Triticale Yield Research Articles

Effect of dairy manure‐based fertilizers on nitrous oxide emissions in a semi‐arid climate

AbstractManure treatment technologies are of interest to dairy operations to improve nutrient management, although there are little data related to nutrient availability and environmental impacts of these manure‐based fertilizer products. This field trial experiment investigated the impact of two manure‐based fertilizer sources (phosphorus enriched solids [PE] and mechanical vapor recompression solids [VR]) on soil nutrients, crop yields, and N2O emissions in a forage rotation. The study was a factorial random complete block design, with two main factors: manure history (with [M]; without [NM]) and manure‐based fertilizer product (control [Con], PE, VR), under a continuous corn and triticale rotation. M had greater soil organic carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, and M3‐P (30%–128%) and reduced NH4‐N (15%) than NM, with no other treatment differences. Corn silage yields were greater in NM versus M (7%) treatments only in 2021, while in 2022 VRNM was 17% greater than ConNM only. Triticale yields were 14% greater in M plots versus NM treatments only in 2021. In 2022, triticale yields were 1.7 times lower in ConNM versus all other treatments, and PENM was 71% greater than ConM. The greatest N2O fluxes occurred in May, June, and July with M having 69% greater average cumulative fluxes than NM, while average VR cumulative fluxes were 102% greater than PE and Con. Over both years, net loss of Napplied as N2O‐N was 1.9%–2.2% for VR and 0.4%–0.8% for PE solids. While manure‐based fertilizers performed well as a nutrient source, their susceptibility to N2O loss needs to be considered in management strategies.

Effect of Some Cutting Practices on Productivity of Triticale Under New Valley Conditions

Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Research Station, Desert Research Center, EL-Kharga Oasis, New Valley Governorate, during the two winter growing seasons of 2020/ 2021 and 2021/ 2022. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potentiality evaluation of grain and forage yields of triticale using some cutting practices under New Valley conditions. Based on the results obtained, if the purpose of planting triticale is to obtain green fodder, the study recommends performing the mowing process 80 days after planting and at a height of 15 cm from the surface of the ground, while if the purpose is to produce grains, the study recommends performing the mowing process at 50 days old from planting and at a height of 15 cm from the ground under New Valley conditions.

Evaluation of Triticale Yield under the Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Oxidative Catalysts

An experimental assessment of the effect of activators of oxidative processes on the yield of triticale grain crops was carried out at experimental sites of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the South-East, Saratov. Triticale plants during the growing season were sprayed with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 5 mmol/l in the presence of oxidative catalysts based on oxygen-containing compounds: 2-butanone, 1-tetralone, cyclohexanone. The effectiveness of the use of all catalysts used in this work is shown. The best results were obtained by double treatment with an aqueous solution of cyclohexanone in hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 5 mmol/l in a ratio of 1: 300, carried out 4 and 3 weeks before the start of harvesting, which led to an increase in the yield of triticale grain by 176% relative to the control. Hydrogen peroxide is an additional source of oxygen that accelerates metabolism in plants. An even greater activation of metabolic processes in plants occurred in the presence of oxidative catalysts (2-butanone, 1-tetralone, cyclohexanone), due to the formation of highly active oxygen-containing structures in aqueous solutions, which ultimately led to higher yields of cultivated plants, in particular triticale.

Synergistic effect of salicylic acid and biochar on biochemical properties, yield and nutrient uptake of triticale under water stress

