost.

Adaptability and stability of common bean genotypes in family farming systems

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction between genotypes and environments for grain yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines and cultivars with potential for use in family farming systems. Data from value for cultivation and use tests, carried out in 20 environments in the state of Goiás, Brazil, were analyzed in two cycles (2007/2008 and 2009/2010) in the dry, rainy, and winter crop seasons. Each test consisted of 15 genotypes from the carioca, purple, and rosinha common bean commercial groups. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with three replicates. The methodologies used to test the stability and adaptability of the genotypes were the one of Lin & Binns, of Cruz, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) to calculate the weighted average of absolute scores and productivity (WAASP), and the GGE biplot graphical analysis. The productive performance of the common bean lines and cultivars is affected by genotype x environment interaction. The methodologies adopted allow the selection of cultivars for cropping, and of cultivars and lines for use as parents in order to obtain segregating populations for selection in a family farming system.

English

There is little information about the effects of the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) in common bean. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar spray of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on vegetative growth, water loss and yield of black type common bean. The experiment was conducted at Farm Dona Isabina from February to May 2012. The experimental design was a randomized block with five replicates, applying five concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%) of EEP, and the extract was made with 10% of crude propolis (which originated from the coast of Parana State -Brazil) and 90% alcohol, 96°GL. Only chlorophyll content and stem diameter were split plot in time. The EEP also significantly increased the levels of Mg in the leaves, increasing the concentrations of chlorophyll in leaves and vegetative growth, which served as an energy threshold, increasing the productivity of the mighty bean for 426 kg/ha. Key words: Water content, beeswax, drought stress.

Contribution of morphological traits for grain yield in common bean

Contribution of morphological traits for grain yield in common bean

Analysis of the Molecular Diversity of Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscansi) Strains from Ethiopia Revealed by Rep-PCR Genomic Fingerprinting

Common bacterial blight (CBB) disease of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans, is one of the most damaging foliar diseases of common bean production in Ethiopia. CBB causes economic losses due to reduction in seed quality and yield in common bean producing regions of Ethiopia. Currently, information on the genetic diversity of CBB strains in Ethiopia has been lacking. Here, for this specific study common bean bacterial blight strains were obtained from infected leaves collected from diverse bean growing areas. The collected strains of CBB were characterized to study the genetic diversity and relatedness of the CBB strains using repetitive extragenic elements polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) genomic fingerprinting technique. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed the existence of genetic diversity among bacterial strains and confirmed the presence of genetically distinct strains in Ethiopia. CBB pathogens are seed-borne so the lack of geographic differentiation among the six-different common bean growing localities could be the result of the distribution of one or some limited bacterial genotypes. Common bean improvement programs that develop CBB-resistant bean varieties for higher production should consider this information to determine the relevance and extent of resistance of improved bean cultivars.

Grain yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties is markedly increased by rhizobial inoculation and phosphorus application in Ethiopia

A field experiment was conducted to assess plant growth, symbiotic performance and grain yield of common bean in response to rhizobial incoculation and phosphorus application at Galalicha in Southern Ethiopia during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons under rain-fed conditions. The treatments consisted of 2 released common bean varieties (Hawassa Dume and Ibbado), 3 levels of Rhizobium inoculation (uninoculated, inoculated with strain HB-429 or GT-9) and 4 levels of phosphorus application (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg P ha−1) using a split-split plot design with four replications. Here, phosphorus levels, Rhizobium inoculation and common bean varieties were assigned as main, sub- and sub-sub treatments, respectively. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, grain yield and symbiotic performance. Of the two common bean varieties studied, Hawassa Dume generally showed superior performance in most measured parameters in 2013. Rhizobium inoculation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased plant growth, symbiotic performance and grain yield. Applying Rhizobium strain HB-429 to bean crop respectively increased plant growth, %Ndfa, amount of N-fixed and grain yield by 19, 17, 54 and 48% over uninoculated control. Similarly, the application of 20 kg P ha−1 to bean plants respectively resulted in 36, 20, 96 and 143% increase in plant growth, %Ndfa, N-fixed and grain yield when compared to the control. These results clearly indicate that plant growth, symbiotic performance and grain yield of common bean can be significantly increased by Rhizobium inoculation and phosphorus fertilization in Ethiopia. Rhizobium inoculants are a cheaper source of nitrogen than chemical fertilizers and when combined with moderate phosphorus application can markedly increase grain yield for resource-poor farmers.

