Starch Yield Research Articles

The productivity potential of some corn hybrids of the VIR collection for starch extraction during deep grain processing

BACKGROUND: The study of the VIR corn collection in order to search for economically valuable sources and donors is topical.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies of the biochemical components of grain during its deep processing were carried out on 27 hybrids from Germany, presented in the VIR collection. Valuable results have been obtained using the method of IR spectrometry and deep processing of grain in laboratory conditions, which make it possible to identify samples of interest for the production of native starch and its by-products.
 RESULTS: The starch yield of more than 65% solids (% DM) grain dry matter is established for the following hybrids: KHV 7262, KHV 6431, KHV 6331, KHV 5440, Karpatis, DS 21209C, DS 21215B, DS 21212A, DS 21205B, DS 22188D. The maximum starch yield, more than 70% grain DM, is set for DS 21205B hybrids. The maximum yield of the embryo was set for the hybrid KHV 4126 up to 10% DM of the grain, the yield of starch during the processing of the grain of this hybrid was 61.2% DM. The highest yield of gluten, 18% or more, was established during the processing of hybrids DS 23190B and DS 21203B. The pulp yield of more than 15% CB was obtained by processing grain DS 22182C. Based on the results obtained, the following hybrids are proposed as the starting material for corn breeding for deep grain processing: KHV 7262, KHV 5440, DS 21209C, DS 21215B, DS 21212A, DS 21205B, DS 22188D.
 CONCLUSIONS: Of greatest interest as a starting material is hybrid DS 21205B, during the processing of which starch was extracted in an amount of more than 70% grain DM.

YIELD AND QUALITY OF POTATO VARIETIES DEPENDS ON GROWING TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS

The article presents the results of research on the assessment of the yield and quality of potato tubers depending on the technological methods of growing seed potatoes. It was established that the yield level of potato varieties depends, first of all, on varietal characteristics, fraction of planting material, methods and doses of applied fertilizers. The highest yields of the Granada variety due to its biological characteristics were noted in the variant of the experiment, where local application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N45Р45К45 was carried out against the background of the action of half-rotted manure applied under the predecessor. At the same time, productivity increased depending on the fraction of planting material from 38.3 to 41.1 t/ha. This is higher than the control option by 13.0-13.4 t/ha and 1.5 t/ha more compared to the yield obtained with the same method and dose of fertilizer, but with a fraction of planting tubers by the largest transverse diameter of 28 -60 mm. However, the consumption of planting material between the best two variants in the experiment on the Granada potato variety was 1.85 t/ha. A similar pattern was obtained in the early-ripening potato variety Laperla and mid-ripening Memphis. With the intensification of the technological methods of growing potatoes, where mineral fertilizers were applied in the doses of N30Р30К30, N45Р45К45 - locally and N60Р60К60 - scattered against the background of the after-effect of half-rotted manure and phosphoruspotassium fertilizer, a decrease in the content of starch and dry matter was noted in Memphis, Granada and Laperla potato varieties.The highest yield of starch – 5.46 t/ha was obtained in the variant of the experiment, where local application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N45Р45К45 was carried out in the Granada variety due to the higher genetic potential of this variety in terms of productivity compared to other varieties. The yield of starch in the Laperla variety is 4.22 t/ha, and in the Memphis variety it is 5.39 t/ha. This is higher than 1.84 t/ha on the control variant in the Granada variety and 1.53 and 2.07 t/ha in the Laperla and Memphis varieties. On the same variant, the highest yield of dry matter was obtained in the Granada variety - 8.18 t/ha, the lower yield of dry matter was provided by the Memphis variety - 7.63 t/ha. The lowest yield of dry matter was noted in the Laperla variety - 6.24 t/ha.