In arid regions, one of the practical solutions to overcome the water shortage and increasing soil fertility is application of salicylic acid (SA) with biochar. A pot experiment was conducted to consider the combination of SA with biochar on biochemical and physiological parameters of triticale as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (RCD) with four replicates. Treatments consisted of irrigation regime (normal irrigation and irrigation according to 50 % field capacity), salicylic acid application [without SA (SA0) and 3 mM SA (SA3)] and fertilizer type including without fertilizer (control), application of 50 kg ha−1 phosphorus (P), and application of wheat biochar (WB), cotton biochar (CB) and sesame biochar (SB) (2 % w/w). Under water stress, CB at SA0 and SA3 could improve the total chlorophyll by 119.4 and 70.6 %, compared to control, respectively. Also, carotenoid content in SA3 treatments increased in the range of 75.8 to 34.6 % compared to SA0. CB at SA3, increased catalase activity by 11.4 % compared to SB. At SA3, the highest RWC was observed in WB and CB by 26.7 and 18.1 % increases compared to SA0, respectively. At SA3, CB could enhance grain yield by 24.8 % under water stress. Under water stress, at SA3, remobilization efficiency from 63.2 % in control was enhanced to 69.2, 74.3 and 68.1 % in WB, CB and SB, respectively. CB and WB had better chemical properties in terms of EC, N, P, K and micronutrients compared to SB. These properties of BC and WB enhanced their ability to increase the nutrient availability, biochemical properties and consequently the grain yield enhancement, especially when applied with SA3.

The effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain

The article presents the results of studying the effect of various doses of ammonium nitrate on the yield and protein content in spring triticale grain. Numerous studies around the world have established that nitrogen is a key factor influencing the productivity of grain crops. The paper presents the results of a 5-year study (2018-2022) of cultivating spring triticale using fallow and stubble predecessors. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when sowing in rows at a dose of 20 to 80 kg/ha in the active substance. The experiments were carried out in the Akmola region (LLP "SPCGF named after A. Barayev") on southern carbonate chernozem. Over the five years of research, only 2018 was characterized by optimal hydrothermal conditions during the triticale growing season, the remaining four years (2019-2022) were dry. The reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil before sowing triticale in fallow were 119-138 mm, in stubble - 119-125 mm. The content of N-NO3 in the soil layer 0-40 cm before sowing triticale varied according to the years of research, so for fallow it varied from 11 to 28 mg/kg, and for stubble from 10 to 17 mg/kg of soil. The amount of P2O5 before sowing (in the soil layer of 0-20 cm), regardless of the predecessor, varied within 24-37 mg/kg of soil. It was not possible to establish a reliable effect of different doses of ammonium nitrate on grain yield and protein content in triticale grain using the two studied precursors. A strong correlation between the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and the yield of triticale based on the steam predecessor was established only in 2020 (r = 0.85) and in 2021 (r = 0.83). For stubble, a strong positive correlation between nitrogen doses and yield was noted in 2019 (r = 0.78), 2021 (r = 0.79) and 2022 (r = 0.87). A correlation between the protein content in triticale grain and nitrogen doses was established based on the fallow in 2 of 4 years (r = 0.86...0.96). For the stubble, a strong positive relationship was noted in all years of research (r = 0.83...0.99).

Comparison of the fodder yield, nutritive value and cost of triticale and vetch mixtures under hydroponic condition

This study was carried out determine the effects of different ratios of triticale and vetch seed and use of fertilizer on fodder yield, nutritive value and cost of fodder grown. The treatments included five ratios of triticale to vetch seeds at 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 0:100 (V0, V10, V20, V30, and V100; respectively and a fertilizer treatment (with (+) or without (-) fertilizer). The experiment was a completely randomized design in factorial arrangements (five seed treatments and two fertilizer treatments). Considering the yield performance, differences were found among treatments with the highest yield (21.78 kg fresh weight m-2) for V0+ and lowest (18.48 kg fresh weight m-2) for V100-. With increasing proportions of vetch, ash, crude protein and acid detergent fiber increased linearly, whereas neutral detergent fiber and nitrogen free extract decreased linearly. The crude fiber was lowest (8.43%) for V0+ and highest (10.26%) for V100+ fodders, respectively. Highest neutral detergent fiber was observed for V0- while V100- revealed the lowest neutral detergent fiber. The acid detergent fiber was lowest for V0+ compared with all other treatments. The nitrogen free extract content in V0+ fodder were gradually higher than that of other fodders. The fodder’s energy value was significantly different among the treatments. The results in the study showed that the seed cost was the highest in the V0+ fodder to produce one kg fresh fodder. The higher expense for one kg CP and one unit energy (MJ kg-1) was obtained in V0 fodder, as well.

