Percentage Yield Research Articles

Impacts of synthesis variables on spectroscopics evaluation of biobased fatty amide as alkylammonium salt’s precursor for perovskite

Ammonium salts are widely used in chemical industries as additives in cement industries, phase change materials in thermal cooling, ionic materials in electrochromic window and multifunction medium/precursor/catalyst in solar cells to improve the efficiency and stability. This work introduces a procedural enhancement by incorporating a liquid-liquid extraction purification process, resulting in a high-purity biobased fatty amide (FA) with tri-substitution and high-purity biobased tetraalkylammonium ammonium salt (TAS). Biobased FA derived from renewable sources was synthesized via an amidation reaction between fatty acids from vegetable oil with tris(3-aminopropyl)amine under reflux conditions, producing a precursor for TAS used in perovskite solar cell (PSC). This study aimed to optimize and determine the reaction condition of biobased FA at various key synthesis variables by investigating the effects of solvent selection, reaction and crystallization, temperature, catalyst, mole ratio, and dehydrating agent on synthesis yield. A multiple liquid-liquid extraction process was employed to enhance the purity of biobased FA by tunning the selection of solvent based on its relative polarity of the reactant and products. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were utilized to optimize the total yield and the three key variables (reaction time, crystallization time, catalyst amount) respectively. The experimental model developed in this study demonstrated a high degree of fitness with the experimental data (F-value = 27.34), p-value < 0.05) and nonsignificant lack of fit. The model predicted a maximum synthesis yield percentage of 52.62 % under optimal conditions (reaction and crystallization time of 12 and 28 hours), respectively with 4.47 % catalyst). The coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.98 shows a high correlation with the predicted values and in good agreement with the experimental values. Physicochemical properties analysis using spectroscopies techniques, confirmed improved purity with 100% abundance yield of tri-substitution biobased FA and enhanced TAS’s purity up to 60%. The optimization study sheds light on the impact of key synthesis variables on the synthesis yield and percentage abundance (purity), advancing the development of more efficient and tailored sustainable construction materials. These findings highlight the potential of using biobased FA as a sustainable source for TAS production, contributing to a more environmentally friendly approach in PSC development.

Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms Involved in Biogas Production from Agricultural Waste

The study aimed to investigate the microbial composition involved in the biogas production process using a diverse range of substrates, including Spinacia oleracea (vegetable), banana peel, plant extract, watermelon residue, wheat straw and paddy straw, sourced from multiple locations in Jaunpur. Over a period of five weeks (30 days), the research employed established microbiological methodologies and customized anaerobic bio-digesters for the comprehensive analysis of the isolates and substrates to assess biogas generation. The evaluation revealed dynamic fluctuations in the digester temperature within the range of 30°C to 36°C, accompanied by initial pH levels ranging from 4.2 to 8.3, which subsequently decreased to pH 5-6 during and after the anaerobic digestion process. The identified anaerobic bacterial species encompassed Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a hierarchy in the percentage of biogas yield from the substrates, with the following ranking: synergistic mixture &gt; plant extract &gt; banana &gt; wheat straw &gt; spinach &gt; watermelon. Notable disparity in the volume of biogas produced was observed across different substrate treatments and digestion periods. The research underscored the pivotal role of methanogens and other auxiliary bacteria in the overall biogas production process. Additionally, the average pH levels were determined to range between 6.3 - 7.2 before and 5.0 - 6.2 during and after anaerobic digestion. The observed decline in pH during the anaerobic digestion process was associated with the production of metabolites such as acetate, hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and other volatile fatty acids, exerting significant influence on the substrates within the digesters.