Understanding the Inhibitory Mechanism of Exogenous Protein on Enzymatic Preparation of Resistant Starch

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of resistant starch strongly depends on the food composition and their interaction with exogenous/endogenous proteins during preparation process. Therefore, the present study systematically investigates the inhibitory effect of egg albumin on pancreatic‐α‐amylase for synthesis of resistant starch from maize flour. The maximum inhibitory concentration of egg albumin is 5 mg mL−1 with % inhibition of 95.15% for pancreatic‐α‐amylase. Lineweaver burk plot reveals that Vmax is constant with and without addition of egg albumin. Whereas Km is increased in presence of albumin to achieve the same Vmax. Increase in the substrate concentration (Km) from 5 to 25 mg mL−1 leads to a decrease in enzyme inhibition. Moreover, the resistant starch content of enzymatically prepared resistant starch with and without albumin as compared to gelatinized maize starch (control) is increased. Scanning electron micrograph reveals interaction of egg albumin with maize starch as thread like aggregation. FTIR and XRD analysis reveal the increase in crystallinity of enzymatically treated maize starch against control. Moreover, egg albumin is negatively associated with enzymatic hydrolysis by preventing its access to maize starch granule and act as a competitive inhibitor. As a result of this interaction decrease in resistant starch yield from maize starch is investigated by enzymatic treatment.

Extraction and characterisation of starch from cassava (Manihot esculenta) agro-industrial wastes

This study has investigated the potential of extracting starch from cassava agro-industrial wastes, namely, cassava peel and bagasse, as a non-edible source and has developed an extraction method to maximise the starch extraction from these sources. Obtained extracts were characterised and their properties were compared with that of commercial cassava starch. The results demonstrated that cassava peel starch yield (30 ± 2 % wt.) was significantly higher than that from bagasse (8 ± 1 % wt.). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses revealed that starches extracted from cassava peels, bagasse and commercial starch had very similar morphology and functional groups. Main crystalline phase, α-amylose dihydrate identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in peel, bagasse and commercial starches were 98.3(2) %, 98.5(1)% and 100% respectively. The highest percentage (by weight) of crystallinity phases: quartz (0.33%) and whewellite (1.53%) were detected in peel and bagasse starches respectively. Cassava peel and bagasse have been proven to be potential alternative sources of starch, and the excellent properties exhibited by the starch extracted from these sources suggest their potential applications as biodegradable food packaging matrices, as an alternative to the commonly used commercial cassava starch.

Boosting starch productivity of mixotrophic duckweed via light and organic carbon treatment

Duckweeds is the most promising nonfood feedstock for sustainable bioenergy production. Mixotrophy is the best growth mode compared to photoautotrophy and heterotrophy for biomass and starch accumulation in duckweed. This work investigated the impacts of light intensities (3,000, 6,000, 9,000, 12,000, 15,000, and 20,000 lux) and exogenous glucose concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 g L−1) on the biomass and starch accumulation of mixotrophic duckweed. The results showed that increasing light intensity and the initially applied concentration of glucose enhanced both growth and starch content. However, high concentrations of glucose (15–40 g L−1) resulted in a higher biomass yield but concurrently greatly inhibited photosynthesis. Moreover, excess carbon was redirected into starch biosynthesis under high glucose. The maximum starch yield of 655.4 g m−2 was obtained at 40 g L−1 glucose, with a maximum starch content of 72.7% of dry biomass and a biomass yield of 1024.6 g m−2. The optimum light intensity for starch accumulation was 20,000 lux, with a maximum starch yield of 236.2 g m−2. These results indicated that high organic carbon levels are a robust way to promote starch production in mixotrophic duckweed.

Optimization of starch extraction from Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corms using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) for improving yield with tenable chemical attributes

The development of the extraction process for improving the starch yield from unconventional plants is emerging as a topic of interest. In this respect, the present work aimed to optimize the starch extraction from the corms of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) with the help of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The RSM model performed better than the ANN in predicting the starch yield with higher precision. In this connection, this study for the first time reports the significant improvement of starch yield from A. paeoniifolius (51.76 g/100 g of the corm dry weight). The extracted starch samples based on yield – high (APHS), medium (APMS), and low (APLS) exhibited a variable granule size (7.17–14.14 μm) along with low ash content, moisture content, protein, and free amino acid indicating purity and desirability. The FTIR analysis also confirmed the chemical composition and purity of the starch samples. Moreover, the XRD analysis showed the prevalence of C-type starch (2θ = 14.303°). Based on other physicochemical, biochemical, functional, and pasting properties, the three starch samples showed more or less similar characteristics thereby indicating the sustentation of beneficial attributes of starch molecules irrespective of the variation in extraction parameters.