Desiccation and senification in the technology of cultivation of winter triticale varieties in the Middle Urals

Triticale is an artificially man-made culture that has both positive and negative signs and properties. One of such undesirable signs is the low resistance of the grain to germination during maturation. Therefore, the search for ways to reduce this phenomenon is an urgent issue. Pre-harvest treatment of crops, namely desiccation and senification, can be a solution to this problem. The purpose of the study, conducted in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic, geographically belonging to the Middle Urals, was a comparative study of the effect of desiccation and senification of crops on yield and grain quality of winter triticale. In a two-factor field experiment during the growing seasons 2021 and 2022, the varieties Izhevskaya 2 (control) and Beta, whose crops were treated with desiccant Sukhovey and seni- cants – 20 and 30% solutions of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, were studied. In the years of the study, the final stages of ontogenesis in triticale varieties took place in hot dry conditions. As a result, the effect of the studied substances did not affect the grain yield. When comparing the declared varieties, the yield advantage of the Beta variety was established due to the formation of larger grains and higher inflorescence productivity. At the same time, a greater accumulation of dry matter per unit area was characterized by a higher-growing variety Izhevskaya 2. In the course of the experiment the increase of the natural weight indices of winter triticale variety Beta by 7–9 g/l in the variants with the use of ammonium sulfate was revealed. Grain volume weight of the Izhevskaya 2 variety did not change under the influence of the studied methods.

The influence of different fertilizer standards on the quality of agricultural products in short rotation crop rotation

Goal. Study of the influence of different rates of fertilization of agricultural crops in short-rotational crop rotation on the quality of agricultural products and their yield on radioactively contaminated lands.
 Methods. Scientifically recommended agricultural crops for this region were selected for research in grain-row crop rotation: Oats — variety Chernihivskyi 27; Triticale — Aist Kharkiv variety; Corn — variety Kharkivska 195 MV; Fodder beets — Eckendorf yellow variety; Lupine is an Industrial variety. The chemical composition of feed was determined according to generally accepted methods. In plant products, the following were determined: crude protein — by total nitrogen using the classic Kjeldahl method; raw fiber — by acid-alkaline hydrolysis; raw ash — by burning samples in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 500—600°C; raw fat — by the Ruzhkosky method in a Soxhlet apparatus.
 Results. As a result of research in 2015—2017, it was established that the studied agricultural products in 2, 3 versions of fertilizer have a higher content of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber. The content of crude protein in lupine seeds was in the range of 25.54—31.01%, in oat grain — 10.37—12.21%, in triticale grain — 10.08—12.25%, in corn grain — 9.40—11.78%, in fodder beets — 2.03—2.65%. The raw ash content varied over the years of research from 2.68 to 2.86% in oat grain; from 2.74 to 3.01% in lupine seeds; from 2.19 to 2.41% in triticale grain; from 1.37 to 1.68% in beets and from 1.57 to 1.72% in corn grains. The crude fat content for the studied period was from 3.72 to 3.97% in oat grains; from 4.46 to 5.55% in lupine seeds; from 1.40 to 1.74% in triticale grain; from 0.12 to 0.16% in fodder beet and from 4.40 to 4.81% in corn grain. The content of crude fiber during the years of research was from 10.21 to 10.60% in oat grain; from 13.29 to 14.38% in lupine seeds; from 1.69 to 2.74% in triticale grain; from 0.93 to 1.05% in fodder beets and from 2.20 to 2.75% in corn grain. The average yield of oats over the years of research on fertilizer options was 27.12—35.01 t/ha, while it is monitored increase in yield by fertilizer options compared to the control by 15—46%. The yield of triticale was in the range of 39.75—48.97 t/ha, subject to an increase in yield in 2 and 3 fertilizer options by 3—7%. The yield of lupine over the years of research was 17.80—26.69 c/ha, while the yield of lupine in 2 and 3 fertilizer options was 4.8—17.2 higher than in the control. The grain yield of corn and fodder beet in 2 and 3 fertilizer variants also exceeded the control index. The yield of fodder beet was 297.09—394.74 t/ha. The yield of corn was in the range of 48.85—87.15 c/ha.
 Conclusions. It was established that the studied agricultural products in 2, 3 versions of fertilizer have a higher content of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber. The average yield of oats over the years of research on fertilizer options was 27.12—35.01 t/ha, the yield of triticale was in the range of 39.75—48.97 t/ha, the yield of lupine over the years of research was 17.80—26.69 t/ha, fodder beet yield was 297.09—394.74 t/ha, and corn yield was 48.85—87.15 t/ha.

