Oxygen Yield Research Articles

Numerical Investigation of Gas‐Liquid Reacting Flow in a Jet‐Type Singlet Oxygen Generator

AbstractA numerical simulation was carried out to investigate the process of gas‐liquid reaction in a jet‐type singlet oxygen generator by using volume‐of‐fluid coupled with large eddy simulation. The coupled hydrodynamic and reaction simulations provide detailed information about the reacting flow. Results reveal that the reaction aggravates the jet instability and affects the jet structure significantly due to the differential pressure around the liquid jet. The effects of gas velocity on chlorine conversion and the yield of singlet oxygen were investigated. The key is the increasing of the interface area rather than the convection. This numerical simulation study is convenient for the design of singlet oxygen reactors and the research of gas‐liquid two‐phase flow with reaction.

Fluorescein-Metal Hybrid Surfactant Conjugates as a Smart Material for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively used as an effective alternative for the treatment of bacterial infection using photosensitizers (PSs) in the presence of appropriate light. However, the limitation in the effectiveness of PDT is because of the low yield of singlet oxygen from existing PSs because of their low solubility. Thus, we have developed a platform to enhance the solubility and the photodynamic activity of PSs against bacterial cells using metallosurfactants. Herein, we have used manganese metal-containing single- (MnC I) and double-chain metallosurfactants (MnC II) which show an interplay of electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions with fluorescein (FL) dye (as a PS) and when used in the presence of light enhances the PDT. These interactions play a significant role in enhancing the singlet oxygen generation efficiency of FL. MnC I and MnC II have shown good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. More interestingly, these metallosurfactants when combined with FL significantly enhanced the affectivity against S. aureus, wherein 100% killing was achieved. As compared to experiments performed in the dark, the metallosurfactant, by enhancing the solubility of FL, increases the formation of singlet oxygen upon light irradiation and thus increases cell death. Therefore, the synergistic effect of FL (light toxicity) and metallosurfactants (dark toxicity) defined excellent reduction in the colony formation of bacteria. These results were corroborated through field-emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, where the rupturing of the cell wall of bacterial cells was observed during this therapy. Moreover, the binding of metallosurfactants to the genomic DNA of S. aureus was also evaluated by gel retardation analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. The outcomes from this study will deliver formulations for PDT which can be used in clinical medical applications and cancer therapy in the future.

Effect of Pyrolytic Temperature and Time on Characteristics of Typha angustifolia Derived Biochar and Preliminary Assessment of the Ecological Risk

A batch of biochar was produced from pyrolysis of Typha angustifolia (TBCs) at 200-500℃ for 2 h and 6 h to investigate the effects of pyrolytic temperature and heating retention time on the physico-chemical properties. Moreover, Escherichia coli (E. coli) HB101 and the seeds of Helianthus annuus were used to preliminarily test the ecological risk of the TBCs. Results showed that the heating retention time (i.e., 2 and 6 h) had no significant effect on the properties of TBCs, while pyrolytic temperature significantly affected TBCs' characteristics. As the pyrolysis temperature increased from 200 to 500℃, the mass yield and contents of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) decreased, while the contents of carbon (C) and ash increased. The pH and surface pores also increased with increasing pyrolytic temperature, whereas the O-containing functional group (e.g., -COOH and -OH) decreased. These results indicated the increased carbonization and aromatization of the TBCs. For the inherent nutrients of TBCs, the total phosphorus (TP) and available potassium (K) contents significantly increased as temperature increased. The main components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of TBCs were humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like organic compounds. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the content of humic acid-like organic compounds decreased, while the content of fulvic acid-like organic compounds increased. All the TBCs had no significant effect on the growth of E. coli HB101 and the seed germination of Helianthus annuus, indicating the little ecological risk of TBCs under the experimental conditions. These findings provide an alternative way for resource utilization of waste wetland biomass and provide important theoretical data for screening biochar in soil reclamation.

Construction of an NIR and lysosome-targeted quinoline-BODIPY photosensitizer and its application in photodynamic therapy for human gastric carcinoma cells