Effect of ultrasound on isolation and properties of oat starch

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of ultrasound (US) on the isolation and properties of oat starch. Starch isolation was done by a water extraction method and with sonication for 30 (US30), 45 (US45) and 60 (US60) min. The highest starch yield was found in US45 as 49.04 g·100 g^–1 of oat flour when the extraction time decreased from 6 h to 45 min. The functional properties of starches, such as bulk density, water solubility index, dispersibility and water absorption capacity, ranged from 0.65 to 0.80 g·mL^–1, 3.22 to 5.75%, 78 to 87.5% and 84.23 to 95.87%, respectively. US45 had lower bulk density and higher dispersibility than other starches. US treatments decreased the gelatinisation temperature ranges and increased the gelatinisation enthalpy values. The enthalpy of the gelatinisation value of oat starch was found as 8.45 J·g^–1 and increased with sonication up to 13.65 J·g^–1. Retrogradation endotherms were observed after 6 days of storage, and enthalpies of retrogradation were lower than in the gelatinised starches. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed that US treatment did not affect the functional groups of oat starch. US application during oat starch isolation gave desired results, such as time reduction, higher yields and increased functional properties.

Yield of starch and its content in the grain of corn hybrids

The article presents the results of assessing the content of starch in hybrid combinations of corn and the yield of starch per unit area. As a result of the study of experimental hybrids created on the basis of the VIR collection material, the selection and combination value of the initial material was revealed in terms of content in grain and yield per hectare of starch. The experiment included simple hybrids (30 combinations) obtained by a complete topcross cross scheme. Instead of crossbreeding the lines with each other, crosses were carried out with three common testers with a broad genetic basis (line, synthetic population). In the study, lines RSK 7, B 293 and a synthetic population of RNIISK 1 were used as testers. The interval of variation in the starch content in grain for the study period varied from low values to an average value and amounted to: in 2020 – 60,9 % to 65,2 %, in 2021 - from 59,3 % to 66,1 %. Lines with a high effect of GCA on the content of starch in the grain (H 46, Vz 6, Om 12, YuV 106), as well as hybrid combinations of YuV 25 / RSK 7 (63,3-64,2 %), KS 75 / RSK 7 (62,7-64,4 %), HLG 948 / RSK 7 (63,5-64,1 %), Kin 073 / RSK 7 (63,4-63,8 %), YuV 106 / RSK 7 (63,6-66,1 %), KS 25 / B 293 (63,0-63,5 %), HLG 182 / B 293 (63,5-63,6 %), KS 75 / B 293 (63,1 -63,5 %), HLG 182 / RNIISK 1 (62,9-63,6 %). The results of the study made it possible to identify experimental hybrids that form the highest yield of starch per unit area: HLG 182 / RSK 7 (3,12-3,58 t/ha), YuV 106 / RSK 7 (2,77-3,11 t/ha ), H 46 / B 293 (3,22-3,39 t/ha), Om 12 / B 293 (2,72-3,85 t/ha).

Evaluation of models based on a generic infection model for controlling early blight in potatoes

TOMCAST and two models (risk hours and critical days) based on a generic infection model (GI model) were evaluated for the timing of fungicide application to control early blight (Alternaria solani) in field experiments. A five-year experiment was conducted at AU Flakkebjerg with the starch potato cultivars Kardal (2016 & 2017), Avarna (2019 & 2020), and Allstar (2021). Barley kernels infested with Alternaria solani were used to inoculate the potatoes. The disease was assessed weekly, starting from the onset of the first symptoms. The impact of disease development was quantified using the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) as well as starch yield. An economic analysis was done to determine the profitability of the models. Fungicide application significantly suppressed early blight development in comparison to untreated plots. The fungicide-treated plants gave higher yields (10–35%) than the untreated plants. Nevertheless, the models reduced fungicide use by an average of 37–49%, without any yield or economic penalty. Most fungicides were saved with the TOMCAST model, but disease control and yield were generally lower than in plots treated according to the GI-based models. Overall, our study emphasizes the economic importance of early blight and the necessity of applying fungicides to control it. We also show the possibility of significantly reducing fungicide use by using decision support systems. For the first time, we demonstrate the feasibility of using GI models to time fungicide application to control early blight.