Influence of weather conditions and elements of harvest structure on yield of spring triticale cultivated in organic agriculture on southern chernozem of northern Kazakhstan

The article presents the results of research on the influence of weather conditions and organic fertilizers on the elements of the crop structure and the productivity of spring triticale. The studies were carried out in the LLP " SPCGF named after A. Barayev" on southern carbonate chernozems in 2018-2021. Triticale was cultivated according to the falow. Dry above-ground mass of sweet clover, sainfoin, alfalfa, brome and wheatgrass was introduced into the fallow field as organic fertilizers. An annual decrease in the grain yield of spring triticale was noted over the years of research from 1.95 t/ha in 2018 to 1.01 t/ha in 2021. The weight of 1000 grains did not change significantly over the years of the study and ranged from 37.0-45.7 g. The number of triticale grains per unit area gradually decreased over the years of the study from a maximum in 2018 of 6951 pieces/m2 to a minimum in 2021 of 2739 pcs/m2. Variants of application of aboveground biomass of various perennial grasses as organic fertilizers had an equivalent effect on the yield of triticale and crop structure elements in comparison with the control (aboveground biomass of sweet clover). A positive correlation was obtained between the yield of triticale and HTC (according to Selyaninov) for the months of June and August, where the dependence on the variants of the experiment changed from medium to high (with June r=0.62 ... 0.94, with August r=0.64 ... 0.80). A moderate correlation was obtained between the grain yield and the HTC (according to Selyaninov) for the period June-August (r=0.59…0.78). The influence of the mass of 1000 grains on the yield was ambiguous, in some cases the relationship was weak (r=-0.21 ... -0.27) in others - medium (r=0.33 ... 0.36). A positive correlation was established between the grain yield and the number of grains per 1 m2 (r=0.61…0.94).

The dependence of yield and its structure on pre-sowing treatment of spring triticale (<i>× triticosecale</i>) seeds in the Amur region

The research results (2014 - 2015) on triticale yield and its structure depending on the seed treatment are presented. The need for research is caused by increasing grain yields and gross yields in the region. This work aims to establish the dependence of yield and its structure on the pre-sowing treatment of triticale seeds by modern fungicides that are effective in extreme conditions. A two-factor field experiment was conducted on the experimental field of the Far Eastern State Agrarian University, Amur region. Options: Factor A - triticale varieties: 1. Ukro, St; 2. Yarilo; 3. Carmen. Factor B - treatment with preparations: 1. Control - water; 2. Maxim rate - 1.5 ml/l; 3. Inshur Perform - 0.4 l/ha; 4. Kinto Duo - 2 l/ha. Each variety of triticale corresponded to fourvariants of treatment with preparations. Regarding height, productive business and ear length of triticale, the differences between the preparations and the control were insignificant. The preparation of Kinto Duo increased the number of grains in the ear by 2.0 % compared with the control. Maxim and Inshur Perform by weight of 1000 grains resulted in a significant increase of 2.8 and 3.9 %, and Kinto Duo - 7.2 % compared to the control. Yield is strongly related to productive business, r = 0.798. The correlation between yield and stem length is medium r = 0.332. Between yield, ear length, number of grains in the ear, and weight of 1000 grains, the correlation dependence is weak r < 0.3. The preparation Inshur Perform increased the yield of triticale grain by 0.11 t/ha or 4.9 %, Maxim - by 0.30 t/ha or 13.4 %, and Kinto Duo - by 0.34 or 15.2 % relative to the control.