In this work, a unique lysosome-targeted BODIPY photosensitizer named BOP-Lyso was designed for photodynamic therapy of cancer cells. The absorption wavelength of BOP-Lyso (10 μM) was located at 650 nm and its molar absorption coefficient was 8.2 × 104 cm−1M−1. The emission wavelength of BOP-Lyso was at 709 nm. Photosensitizer BOP-Lyso showed excellent ability to produce singlet oxygen and the singlet oxygen yield of photosensitizer BOP-Lyso was calculated to be 43.1% using methylene blue as the reference with near-infrared led light irradiation (660 nm). From MTT (a common method for determining cell survival rate, MTT: 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assay, BOP-Lyso had extremely low dark toxicity (cell viability > 85%) and high photo toxicity. And the IC50 value of BOP-Lyso was 0.24 μM, which was much lower than the previously reported literature. Besides that, DCFH-DA (2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) was employed to capture the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PDT process. Lysosomal colocalization experiments demonstrated that photosensitizer BOP-Lyso had good co-localization capability and the colocalization coefficient was calculated to be 0.92. Furthermore, photosensitizer BOP-Lyso had also been successfully applied to AO/EB cell staining experiments and exhibited excellent results. Moreover, cancer cells (SGC-7901 cells, human gastric carcinoma cells) migration status could be effectively inhibited after NIR led light irradiation with BOP-Lyso. On the whole, taking the above series of data into account, photosensitizer BOP-Lyso would play an important role in actual PDT of cancer cells.

An APN-activated NIR photosensitizer for cancer photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging

Photodynamic therapy has been developed as a prospective cancer treatment in recent years. Nevertheless, conventional photosensitizers suffer from lacking recognition and specificity to tumors, which causing severe side effects to normal tissues, while the enzyme-activated photosensitizers are capable of solving these conundrums due to high selectivity towards tumors. APN (Aminopeptidase N, APN/CD13), a tumor marker, has become a crucial targeting substance owing to its highly expressed on the cell membrane surface in various tumors, which has become a key point in the research of anti-tumor drug and fluorescence probe. Based on it, herein an APN-activated near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer (APN-CyI) for tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy has been firstly developed and successfully applied in vitro and in vivo. Studies showed that APN-CyI could be activated by APN in tumor cells, hydrolyzed to fluorescent CyI-OH, which specifically located in mitochondria in cancer cells and exhibited a high singlet oxygen yield under NIR irradiation, and efficiently induced cancer cell apoptosis. Dramatically, the in vivo assays on Balb/c mice showed that APN-CyI could achieve NIR fluorescence imaging (λem = 717 nm) for endogenous APN in tumors and possessed an efficient tumor suppression effect under NIR irradiation.

Tall Oil Fatty Acid Epoxidation Using Homogenous and Heterogeneous Phase Catalysts

Tall oil fatty acids were epoxidized by in-situ generation of peracetic acid in the presence of two different acidic catalysts, commonly used catalyst—sulfuric acid and ion exchange resin. The described epoxidation was carried out without the use of organic solvents to comply with the principles of Green chemistry. The epoxidation process was monitored by the change of the relative oxirane conversion and alkenic unsaturation. Furthermore, the changes in the chemical structure of the epoxidized tall oil fatty acids were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. It was shown that ion exchange resin Amberlite IR-120 H catalyst was superior to sulfuric acid catalyst as it delivered fewer by-products from oxirane group opening reactions. The oxirane value reached up to 2.31 mmol/g of epoxy groups, which is 41.9% of theoretically possible oxirane oxygen yield, when tall oil was epoxidized using Amberlite IR-120 H. The reusability of ion exchange resin was also studied, the 6.2% decrease in relative oxirane conversion value was registered after Amberlite IR-120 H was reused up to 10 times.

Scalable synthesis of nanoporous silicon microparticles for highly cyclable lithium-ion batteries

Nanoporous silicon is a promising anode material for high energy density batteries due to its high cycling stability and high tap density compared to other nanostructured anode materials. However, the high cost of synthesis and low yield of nanoporous silicon limit its practical application. Here, we develop a scalable, low-cost top-down process of controlled oxidation of Mg2Si in the air, followed by HCl removal of MgO to generate nanoporous silicon without the use of HF. By controlling the synthesis conditions, the oxygen content, grain size and yield of the porous silicon are simultaneously optimized from commercial standpoints. In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy reveals the reaction mechanism; the Mg2Si microparticle reacts with O2 to form MgO and Si, while preventing SiO2 formation. Owing to the low oxygen content and microscale secondary structure, the nanoporous silicon delivers a higher initial reversible capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency compared to commercial Si nanoparticles (3,033 mAh/g vs. 2,418 mAh/g, 84.3% vs. 73.1%). Synthesis is highly scalable, and a yield of 90.4% is achieved for the porous Si nanostructure with the capability to make an excess of 10 g per batch. Our synthetic nanoporous silicon is promising for practical applications in next generation lithium-ion batteries.

Sulphur-doped carbon dots as a highly efficient nano-photodynamic agent against oral squamous cell carcinoma.

ObjectivesPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel non‐invasive therapeutic method, which has been widely applied for the treatment of human oral cancers. However, the problems of undesirable singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields and long‐term phototoxicity were inevitable during the application of traditional photosensitizers. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel photosensitizers for the improvement of therapeutic effects. In our study, the sulphur‐doped carbon dots (S‐CDs) of high yield of singlet oxygen (1O2) were synthesized as a nano‐photosensitizer for OSCC to improve the PDT efficacy in clinical practice.Materials and methodsAfter synthesis of the novel S‐CDs, the size, morphologic characteristics, surface potential and yield of singlet oxygen (1O2) were determined. In vitro study was performed to compare the therapeutic effect as well as the biocompatibility of the novel S‐CDs to those of 5‐ALA. Besides, possible mechanism of action was illustrated.ResultsAfter synthesis of the novel S‐CDs, the size, morphologic characteristics, surface potential and yield of singlet oxygen (1O2) were determined. In vitro study was performed to compare the therapeutic effect as well as the biocompatibility of the novel S‐CDs to those of 5‐ALA. Besides, possible mechanism of action was illustrated.ConclusionsThese data from the in vitro study demonstrated the promising safety profile of the low dose (nmol/L) S‐CDs, which indicated the novel S‐CDs could be used as a promising photodynamic agent for oral cancer therapy.

Oxygen separation in a vortex tube with applied magnetic field

The large scale and efficiency of air separation units remain key barriers towards modular, distributed liquid oxygen systems. Identifying new physical separation mechanisms, or novel combinations of established methods, could enable the development of smaller, more modular air separation systems. This paper investigates the combination of centrifugal separation with paramagnetism of liquid oxygen in a vortex tube. The magnetic field is applied via externally mounted 1.5-T bar magnets along the length of the periphery of the vortex tube. Calibrated air mixtures with 21.1-21.4% oxygen and the remainder nitrogen are tested. Inlet vortex tube fluid conditions are held between 89 and 90 K and 305-320 kPa and expanded to 162-286 kPa. Gas chromatography analysis on the calibrated air samples shows the magnetic field gradient on the vortex tube produces up to a 42.09% purity as opposed to 27.95% purity in identical trials without a gradient. Purity and yield are shown to be inversely related in the periphery and directly related in the core. The results indicate a potential to increase oxygen purity and yield in a more compact form factor.

Novel operation control strategy for conjugate high-low pressure air separation columns at different part loads

Air separation industry can be considered as the major source provider of oxygen and nitrogen. It is an energy-intensive process that consumes a large amount of electrical energy. So, this study is concerning on doing improvements in both the process design and the process control in order to decrease the specific energy demands of the products. Therefore, a complete steady state simulation model of a heat integrated double distillation column of a cryogenic air separation unit using Aspen Plus software is presented. The simulation model results are compared with typical real process values showing a good agreement with a maximum deviation of 2.6%. Then, an optimization procedure of the main factors of the distillation columns is proposed. This optimization causing the yields of oxygen and nitrogen to increase from 95% to 99.65% and from 90% to 99.9% respectively while the specific energy demand of nitrogen (at 8 bar) is decreased from 0.25 kW/Sm3 to 0.18 kW/Sm3. After that, a sufficient control system is installed on the simulation model by using simple single input single output (SISO) PI controllers. This system links between the controlled and manipulated variables. Also, it includes a novel operation control strategy to give the plant the ability to be operated under different production modes (liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, or both) at wide range of partial loads (typically from 100% to 25%). A careful study of tuning of the critical controllers is provided to select the most proper gain (K) and integral time (IT) values which achieve the maximum purities and the desired product quantities in each different case while the specific energy demands of products are within range. Finally, the performance of the plant under 42 different operation cases is presented for 24 h. These cases include different production modes under different partial loads. The results show that the optimized model, with the proposed control system, can be operated under wide range of partial loads during different production modes while the products qualities are in allowable ranges. This availability of working under any part load percentage led to the provision of a large part of the energy consumed.

Tetraphenylporphine-Modified Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing NIR Photosensitizer for Mitochondria-Targeting and Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy.

Near-infrared (NIR) photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising antitumor strategy under NIR light irradiation to kill cancer cells. Mitochondria has a critical function in sustaining cellular viability and death, which is the ideal organelle for PDT. Here, we reported a tetraphenylporphine (TPP)-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer and an iodinated boron dipyrromethene photosensitizer (BDPI) with high singlet oxygen yield to form nanoparticles (PBDPI-TPP), which could realize mitochondria-targeting and improve the NIR imaging-guided PDT. The as-prepared mitochondria-targeting nanoplatform could show effective subcellular localization and bring about significant irreversible mitochondrial injury for enhanced PDT. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the mitochondria-targeting PDT system could achieve a remarkable therapeutic effect, indicating that it is a promising nanoplatform for NIR imaging-guided PDT in cancer therapeutics.