Cassava Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer in Warin Soil Series Amended with Cassava Tails and Stalk-Bentonite Mixture

A field experiment was conducted in a farmer field in Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeast, Thailand objectively to investigate the response of cassava, Huay Bong 80 variety to phosphorus (P) fertilizer in Warin soil series (classified as Grossarenic Paleustults) amended with cassava tails and stalk (CTS) mixed with bentonite (BTN). The experiment was arranged in split plot with four replications. Main plot consisted of four rates of CTS +BTN: 0+0, 6.25+1.25, 12.5+2.5 and 25+5 t/ha while subplot comprising four rates of P fertilizer: 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg P2O5/ha. Cassava was harvested at 12-month of age and plant samples were collected at the harvesting time to study the effects of soil amendment on the uptake of primary plant nutrients in different plant parts of cassava. The results showed that the CTS+BN mixture at the rate of 25+5 t/ha highly significantly promoted the highest fresh tuber yield (FTY) and starch yield (SY) of 31.79 and 8.97 t/ha, respectively, which were 21.2 and 20.7 % greater than that of the control with no soil amendment addition. Increasing rate of P fertilization highly significantly induced greater FTY, SY and aboveground biomass (ABG) than did the zero-P fertilization. Amending the soil with 25+5 t/ha of CTS+BN along with the addition of 100 kg P2O5/ha interactively gave the significantly highest respective FTY, SY and ABG of 39.76, 11.48 and 17.35 t/ha whereas the plot amended with 12.5+2.5 kg CTS+BN/ha plus 50 kg P2O5/ha fertilization gave slightly lower STY and SY of 36.11 and 10.30 t/ha, respectively. The former combined rate of soil amendment and P fertilizer also had the interaction that highly significantly induced the highest uptake of all primary plant nutrients in the whole plant, accounting for 131.66, 14.23 and 124.13 kg/ha of respective nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The result reaffirmed that amending the soil with proper rate of CTS+BTN mixture enhanced the efficiency of P fertilizer and subsequently improved yield of cassava. HIGHLIGHTS Coarse-textured soils in northeast Thailand are very poor physically and chemically, leading to low yield of cassava planted Improving the soils with proper soil amendments combined with phosphorus fertilization can be beneficial to an increase of cassava yield Amending Warin soil series, one of the coarse-textured soils in this region, with 25+5 t/ha of cassava tails and stalk + bentonite along with the addition of 100 kg P2O5/ha interactively gave the significantly highest fresh tuber yield, starch yield and aboveground biomass of cassava GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Mango (Mangifera indica) Kernel Starch: Chemical, Techno-Functional, and Pasting Properties

(1) Background: Starch is the main component of mango (Mangifera indica) kernel, making it an alternative to obtain an ingredient from a non-conventional source with potential application in food and other industrial applications; however, reports on the use of new extraction techniques for this material are scarce. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on the yield, chemical, techno-functional, rheological, and pasting properties of starch isolated from a non-conventional source such as a mango kernel. (2) Methods: Different power sonication conditions (120, 300, and 480 W) and sonication time (10, 20, and 30 min) were evaluated along with a control treatment (extracted by the wet milling method). (3) Results: Ultrasound-assisted extraction increases starch yield, with the highest values (54%) at 480 W and 20 min. A significant increase in the amylose content, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, solubility, and swelling power of ultrasonically extracted starches was observed. Similarly, mango kernel starch (MKS) exhibited interesting antioxidant properties. The sol-gel transition temperature and pasting parameters, such as the breakdown viscosity (BD) and the setback viscosity (SB), decreased with ultrasound application; (4) Conclusion: indicating that ultrasound caused changes in physical, chemical, techno-functional, rheological, and pasting properties, depending on the power and time of sonication, so it can be used as an alternative starch extraction and modification technique, for example, for potential application in thermally processed food products such as baked goods, canned foods, and frozen foods.