The effect of fermented poultry manure on the yield and quality parameters of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivated organic way on acidic sandy soil

Triticale has been introduced into grain-growing fields and acidic sandy soils among cereals. Extensive breeding has resulted in the development of excellent triticale varieties. In our work, we used the triticale variety GK Maros as the crop, known for its high adaptability and cost- effectiveness in production. This variety's vigorous root and stem growth contributes to its tolerance to drought and heat shock. Our experiment was set up at the University of Nyíregyháza's study farm in 2023/2024, on 10 hectares. The experimental area has been under organic farming since 2015. The manure used in the experiment is a by-product of one of Europe's largest poultry breeding companies, Baromfi Coop Ltd. This granulated organic manure is successfully used in many areas of crop production. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of fermented poultry manure on triticale crops in a large-scale field experiment. Our study focused on overall triticale yield and quality parameters, including protein content, weight per hectare, and gluten content. Our findings show that using poultry manure on sandy soils for triticale production increased yield, although the first year did not show a significant increase. Our research is unique and innovative because it addresses a significant gap in knowledge. While there is extensive research showing the effectiveness of various organic fertilizers, these findings may not be applicable in organic farming, poor soil conditions, and extreme weather conditions. Our experiment aims to bridge this gap in knowledge.

The use of triticale in feed production

The results of growing new varieties of winter triticale in order to obtain herbage and grain are presented. The effectiveness of the use of triticale in fodder production, in particular, as part of complete mixed fodders when growing young fattening pigs on the materials of the Bryansk region and using it in a green forage chain when growing cattle is substantiated. The research was conducted in the Bryansk region in 2021, 2022. The superiority of triticale in terms of the main parameters in comparison with traditionally cultivated crops: rye and wheat has been proven. The combination of high yield and protein content allows increasing the yield per unit area of more valuable grain. The protein content in the grain of the rye variety Pukhovchanka was 12,4%, in the grain of the triticale variety Forte – 15,2%, and in the grain of the wheat variety Vladi – 14,1%, which indicates the highest protein content of triticale grain in comparison with the most common crops. The best results were obtained on the cultivation of the triticale variety Forte using mineral fertilizers in the amount of N120P130K130, in which the grain yield averaged 91,4 centners per hectare over two years, the excess yield of wheat variety Vladi was 7,6 centners per hectare. The increase in the yield of triticale was due to the combination of rye with many ears and wheat with many flowers which ensured an increase in the mass of grain per ear. With a slight decrease in the density of the stem stand in the crops of triticale, its yield significantly exceeded other studied crops of the variety. When cultivating triticale for green fodder of the Elephant variety, the yield was 407,1 c/ha, which is 106,8 c/ha higher than the yield of the Pukhovchanka variety. The technological ripeness of triticale comes 7 days later than that of rye, so this crop fits well into the green forage chain. Due to high resistance to the most common and harmful diseases such as brown and stem rust, powdery mildew, green fodder triticale during the period of technological ripeness retains consumer qualities at a high level.

Impact of agro-ecological conditions and fertilization on yield and quality of triticale on pseudogley soil

The results of the study of the influence of fertilization and calcification on the yield and yield components of winter triticale grown on low pH soil are presented in this paper. Five variants of fertilization were tested during three growing seasons. Trial treatments included different fertilization variants: V1-control, V2-N120, V3-N120P80K60, V4-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha- 1 of lime and V5-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha-1 of lime + 30 t ha-1 of manure. The results of the research showed that all yield components responded positively to the application of mineral nutrition by changing the production characteristics and grain quality. The variant with the combined application of NPK, lime and manure had the greatest positive effect on all tested parameters affecting triticale productivity. During the study, the highest yield of triticale 5.826 t ha-1 was obtained on the fertilization variant with the combined application of lime, manure and NPK fertilizers. The achieved increase in the grain yield of triticale was significant compared to the control and the NPK variant of fertilization. Highly significant positive dependencies were found between the grain yield with 1000-grain weight, and test weight and significant positive dependencies were found between 1000-grain weight and test weight. The research highlighted the impact of different fertilizer treatments on the yield and grain quality traits of winter triticale.

Sowing productivity and grain quality of winter triticale with the use of biological preparations

The article highlights the experimental results of research on the influence of pre-sowing seeds and crops treatment with biological preparations of fungicidal properties on crop productivity formation and the quality of winter triticale grain. The analysis of yield and quality of winter triticale grain showed that they changed depending on the type and methods of application of the researched preparations and weather conditions during the years of research. In 2021 when seeds were bacterised with «Melanoriz» and «Biozlak», there was a tendency to increase the yield level compared to the control by 0.4 and 0.3 t/ha respectively. Grain yield increment of 0.3–0.7 t/ha was obtained with the application of «Baktofit» biofungicide at the norms of 2.0–3.0 l/ha. A noticeable increase in yield occurred when spraying crops by «Baktofit» on the background of seed bacteriization with microbial preparations. In particular, for application 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 l/ha of biofungicide on the background of seed treatment by «Biozlak» the yield increased by 0.9, 1.2 and 1.4 t/ha, on the background of seed treatment by «Melanoriz» – on 1.0, 1.3 and 1.7 t/ha according to the «Baktofit» norms. The dependence of winter triticale yield formation on the type and methods of application of the studied preparations was also observed in 2022 and 2023. However, in these years it slightly decreased, which was due to weather conditions and the active development of pathogenic microbiota in the sowings. The studied preparations had a significant impact on the formation of winter triticale grain quality indicators, especially when used in combination (seed treatment and application during the growing season). In particular, the highest weight of 1000 grains (by 1.5–2.2 g more than the control) and grain weight (by 31.4–39.8 g/l more than the control) were formed by the application of «Baktofit» against the background of seed bacterisation with «Melanoriz». The highest content of protein and starch in winter triticale grain was noted for spraying crops with «Baktofit» on the background of pre-sowing seed bacteriization with «Melanoriz», which exceeded the control by 0.6–1.5 % and 6.4–7.1 % respectively. Key words: productivity, grain quality, biological preparations, «Melanoriz», «Biozlak», «Baktofit», winter triticale.

Using α -amylase enzyme with the seed pre-soaking to develop emergence and yield of triticale

In order to investigate the efficiency of stimulating stored seeds of Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) by α -amylase enzyme, a field experiment was carried out using split plot arrangements according to a randomized complete block design in three replications. The storage period of seeds 6 months, 1.5 years, and 2.5 years represented the main plots. The stimulation treatments was secondary plots included dry seeds (control), stimulated seeds with distilled water, 1 and 2 mg L-1 of α -amylase enzyme. The results showed a significant decrease in the percentage of emergence, plant leaf area, plant dry weight, number of tillers m-2, number of spikes m-2, weight of one thousand grains, and grain yield with the increasing of storage period. The enzyme concentration of 1 mg L-1 was the superior in % emergence (85.02), Plant leaf area (244.88) cm2, plant dry weight (2.087) g, number of tillers (448.8) tiller m-2, number of spikes (372.9) spike m-2, number of grains spike-1 (44.13) grain spike-1 and grain yield (5.842) ton h-1. However, there was on significant differences between the two concentration 1 and 2 mg L-1 of enzyme in leaf area, plant dry weight, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.