Analysis of carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid and fatty acid profiles between different duck lines

To investigate the effect of genetic selection on meat quality in ducks, twenty of each fast growth ducks (LCA) and slow growth ducks (LCC) selected from F6 generation of Cherry Valley ducks (♂) x Liancheng white ducks (♀) were analyzed for carcass characteristics, meat quality (physicochemical and textural characteristics), amino acid and fatty acid profiles at 7 wk. Results showed that live body weight, slaughter weight, eviscerated yield and abdominal fat percentage of LCA were significantly higher than those in LCC ducks (P < 0.01). Moreover, the average area and diameter of myofiber were larger in LCA than LCC ducks (P < 0.01). The breast and thigh muscles of LCA exhibited significantly lower water holding capacity and thermal loss compared with LCC ducks (P < 0.01). In addition, the content of nonessential amino acids (Glu, Asp, and Arg) in breast muscles and Asp, Ser, Thr, and Met in thigh muscles was higher in LCC than LCA ducks (P < 0.05). The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in breast muscles of LCC was higher than LCA ducks (P < 0.05). However, the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in breast and thigh muscles of LCA was higher compared with LCC ducks (P < 0.05). The proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in thigh muscles was significantly higher in LCC compared with LCA ducks (P < 0.01). Finally, multiple traits were evaluated by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and the results indicated that PUFA and SFA in breast muscles of LCA played important roles in meat quality, followed by Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and MUFA. However, water holding capacity (WHC) had a dominant effect in meat quality of thigh muscles in both LCA and LCC ducks.

Pioglitazone Nanoparticles Development, Characterization, Optimization, and a Zebrafish Model Evaluation of its Teratogenic Safety

Background: New nanoparticles (NPs) and biomaterials are utilized more frequently in biological research for vaccinations, diagnostic procedures, and drug administration. Nanomaterials are materials with d50 value from 1 to 100nm. They are also found in various consumer goods, the environment, and work. Thus, it has become crucial for the appropriate development of nanotechnology to assess the safety and potential therapeutic applications of these nanomaterials. The BCS Cass II medication pioglitazone hydrochloride, used to treat hypoglycaemia, has poor bioavailability after oral treatment because it dissolves poorly in gastrointestinal fluids. background: New nanoparticles and biomaterials are utilized more frequently in biological research for vaccinations, diagnostic procedures, and drug administration. They are also found in various consumer goods, the environment, and work. Thus, it has become crucial for the appropriate development of nanotechnology to assess the safety and potential therapeutic applications of these nanomaterials. The BCS Cass II medication pioglitazone hydrochloride, used to treat hypoglycaemia, has poor bioavailability after oral treatment because it dissolves poorly in gastrointestinal fluids. Objective: This study aimed to create adjusted pioglitazone nanoparticles to decrease dose-related side effects and prolong its release when used against type 2 diabetes. objective: This study aimed to create adjusted pioglitazone nanoparticles to decrease dose-related side effects and prolong its release when used against type 2 diabetes Methods: The emulsion solvent evaporation approach was used to create nanoparticles utilising HPMC K15M and Eudragit S100 as polymers, and Tween 80 as a surfactant. On framed nanoparticles, in-vitro evaluation approaches for drug-polymer compatibility, percentage yield, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, surface morphology, encapsulation effectiveness, and in-vitro drug release study were used, followed by in-vivo acute toxicity experiment. Conclusion: From the obtained data, it can be said that a suitable optimized formulation of pioglitazone nanoparticles was prepared, which offered extended drug release of 95% in 10 hours.

Solubility Enhancement of Efinaconazole using Neem Gum and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity

Objectives: Efinaconazole is an anti-fungal drug of BCS class II used for treating Onchomycosis. Neem gum known for its antifungal properties was purified and used as hydrophilic carrier. Solid dispersions by physical mixture and solvent evaporation method were prepared using purified Neem gum. Methods: The prepared solid dispersions in ratios 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6 were characterized for percentage yield, assay, solubility, and dissolution studies. The optimized solid dispersion SD6 was formulated as gel for ease of application. Gels were characterized for physico-chemical properties and in-vitro diffusion studies. The optimized gel was evaluated for anti-fungal activity. Findings: FTIR, DSC and XRD studies of optimized SD6 showed compatibility and amorphous nature respectively. G2 gel formulation containing SD6 solid dispersion showed 80.4±0.14% when compared to G1 56.76±0.34% release in 8hrs. Both the gels followed zero order and Higuchi release. Antifungal studies indicated more efficiency of G2 gel by zone of inhibition when compared with G1 containing only drug. G2 gel was found to be stable for one month. Novelty : In the present research work purified neem gum, which is natural carrier and neem known for its antifungal activity was used to enhance the solubility of drug and evaluate the antifungal activity of drug with purified neem gum. Conclusion: Hence it can be concluded, purified Neem gum can be used as hydrophilic carrier and as solubility of Efinaconazole was enhanced its antifungal activity was also increased. Keywords: Onchomycosis, Efinaconazole, Neem gum, Solid dispersions, Antifungal