Relationship between in vitro digestibility and multi-structures of four unconventional starches from Chinese tropical fruits (sweetsop, avocado, chempedak, and Pouteria campechiana) extracted using an ultrasound method

The development of unconventional starch resources has gained interest in recent years. Herein, we comprehensively characterize avocado seed (ASS), chempedak seed (CPSS), Pouteria campechiana seed (PCSS), and sweetsop pulp (STS) starches extracted using a high-intensity ultrasound method. High starch yields (≥ 23.14 %) and starch purity (≥ 99.17 %) were observed for all samples. ASS, CPSS, and PCSS had an A-type crystal structure, while STS showed a B-type crystal structure. ASS showed the highest weight-average molecular weight, long chain content, average polymerization degree, conformation index, molecular density index, α-1,4-glycosidic bond content, double helix content, amylose content, relative crystallinity, semi-crystalline order, and V-type polymorph content while also exhibiting the lowest radius of gyration and fractal dimension. Consequently, ASS featured a smaller blocklet size than that of CPSS and STS, implying a higher ability of re-association of ASS molecular chains during retrogradation. This resulted in that ASS exhibited a lower breakdown viscosity, higher pasting temperature, and a greater final viscosity than those of CPSS and STS, thereby featuring the lowest contents of rapidly digestible starch (RDS: 1.86%) and slowly digestible starch (SDS: 12.99 %), decreased equilibrium concentration (C∞: 28.48 %), reduced SDS enzymolysis rate (kSDS: 0.48 × 10−2 min−1), and highest resistant starch content (RS) than the others samples. Moreover, compared with STS (11.44 %, 24.63 %, 1.43 × 10−2 min−1, 48.34 %, and 63.93 %), CPSS and PCSS had lower RDS (6.18–7.39 %), SDS (19.68–22.77%), kSDS (0.73–1.16 × 10−2 min−1), and C∞ (35.61–44.22%), while showing higher RS (69.84–74.14 %). These results suggest that STS is a high-GI food, whereas ASS, PCSS, and CPSS are middle-GI foods. Based on statistical analysis, all these results indicated that the lamellar structure ordering, molecular network density, and crystallite size have a significantly negative effect on in vitro digestibility. Therefore, our study provides a theoretical basis for processing unconventional starch-based products.

Preparation, functional and pasting behavior of starch phosphates of red cocoyam (Colocosia esculenta) and white cocoyam (Colocosia antiquorum): a comparative study

A contemporary strategy in the starch industries is the diversification of raw materials. However, the hydrophilic nature of starch limits its use as a raw material for food and packaging products, resulting in a low level of biodegradation. To address this issue, it is imperative that starch be chemically modified. Starch phosphates are among the most common and commonly used chemically modified starches. In this study, native red cocoyam starch (NRCS) and native white cocoyam starch (NWCS) were chemically modified with di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate as phosphorylating agent to produce red cocoyam starch phosphate (PRCS) and white cocoyam starch phosphate (PWCS). The functional and pasting properties of the native and starch phosphates of both cocoyam species were evaluated and compared. The starch yield increased from ~ 17% for NRCS to ~ 25% for PRCS and from ~ 12% for NWCS to ~ 20% for PWCS. The water and oil absorption capacities were 97.00 & 143.00% for NRCS and 78.00 & 164.00% for NWCS, whereas for PRCS it was 160.00 & 153.00% and for PWCS it was 127.00 & 173.00% respectively. NRCS and PRCS had a foam capacity of 8.80 and 9.00% while NWCS and PWCS had 8.00 and 10.00% respectively. Phosphorylation had a significant impact on the pasting properties leading to a reduction in the peak, breakdown, set back, and final viscosities of the native cocoyam starches. In conclusion, phosphorylation considerably improved the functional and pasting qualities of red and white cocoyam starch, revealing its tremendous application potential in the formulation of food components, as a stabilizer, tablet binders in pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the packaging industries.