РАСШИРЕНИЕ НАБОРА ЗЕРНОФУРАЖНЫХ КУЛЬТУР В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

In the soil and climatic conditions of the Laishevsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan, field experiments were conducted on the development of fertilizer systems for grain crops - spring triticale of the Timur variety and chickpeas of the Privo1 variety. Preparations of the "AgroNAN" series were used in the form of leaf feeding in different phases of crop development, and "Metallocene" for seed treatment, which are environmentally friendly micro fertilizers containing trace elements. AgroNAN Active has pesticide properties, AgroNAN Organic leads to an increase in the action of enzymes and assimilation from fertilizers by plants N and P. Metallocene D increases the stress resistance of crops and replenishes the shortage of Mg. Abnormally arid conditions of the growing season of 2021 subjected chickpea beans in the version without fertilizers to premature ripeness and shedding, which led to a decrease in yield. The least cracking of beans was in the fertilized versions. The combined use of Metallocene D (0.3 ml /t) preparations for seed treatment and AgroNAN Active (0.2 l/ha) in the form of leaf dressing during the growing season, with a purchase price for grain – 40,000 rubles / t, made it possible to harvest chickpea grain - 1.91 t/ha, which increased the profitability of production up to 464%. Despite the dry weather conditions, the yield of spring triticale was good, which, with the same background of fertilizers, corresponded to 5.3 t/ha, with a production margin of 292.4%, with a purchase price for grain of 12,000 rubles/t. The indicators of the above fertilized variants exceeded the data of the control variant by more than 1 t/ha.

Is Diversified Crop Rotation an Effective Non-Chemical Strategy for Protecting Triticale Yield and Weed Diversity?

Diversified crop rotation (DCR) has re-gained attention worldwide as a non-chemical practice for increasing the sustainability of cereal production systems. This study focused on comparing the effects of two weed management strategies, DCR (the six-field system: potato–oat–fiber flax–winter rye–faba bean–winter triticale) without the application of a herbicide (DCR strategy) and with the application of a herbicide (DCR + H strategy) on the yield of winter triticale and on the biomass and species, taxonomic, and functional diversities of weed communities. In addition, the responses of two triticale cultivars, Trapero and Borowik, to the weed management strategies were evaluated. Data from five growing seasons (2017–2021) of a long-term experiment (Bałcyny, northeastern Poland) are presented. The DCR strategy proved less effective in protecting the triticale yield than DCR + H but provided greater weed species, taxonomic and functional diversities. Borowik had a higher yield and responded to herbicide abandonment with a lower yield loss. When the DCR strategy was used, Borowik was more competitive against weeds than Trapero without reducing weed diversity. The triticale yield correlated negatively with weed biomass and diversity, and weed diversity and weed biomass were positively correlated. The findings show that winter triticale can be grown in DCR without the application of a herbicide if a high-yield, competitive cultivar such as Borowik is used. Growing such a cultivar under DCR conditions without the application of a herbicide promotes weed diversity; however, in years with less favorable weather conditions, it may be necessary to accept a moderately lower yield compared to the yield provided with herbicide protection. The relationship between weed diversity and weather conditions is a subject for further research.

Morpho-physiological responses and growth indices of triticale to drought and salt stresses

Salinity and drought are two major abiotic stresses challenging global crop production and food security. In this study, the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated. For this purpose, a 3 x 4 factorial design in three blocks experiment was conducted. The stress treatments included three levels of salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) and four levels of drought (regular irrigation as well as irrigation disruption at heading, flowering, and kernel extension stages). The stresses, individual as well as combined, caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area index, relative water content, and grain yield of triticale. In this regard, the highest reduction was recorded under combined stresses of 100 mM NaCl and drought stress at flowering. However, an increase in soluble sugars, leaf free proline, carotenoid contents, and electrolyte leakage was noted under stress conditions compared to the control. In this regard, the highest increase in leaf free proline, soluble sugars, and carotenoid contents were noted under the combination of severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage. Investigating the growth indices in severe salinity and water deficit stress in different phenological stages shows the predominance of ionic stress over osmotic stress under severe salinity. The highest grain yield was observed under non-saline well-watered conditions whereas the lowest grain yield was recorded under severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage. In conclusion, the flowering stage was more sensitive than the heading and kernel extension stages in terms of water deficit. The impact of salinity and water deficit was more pronounced on soluble sugars and leaf free proline; so, these criteria can be used as physiological indicators for drought and salinity tolerance in triticale.