Ethanol-Based Extraction of Annatto (Bixa Orellana L.) and Characterization of the Bixin and Norbixin.

Bixa orellana dye was extracted from the seeds by the method of Soxhlet extraction using ethanol where a percentage yield of 31.4 was obtained. Recrystallization of the dye was performed using chloroform and ethanol to increase the degree of purity. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the dye into Bixin and Norbixin with Rf values of 0.56 and 0.42, respectively. The extracted dye was pH sensitive, insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents like ethanol and acetic acid. Characterization by UV-vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorption for Bixin and Norbixin at 457 and 453 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra of Bixin and Norbixin showed bands confirming similar functional groups for both Bixin and Norbixin except for -CO- stretching and methylene vibration which was absent in Norbixin. With the yield, purity level, and other properties of the extracted dye, the comparative advantages of ethanol-based Soxhlet extraction of the dye were well established.

A simple and cost-effective method for reducing microbial load in Salacia chinensis and Picrorhiza kurroa using glutaraldehyde

Microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and viruses are naturally present in different parts of a plant (root, bark, and leaf) and these become inhabitants of the plant. The establishment of modern Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) approaches has therefore been made to evaluate the microbial load in medicinal plants. During the manufacturing of herbal extracts as drugs, the quality of the herbal extracts is dictated by the level of presence of microbes. In order to make the herbal extracts HACCP compliant as far as microbial load is concerned; we carried out studies with Glutaraldehyde (GA) as an antimicrobial agent in the manufacturing process in two randomly selected herbs of Salacia chinensis and Picrorhiza kurroa. The outcome of our analysis revealed that 0.5% of GA treatment to the pulverized raw material of Salacia chinensis and Picrorhiza kurroa is effective for reduction of &gt; 99.99% microbial load with minimal effect on the percentage yield of extracts (10% - 20%) and their bioactive molecules Salacinol and Picroside I&amp;II as seen by LC-MS and HPLC analysis, respectively. Furthermore, in this article, we demonstrate the use of sodium bisulfite for the removal of the residual GA in the extract to make the process eco-friendly and environment-safe.

Comparison between the Chemical Profiles of Hydrosols and Essential Oils of French Lavender, Geranium, and Basil

The essential oil production process consists of distilling plant parts with water, where steam removes the volatile components from the material. Condensing this steam from the extraction results in the formation of two phases, an organic (essential oil) and an aqueous (hydrosol). Hydrosols or floral waters are not true solutions but dispersions with water as the continuous medium.1 Although they are market products, there is no regulation regarding their quality control, and there is a lack of compositional studies. Thus, this work aims to study the relationships between the chemical compositions of the two products that have the same raw material. Commercial samples of essential oil and hydrosol from French Lavender (Lavandula dentata), Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), and Basil (Ocimum basilicum) were kindly provided by Haje Organic Inputs. The organic components of the hydrosols (HL) were obtained through partitioning with 250 ml of hydrosol and 30 ml (3x) of petroleum ether. The ether was then evaporated with the aid of a rotary evaporator, and the resulting extract was dried with Na2SO4 and weighed. The hydrosol extracts and essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS.2 It was noted that only compounds with oxygenated functions were present in the HL, similar to those in the EO, varying only in isomerism or oxidation degree. The substances composing the EOs were divided into two groups called hydrocarbons (HC) and oxygenated (OXI), and the fraction each composed of the oils was calculated. The results were 21.30% HC and 78.16% OXI for French Lavender, Geranium 8.54% HC and 80.32% OXI, and for Basil was 51.22 HC and 48.33 OXI. And the percentage of organic components in each HL is 0.0072%, 0.0138%, and 0.0223%, respectively. It is observed that the OXI fraction content of the oil does not influence the yield of the HLs, as Lavender and Geranium oils show a high OXI percentage and low recovery yield. It can be concluded that the HLs are heterogeneous samples, that the oxygenated function substances are the only ones present in their composition, and that they originate from the corresponding essential oil. The yield is not determined by the chemical composition, but it is pointed out to be due to operational factors of the production. The results prove that essential oils and hydrosols from the same plant do not always have corresponding chemical compositions. Therefore, in some cases, they should not be applied with the same therapeutic purpose.