Characterization of Arrowhead-Derived Type 3 Resistant Starch Prepared by Ultrasound-Assisted α-Amylase Degradation

The effect of ultrasonic-assisted α-amylase hydrolysis on the structure and physicochemical properties of arrowhead-derived type 3 resistant starch (RS3) was studied. After ultrasound treatment, the yield of resistant starch reached 17.21%, significantly ( p < 0.05 ) increased by 65.64%. Compared with RS3 prepared by traditional enzymolysis (RS3-E), the crystal form and chemical bond of RS3 prepared by ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis (RS3-UAE) did not change, but its gelatinization temperature, relative crystallinity, enthalpy, and 1047/1022 values were improved to varying degrees. RS3-UAE exhibited a higher solubility, transparency, water absorption capacity, and higher swelling power at 70°C. The analysis results of iodine absorption, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that RS3-UAE exhibited a more regular shape, smoother surface, higher crystallinity, stable double helix structure, and more ordered and denser structure. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic technology is an effective way to prepare RS3, and it can improve the functional and structural properties of the prepared RS3 to a certain extent.

ISOLATION, MODIFICATION AND UTILIZATION OF STARCH FROM GREEN BANANA PEEL AS A FRUIT WASTE

–Green Banana peels obtained from the production of banana chips are still used. Because it is only used as animal feed, it is relatively inexpensive. The pharmaceutical business, as well as a number of food and non-food companies, can all greatly benefit from research into the potential benefits of using banana peel as a source of starch. Starch was extracted from the banana peel using alkaline, sedimentation, centrifugation and enzymatic procedures. Physical, chemical and enzymatic methods were utilized to modify the native starch. Measurements were made of the native and modified starches’ yield and functional characteristics. The centrifugation method produced the highest starch yield, at 22.6% on a dry basis, followed by the enzymatic, alkaline, and sedimentation methods. The ability to bind water is greater than the ability to bind oil. Alkaline has a higher water solubility index, while sedimentation has a lower one. Following the alteration process, the amylose content increased, which reduced the gelling ability. Enzymatic modification decreased the amylose content and increase in water solubility. WBC and OBC increased in physical and chemical modification but decreased in enzymatic method. Banana peel substantial source of starch for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

EFFECT OF STEEPING TIME AND LACTIC ACID CONCENTRATION ON EXTRACTION OF STARCH FROM CORN FLOUR

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different steeping times (2h, 4 h, and 6 h), steeping temperature (40oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, and 55 oC) and lactic acid concentration (T0=control sample, T1=250ml, T2=350ml, T3=450ml and for T4=550ml) on starch recovery from corn flour. Corn flour was stepped with different lactic acid concentrations (T0=control sample, T1=250ml, T2=350ml, T3=450ml, and T4=550ml) and fixed SO2 (0.2 g for all samples) over the different steeping time (2h, 4 h, and 6 h) and different steeping temperature (40 o C, 45 o C, 50 o C and 55 o C). The result showed that the maximum yield of starch obtained in sample T4 at 55 oC for 6 h of steeping, i.e 32.53%, and minimum amount of starch yield obtained in sample T0 at 40 oC for 2 h of steeping, i.e 19.10%. On the other side maximum amount of fiber yield was obtained in sample T0 at 40 o C for 2 h of steeping, i.e 61.56%, and the minimum amount of fiber yield was obtained in sample T4 at 55 o C for 6 h of steeping, i.e 30.15%.

Mechanization by Hand Tractor for Research in 30 Genotypes of Sweet Potato Originating from Indonesia (Lampung, Bogor) and Japan

The farmer used to plow by cow and hoe to cultivate paddy and continued by sweet potato after harvesting paddy without land preparation (Zero tillage), and also the seed quality of sweet potato was not best. The most suitable clones of sweet potato in Lampung, Indonesia were not found yet. This research onsweet potato cultivation was carried out using a hand tractor in land preparation for 30 genotypes of sweet potato that originated from Central Lampung, Japan, and Bogor, Indonesia. The method used was a randomized block design with two repetitions. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by demonstrating that the use of hand tractors for land preparation in experimental fields is not only effective but also expedient compared to the use of a man-hoe as a power source, particularly for sweet potato cultivation. The mean tuberous production among the 30 clones examined was 21,978 kg/ha. L-11-2 exhibited the highest value of 32,947 kg/ha, whereas Naeshirazu recorded the lowest at 11,378 kg/ha. Genjah Sawo achieved the highest starch yield of 6,191 kg/ha, while TK achieved 6,307 kg/ha. BIS 39-15 recorded the lowest starch yield of 1,097 kg/ha. A hand tractor facilitates a more consistent distribution of fertilizer, potentially leading to greater harvests of sweet potatoes compared to the use of a hoe. In conjunction with TK, the elevated starch concentration found in Japanese sweet potatoes made them suitable for application in the starch sector and alcohol manufacturing facilities. Weevil infestation results in the destruction of sweet potato harvests.