Cultivation of winter triticale in the organic production system

Aim. To find and substantiate the optimal combination of elements of winter triticale cultivation technology in the organic farming system based on the use of green manure, biological products and growth stimulants of organic origin to obtain competitive organic products. This article analyses the results of research obtained in a semi-stationary experiment of the National Research Centre "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS" on the cultivation of winter triticale in an organic farming system during 2019-2020. Methods. During the research, we used field (to determine the interaction of the object with natural and studied factors), weight (to determine the yield and its structure), morphophysiological (for biological control over the growth and development of productivity elements by stages of organogenesis), laboratory (chemical and physicochemical analysis of the main products), as well as mathematical statistics using basic and special statistical indicators and criteria. Results. Work carried out, it was found that the highest yield of winter triticale 4.57 t/ha was noted in the variant where the combined application of organic-mineral fertilizer Rokogumin (3 times 5 l/ha, respectively, at 27-28, 30-31, and 58-59 stages of plant development) and organic fertiliser Bio-gel (2 times at 1.5 l/ha, respectively, at 27-28 and 30-31 stages) in combination with growth regulator Regoplant (2 times - at 27-28 and 30-31 stages, 50 ml/ha) against the background of green manure (30 t/ha of green mass of peas). This crop productivity was formed due to the optimal parameters of crop cenosis. In particular, the number of productive stems that survived until harvesting was 460 pcs/m², with a grain weight per ear of 0.99 g. Such a density of winter triticale greatly affected the weediness of crops. In the process of growth and development of the main crop cenosis, weed growth was suppressed, and some of them were suspended, and their number in the phase of full ripeness of winter triticale decreased, depending on the experimental variants by 90-95%, to 20-33 pcs/m².With regard to diseases (powdery mildew and leaf septoria) of winter triticale, there was also a slight tendency to reduce the damage to plants from the action of biological products. However, the obtained two-year results do not allow us to conclude on the fungicidal effect of the studied preparations. Conclusion. Such a combination of organic fertilizers and growth stimulant provided an increase in the yield of winter triticale by 0.55 t/ha and provided 23435 UAH/ha of net profit at 249% profitability. There is a tendency of high resistance of winter triticale to the negative impact of pests and diseases, and an increase in the degree of competitiveness of plants in the fight against weeds due to an increase in the density of cenosis. This crop is well suited for growing in an organic farming system.

Влияние сроков посева на фотосинтез тритикале в условиях Приамурья

Abstract. In the Amur region the share of soybean in the structure of sown areas has reached 73.7 % over the last decade, the phytosanitary condition of agrocenoses has deteriorated, pesticide load on fields has significantly increased, which causes new ecological risks. Some reduction of this load may be caused by increasing the proportion of grain crops, including triticale. The purpose of the study was to establish the effective sowing date of spring triticale varieties providing optimal photosynthetic activity of agrocenoses in the conditions of Amur region. The method of field experiment by B. A. Dospekhov and determination of photosynthetic activity of crops by A. A. Nichyparovich were used. Scientific novelty. The photosynthetic activity of spring triticale varieties at different sowing dates in years with different meteorological conditions has been evaluated. Results. The greatest area of leaf apparatus is formed at sowing in April, 29 reaching maximum values in a phase of flowering in sort Ukro – 37,2 thousand m2/ha, in sort Yarilo – 30,4 thousand m2/ha, in sort Karmen – 33,0 thousand m2/ha. The correlation analysis revealed direct and strong influence of sowing dates on formation of the assimilative apparatus of plants and yield of spring triticale rxy = 0,833. Statistically significant differences were obtained p = 0.016. In the regression equation with increasing leaf area by 1 m2/ha the grain yield of triticale is expected to increase by 0.056 t/ha. Photosynthetic potential of the varieties differed in the years of research and depended on the value of the assimilating surface and the duration of the leaves. A regular decrease in net photosynthetic productivity from early to late sowing was established. The highest value of net photosynthetic productivity was obtained at sowing 15.04 – 2.03 g/m2 per day. The constituent elements of photosynthesis resulted in grain yields of the variety Yarilo – 2.26 t/ha, Ukro – 2.61 t/ha and Karmen – 2.23 t/ha.