A Retrospective Analysis of Polymer Selection Using Solvent Casting: Formulation and DoE Optimization of the Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Amoxicillin Trihydrate by a Spray Drying Method

Background. Amoxicillin trihydrate possesses poor solubility, compressibility, and flow behavior. Amorphous solid dispersion prepared by spray drying could solve all three problems at the same time. Objective. To prepare amorphous solid dispersion after screening of polymers by solvent casting method using a spray drying method. Methods. The solvent casting method was used to screen polymers, PVP/VA S-630, PVP K30, Soluplus, PEG 4000, HPMC AS, and HPMC HP55, in 1 : 1 and 2 : 3 ratios and followed by spray drying after polymer selection. Results. The dissolution performance of the formulation improved with time. The optimum feed rate and feed concentration were found to have an impact on the flow properties and particle size of spray-dried formulations, and they were selected as independent variables in a 32 full factorial statistical design. The ANOVA and regression analysis suggest that the developed regression model has a significant overall fit to the data and can explain a substantial proportion of the variability in the dissolution at 10 minutes. The optimized batch was selected based on the decisive factors of minimum and maximum values of response variables. Overall, the optimized batch demonstrated improved characteristics in terms of percentage yield (32.81%), dissolution at 10 min (49.70%), and angle of repose at 31.42°. Conclusion. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing formulation strategies for preserving the amorphous state of drugs and contributes to the development of stable pharmaceutical formulations.

Evaluation of the binding properties of pectin isolated from &lt;i&gt;Citrullus lanatus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Cucumis sativus&lt;/i&gt; peels in tetracycline capsule formulation

Background: The advent of science and technology has greatly enhanced the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. The study evaluated the binding properties of pectin isolated from Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis sativus peels in comparison with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and pectin BP in oxytetracycline capsule formulationsMethods: Pectin was extracted from Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis sativus peels using standard procedures. Extracted pectin was subjected to phytochemical, organoleptic and spectral analysis and then used to prepare batches of oxytetracycline granules and capsules. Granule flow, capsules properties and drug compatibility studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were determined.Results: Phytochemical analysis of the powdered peels of C. lanatus and C. sativus showed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid and carbohydrate. Percentage yield of pectin were 11.88 and 12.27% for C. lanatus and C. sativus, respectively. Oxytetracycline granules prepared exhibited the following micromeritic properties; Hausner’s ratios - 1.12 to 1.33; Carr’s indices - 11.11 to 32.61(%); angles of repose - 30.47 to 43.89° and flow rates - 1.17 to 5.67 g/sec. Disintegration times of formulated capsules were between 4.86 to 6.87 min and were within pharmacopoeial limits for capsules. FTIR studies showed no interaction between drug and excipients. Dissolution studies revealed decreased drug released with increase in binder concentration.Conclusion: Pectin extracted from the peels of C. lanatus and C. sativus fruits compared favourably with pectin BP and CMC in their binding properties, hence a suitable substitute binder in the formulation of oxytetracycline granules and capsules.

Kajian Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) dan Pemanfaatannya Pada Udang Vannamei (Liptopenaeus vannamei) Segar

Vannamei shrimp (Liptopenaeus vannamei) is a prominent fishery commodity due to its high consumption demand. However, susceptibility to bacterial damage and quality deterioration poses challenges. This study investigates the antibacterial potential of sappan wood extract in preserving shrimp shelf life. The research explores optimal extraction parameters, including solvent type and maceration duration, to assess yield percentage and antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Utilizing a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) in two phases, the study identifies 90% ethanol solvent and 6 hours maceration (P4M6) as the most effective treatment, yielding 7.32%. The extract addition significantly reduces shrimp microbial count, highlighting its potential in food preservation.