Effect of Pullulanase Debranching Time Combined with Autoclaving on the Structural, Physicochemical Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility of Purple Sweet Potato Starch

The effects of pullulanase debranching combined with autoclaving (PDA) at various debranching times (0 h, 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, 20 h, and 25 h) and 121 °C/20 min of autoclave treatment on the structural and physicochemical characteristics of purple sweet potato (Jinshu No.17) starch were investigated. The results indicated that the native starch (NS) was polygonal, round, and bell-shaped with smooth surfaces. After debranching treatment, the surface of the starch samples became rough and irregular. The molecular weight became smaller after treatments. X-ray diffraction C-type pattern was transformed into a B-type structure in treated samples with increased relative crystallinity. 13C NMR indicated an increased propensity for double helix formation and new shift at C1, 3, 5 region compared to NS. The apparent amylose content was 21.53% in the NS. As the swelling power decreased, the percentage of soluble solids increased and different thermal properties were observed. A higher yield of the resistant starch (RS) was observed in all treated starch except PDA 25 h. The findings of our study reveal that a combination of pullulanase debranching time (15 h) and autoclaving (121 °C for 20 min) is a great technique that can be used to produce a higher amount of resistant starch in the Jinshu No.17 starch.

Effect of Spring Maize Genotypes on Fermentation and Nutritional Value of Whole Plant Maize Silage in Northern Pakistan

In the current study, we evaluated the growth, biomass yield, ensiling, and nutritional characteristics of spring maize genotypes grown under the climatic conditions of Northern Pakistan. Six promising spring maize genotypes were grown under uniform standard agronomic conditions in 72 plots (8 m × 10 m), blocked within three replicate fields. Maize crops were harvested at targeted dry matter (DM) content (33 g/100 g DM). Data were collected on plant phonological characteristics and biomass yield, and then the harvested crop of each plot was chopped, and subsamples were ensiled in three replicate 1.5 L laboratory silos (n = 12/genotype). After 90 days of ensiling, subsamples were analyzed for fermentation quality, nutrient composition, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) carbohydrate subfractions, digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy (ME), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD). Results revealed large differences (p < 0.001) among maize genotypes in the yields (tons/ha) of DM (13.0 to 17.9), crude protein (CP; 0.83 to 1.24), and starch (4.16 to 6.67). Except for total carbohydrates (CHO) and NH3-N, the contents of all measured chemical components varied (p < 0.001) among the spring maize genotypes. Similarly, all reported CNCPS subfractions varied (p < 0.01) among the genotypes, except for the non-digestible (CC) subfraction. Among the genotypes, there were large variations in the contents (g/100 g DM) of CP (6.60 to 8.05), starch (32.0 to 37.3), non-fiber carbohydrates (40.3 to 43.8), in vitro DMD (61.5 to 67.9), total digestible nutrients (68.1 to 70.6), digestible energy (2.80 to 3.07 Mcal/kg), and metabolizable energy (2.28 to 2.44 Mcal/kg), with genotype QPM300 having the highest values and genotype Azam having the lowest values. It was concluded that QPM300 is the most suitable spring maize genotype for silage production in terms of yields and silage nutritional and fermentation quality under the environmental condition of Northern Pakistan.

Sago Grate Machine Modification Using Shaw Chain

The purpose of this study was to modify the sago grater roller, determine the tool's effective capacity, calculate the wet sago starch yield, and compare it with an unmodified grater machine. This research used tool modification and experimental methods, including the stages of problem identification, refinement of ideas. Based on the results of the grating research using the Honda GX 160 gasoline motor 5.5 Hp 2200 rpm, the average value of the effective tool capacity is 117.68 kg/hour, and the yield of wet starch with an average yield of 26.64%. Making this sago grater machine costs 3,458,300.