Acid tolerant Rhizobium strains contribute to increasing the yield and profitability of common bean in tropical soils

Acid tolerant Rhizobium strains contribute to increasing the yield and profitability of common bean in tropical soils

Leguminosas isoladas e consorciadas com milheto em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo no feijão orgânico.

Vários estudos têm demonstrado as vantagens da utilização de plantas de cobertura em manter ou melhorar a qualidade do solo e produtividade da cultura. No entanto, os efeitos dessa gestão em feijão comum orgânico em condições de savana, ainda são desconhecidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de leguminosas, mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan L.) HUTH, feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformis), crotalária (Crotalária juncea) em monocultura e em consórcio com milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L.) R. Br. de 1810, na produção de grãos no feijoeiro comum em sistema orgânico de produção sob o sistema do manejo do solo convencional e plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado com a cultivar BRS Pontal, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados. Aos 90 dias após a germinação das plantas de feijão foram avaliadas, o número de vagens por planta (NVP), número de grãos por vagem (NGV), número de grãos por planta (NGP) , peso de 100 grãos (M100G) e produção de grãos. Os resultados mostraram que o número de vagens, número de grãos e produtividade do feijoeiro no sistema orgânico, foram influenciados pelas culturas de cobertura do solo e sistemas manejo do solo, com destaque para mucuna associados com milheto e sistema de plantio direto, que proporcionou o melhor desempenho destes parâmetros. A maior produção de grãos foi observado com a mucuna associados com milho em sistema de plantio direto. A produtividade média de grãos orgânicos foi de 3.8 Mg ha-1. A análise de agrupamento mostrou um efeito marcante de sistemas de manejo do solo sobre os componentes de produção do feijoeiro.

Sowing time affecting the development of common bean cultivars in Lichinga, Province of Niassa, Mozambique

ABSTRACT The demonstration of yield potential of crops depends on genetic factors, favorable conditions of envi ronment, and management. The sowing time can significantly affect the common bean grain yield. The aim of this research was to study the behavior of Brazilian cultivars and sowing times on the yield components and grain yield of common bean grown in the environmental conditions of Lichinga, Province of Niassa, Mozambique. The field trial was performed for two growing seasons, using the experimental as a randomized block in factorial 5 × 3 × 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of five common bean cultivars (BRS Pontal, BRS Agreste, Perola, and BRS Requinte, developed by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), and a local variety, Encarnada) with three sowing dates (beginning of the rainy season, and 15 and 30 days after), during two growing seasons. The Brazilian cultivar of common beans BRS Pontal was the most productive in all sowing times, followed by BRS Agreste, which was not the most productive only in the second sowing time of 2013/2014 growing season. The cultivar Encarnada, from Mozambique, was the less productive cultivar in all sowing times and in all growing seasons. The best sowing time for common bean cultivars is in the beginning of the rainy season. The use of technologies such as use of seeds of new cultivars, proper sowing time, fertilization, and control of weeds allow significant increase of common bean grain yield in Lichinga, Mozambique.

Differential response to water stress in two tropical common bean cultivars

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield comes from regions with some level of water deficiency. Maintaining crop yield under drought stress is thus one of the biggest challenges. In order to improve our understanding of the responses involved of common bean to drought stress, we studied photosynthesis, antioxidant system, photorespiration estimated by glycolate oxidase activity, and proline content in leaves of two common bean cultivars (Expedito and Macotaco) subjected to water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000. The stress imposed affected the two common bean cultivars by decreasing net photosynthesis rate and increasing glycolate oxidase (GO) activity due to stomatal closure. Increased flux of electrons through the photosystem II led to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as observed by increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and it enhanced the activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and guayacol peroxidase (GPOD) in Macotaco. Both cultivars here studied showed similar effects on photosynthesis parameters, however, Expedito had a better response on antioxidant system and proline content, which may represent an advantage over Macotaco.