Process kinetics optimization for extraction of essential oil from the peel of Citrus sinensis for the development of food packaging film

AbstractThe goals of the present work were to achieve maximum extraction efficiency from Citrus sinensis peel and effective utilization of its bioactive compounds. This work focused on studying the physicochemical characteristics and yield percentage of citrus essential oil (CEO) extracted from citrus peels at different extraction times, extraction temperatures, solid–liquid ratios, and solvent combinations, and the data of yield percentage was subjected to find the best kinetic model for better yield. C. sinensis peel powder was subjected to Soxhlet extraction of essential oil at varied solid:liquid ratios (1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, and 1/10), time intervals in minutes (120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 280), temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100°C), and solvents (n‐hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water) to characterize their impact on yield percentage. The essential oil extraction kinetics were assessed using the experimental data and two different kinetic models (zero‐order and first‐order kinetic model). The bioactive compounds were assessed using GC–MS, as well. Amongst the other solvents, maximum extraction yield was observed at 90°C for 270 min using n‐hexane. GC–MS results showed that d‐limonene was the predominant compound constituting 41.41%. A good agreement between applied kinetic models and experimental data was demonstrated by the first‐order model (R2 = .9830) and the zero‐order kinetic model (R2 = .9719). Thus, the effective conditions for maximum extraction yield of CEO peels were optimized and the extracted CEO can be used in food packaging applications for shelf‐life extension.Practical applicationsEffective food waste management is vital for promoting sustainable resource usage, reducing environmental impact, saving money and energy, addressing global hunger, and upholding ethical and social responsibilities. It is important to minimize food waste throughout the entire food supply chain. Citrus peels are the by‐products of the citrus fruit processing industry and households which contribute to organic waste and its management is an important consideration for environmental sustainability. Thus, this study aims to manage these wastes by extracting essential oil from them and optimizing their process. The role of Citrus sinensis essential oil in the food industry includes natural flavoring with a consistent flavor profile, versatility in culinary applications, provides a natural and clean label, and are cost‐effective. Also, the universally recognized and enjoyed flavor of C. sinensis makes its essential oil a popular choice for products with broad consumer appeal. However, it is essential to follow regulatory guidelines for food‐grade essential oils and adhere to recommended usage levels. The results of this study have practical implications for improving yield, quality, efficiency, and sustainability of the extracted essential oil in the food industry. The optimized data can positively impact various aspects of food production, by enhancing flavor profiles, reducing the processing time and costs, and thus facilitating scale‐up potential. In addition, proper storage conditions should be maintained to ensure the stability and quality of the extracted essential oil over time.

Quantification of Reproductive Traits and wool characteristics of lesser known Gang-Fatehpuri sheep of Uttar Pradesh

The data of various reproductive performances and wool characteristics of lesser known Gang-Fatehpuri sheep maintained under the farmer’s flocks in Fatehpur district of Uttar Pradesh were recorded and analyzed to evaluate the effect of non-genetic factors on these traits of Gang-Fatehpuri sheep. The least square means for age at first matting, age at first lambing, service period, lambing interval and litter size were 422.42±8.01, 604.54±5.82, 159.98±6.65, 310.86±7.14 days and 1.02±0.02 respectively. The least square means were observed to be 414.88±11.89 g, 49.51±01.50 µ, 3.51±0.19 cm and 62.73±1.97 % for greasy fleece yield, fiber diameter, staple length and medullation percentage, respectively. The season of birth was found to be significant effect (p&lt;0.01) on age at first lambing, greasy fleece yield and medullation percentage.

Soil property differences and irrigated‐cotton lint yield—Cause and effect? An on‐farm case study across three cotton‐growing regions in Australia

AbstractThe average lint yield of irrigated cotton in Australia ranges from 2270 to 3700 kg/ha, but yields vary substantially between farms and also between fields on the same farm. Differences in soil properties may cause these yield variations. Identifying which factors are causal and what management can be implemented to mitigate the impacts should help optimize inputs and improve profits. During the 2018–2019 summer cotton‐growing season, a paired‐field comparison approach was used to investigate and improve the understanding of soil property‐induced irrigated cotton yield differences within five farms across three regions of NSW, Australia. The paired fields at each farm recorded an average lint yield difference of &gt;284 kg/ha (measured in 2018–2019 or 5‐year average lint yield). Several soil properties differed between the paired fields at each farm comparison. The soil organic carbon stocks were higher in the higher‐yielding fields at all the farm comparisons and the normalized lint yield percentage was positively correlated with soil organic carbon stocks. Soil sodicity was higher in the lower‐yielding fields at 3 of the 5 comparisons. Results for most soil nutrient tests were above the recommended critical concentrations for Australian cotton production. A stepwise linear regression excluding soil nutrients that were above soil test critical values for crop response and below crop toxicity levels indicated the lint yield was positively correlated with SOC stocks and negatively correlated with sodicity and bulk density. No earthworms were detected during visual soil assessment or soil sampling across all the sites. Visual soil assessment was not a sensitive predictor of cotton crop performance. Comparing soil properties using a paired field approach may assist cotton growers in understanding the factors behind yield differences. A similar strip comparison approach could be adopted for within‐field variability by dividing the fields into discrete performance zones and assessing the soil properties of each zone separately.

Evaluating the Efficiency of Potassium Fertilizer Sources and Levels on Sesame Growth and Yield in Two Different Gypsum Soils

To investigate the effect of potassium fertilizer sources and level on sesame growth and yield in two different gypsum soils, two experiments were applied throughout the summer of 2022. The experiments included three factors, which were sources of potassium, potassium sulfate (KK2SO4) and potassium chloride (KKCL), potassium levels, 0 (K00), 75 (K75), 150 (K150), and 300 (K300) kg ha-1, and levels of gypsum in the soil, 6.02 (Soil06.02) and 15.87 (Soil15.87) %. Completely Random Block Design (CRBD) with three replications was used to apply the experiments. The results indicated that KK2SO4 significantly impacted plant height (18%), plant dry weight (8%), branch no (11%), capsules no. (5%), 1000 seeds weight (13%), yield (13%), and oil percentage (9%) compared with KKCL. Similarly, potassium at K300 was significantly higher compared with the other potassium levels. Also, gypsum Soil15.87 significantly impacted plant height (11%), dry weight (11%), capsules no. (5%), 1000 seeds weight (19%), yield (11%), and oil percentage (12%) compared with gypsum soil with 6%. The interactions between the two study factors and among the three study factors effected significantly all the study traits. These results will be beneficial for sesame production and management in the Saladin area, Iraq.

Hydrolysis profile of gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst) starch to glucose using alpha amylase enzyme

Indonesia is an agrarian Country that has abundant natural resources. It has potential to be used as industrial raw materials such as sugar reduction from starch. Gadung, which is abundant in Gandus and it can be monitored for its presence in the dry season, is one source of starch. The aims of this research is to obtain glucose with a high yield percentage, to know the optimum concentration of α-amylase enzyme to hydrolysis gadung starch into glucose, and to know the relationship between hydrolysis time and concentration the glucose formed by the addition of the enzyme variation. The implementation of the research is carried out in three stages, first is preparation of raw materials, hydrolysis of gadung starch into glucose enzymatically, and analysis of glucose level using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry with Nelson reaction. The free variables used are the time variation of hydrolysis 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes and alpha amylase enzyme 1 %, 2 %, 3 % b/v. The optimum hydrolysis results on this study were at 1 % b/v enzyme variation, 10 minutes hydrolysis time, and a temperature of 90 oC. The yield of glucose concentration is 255.35 ppm. From this reseach, it is known that the longer the starch hydrolysis takes place, the observed glucose tends to experience in fluctuative consentration caused by the increase of α- amylase enzyme variations.

Response Two Cultivars of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) to Phosphate Fertilization Level and Bacterial Inoculum

The research was conducted during season 2020 in Al-Shallalat area, 5 km northeast of Mosul. The study included three factors, namely, the treatment of seed soaking with water and the bacterial inoculum, two local cultivars of chickpea: large seeds (Kabuli) and small seeds (Desi) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (zero, 50 kg, and 100 kg P2O5. h-1). The study was conducted according to the factorial experiment system, in (R. C. B. D) design. In three replication, some traits of plant are obtained such as: plant height (cm), the height of the first pod above the ground (cm), pod length (cm), number of seeds/ pod, number of pods/plant (total), number of pods/plant (full) number of pods cleavage (empty), percentage of yield, the weight of 100 seeds (g), biological yield (g/plant), Seed yield (g/plant) and harvest index. The results indicate a significantly excelled of the treatment of soaking with bacteria inoculum on the treatment of soaking with water for all the studied traits. And highly significantly excelled in most of the studied traits of Kabuli over Desi cultivar. Most of the binary and triple interactions recorded a significant difference between the bacterial inoculum and the seeds of the Kabuli cultivar.

Design, Development and Molecular Docking Studies of C-2 Sulfenylated Benzofurans: Potential Interleukin 1-β Antagonist

An environmental friendly methodology for C-2 sulfenylation of benzofurans through dehydrogenative cross-coupling has been developed. Sulfenylation at second position is carried out using commercially available thiols in presence of molecular iodine and DMSO. The reaction accommodates wide spectrum of electronically diverse substituents on thiophenol ring. This process offers diverse advantages, including greener reaction conditions, moderate to good percentage yields, easy workup, no additional metal catalysts requirement and gram scale synthesis. Molecular docking studies is also conducted to substantiate interleukin 1-β antagonist nature of the designed compounds.

Caffeine Extraction from Spent Coffee Grounds by Solid-liquid and Ultrasound-assisted Extraction: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study

Coffee is the most essential drink today, aside from water, the high consumption of coffee and the byproducts of its soluble industries such as spent coffee grounds can have a negative effect on the environment as a source of toxic organic compounds. Therefore, caffeine removal from the spent coffee ground can be applied as a method to limit the effect of its production on the environment. The aim of this study is to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics parameters and develop models for both processes based on the process parameters by using traditional solid-liquid extraction and Ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The processes were performed at a temperature range of 25 to 55 °C for traditional and ultrasound baths, and experimental time ranged from 5- 60 min. The results demonstrated that under the above conditions, the extraction process applies to the pseudo-first-order reaction, where the rate constant K value increases with temperature. The transition state parameters were also discussed where these parameters indicated that the system of the process exhibited an activated complex formation state resulting in a thermodynamically unfavorable process, and the thermodynamic parameters at the equilibrium state were also evaluated in terms of the obtained yield percentage. The results also showed that the ultrasound-assisted bath process showed a spontaneous behavior at temperatures of 45 °C and 55 °C with D°G of -1192.9703 and - 2725.25 J/mole. On the other hand, for the traditional method, the extraction process was approaching a spontaneous behavior with the temperature increasing where at 25 °C the D°G value was 10379.944 J and at a temperature of 55 °C it reached 8004.26 J/mole.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI KOH PADA PROSES EKSTRAKSI RUMPUT LAUT (Kappaphycus alvarezii) TERHADAP SIFAT ALKALI TREATED COTONII (ATC)

One of the superior fishery commodities abundant in Indonesian waters is Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. The seaweed type K. alvarezii can be used to make Alkali Treated Cottonii (ATC), a raw material for carrageenan. Making ATC goes through seaweed extraction stages, which can be done using conventional methods. Data collection for this research was carried out using observation, interviews, and active participation. The results of ATC processing using conventional methods and variations of KOH show that the administration of KOH affects the quality of the ATC product; the higher the ATC, the higher the yield percentage and temperature produced by the extract solution. The best use of KOH is in the treatment with a KOH concentration of 8%, a water content of 13.73%, a yield of 73.62%, and a temperature of 58.15%.