Preparation of sonoactivated TiO2-DVDMS nanocomposite for enhanced antibacterial activity.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle has good photo-/sono-catalytic features, the reunion of this particle in solution-phase generally limits the extensive biomedical application. In the present study, the aggregation of TiO2 nanoparticles was alleviated by facile fabrication under different pH conditions. A novel TiO2 nanocomposite was further synthesized by properly conjugation with trace amount of DVDMS sensitizer (named DFT). The characterization, sonoactivity, as well as the antibacterial efficiency were specially evaluated. The results showed that the sonochemical activity of DFT was greatly improved as compared with the simple surface modification of TiO2 (F-TiO2) and free DVDMS, regarding to the hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen yields using the same ultrasound exposure. Moreover, ultrasonic stimulation of DFT exhibited excellent bacterial eradication, with up to 92.41% of killing efficiency in S. aureus. The flow cytometry analysis indicated an increased intracellular ROS and membrane disturbance by combination of DFT and ultrasound. The findings suggest that the proper fabrication and DVDMS incorporation greatly improved the sonocatalytic process of TiO2, and the ultrasound based biomedical applications of DFT deserve future deep investigation.

Rigid axially symmetrical C60-BODIPY triplet photosensitizers: effect of bridge length on singlet oxygen generation

Two rigid axially symmetrical C60-BODIPY systems with different bridge lengths have been synthesized and the dyad with short bridge generates a higher quantum yield of singlet oxygen.

Preparation of biochar by mango peel and its adsorption characteristics of Cd(ii) in solution.

Biochars were prepared by pyrolyzing mango peel waste at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C. Various characterizations were carried out to explore the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the biochars. The data indicated that the physical and chemical properties of biochar such as pH, element ratio, specific surface area and functional groups changed with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. The yield and contents of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen decreased, while contents of the ash and carbon, pH and specific surface area of the biochars increased. In addition, the molar ratios of H/C, O/C and (O + N)/C decreased. In this study, batch adsorption experiments for Cd(ii) adsorption were performed with initial Cd(ii) concentrations of 10–300 mg L−1, contact times of 0–2880 min, various pH (2–8) and biochar dose (1–20 g L−1). Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were better fits than other models, suggesting the dominant adsorption of mango peel biochars is via monolayer adsorption. Biochar derived at 500 °C was found to have the highest adsorption capacity of 13.28 mg g−1 among all biochars and the adsorption efficiency was still 67.7% of the initial adsorption capacity after desorption for 4 times. Based on adsorption kinetics and isotherm analysis in combination with EDS, FTIR and XRD analysis, it was concluded that cation exchange, complexation with surface functional groups and precipitation with minerals were the dominant mechanisms responsible for Cd adsorption by mango peel biochar. The study suggested that mango peel can be recycled to biochars and can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for Cd(ii) removal from wastewater.

Fe-TCPP@CS nanoparticles as photodynamic and photothermal agents for efficient antimicrobial therapy.

Traditional antimicrobial therapies always rely on antibiotics, which have led to the overuse of antibiotics and caused the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent years. In this study, an efficient and broad-spectrum antimicrobial system based on chitosan (CS)-encapsulated multifunctional metal-organic nanoparticles (Fe-TCPP@CS NPs) was constructed to integrate the electrostatic targeting property and photodynamic and photothermal antimicrobial therapies. Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) coordinated with Fe3O clusters to form nanoparticles, Fe3O clusters enabled low-temperature photothermal therapy as well as avoiding the porphyrins self-aggregation to ensure the singlet oxygen yield under irradiation, and CS as the outer layer covered on Fe-TCPP nanoparticles could improve the dispersibility in aqueous solution and enhance the electrostatic binding with bacterial cell membranes to improve the antibacterial activities. After simple synthesis, we successfully obtained ideal and biocompatible multifunctional nanoparticles and verified their antimicrobial properties. Under light irradiation, Fe-TCPP@CS NPs could produce enough ROS and heat to kill S. aureus, E. coli and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with a synergistic effect. Therefore, Fe-TCPP@CS NPs would be an efficient and broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, providing a novel approach to bacterial infection therapy.

A near infrared dye-coated silver nanoparticle/carbon dot nanocomposite for targeted tumor imaging and enhanced photodynamic therapy.

An excellent photosensitizer for imaging-guided high efficiency photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires certain features, such as near-infrared (NIR) light emission, high singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency, and tumor targeting. However, synthetizing photosensitizers that meet the aforementioned characteristics still remains a challenge. In this study, we synthetized a NIR dye (CyOH)–coated silver nanoparticle/carbon dot nanocomposite (CyOH–AgNP/CD) as a novel nanophotosensitizer for targeted tumor imaging and high-efficiency PDT. The CyOH–AgNP/CD nanophotosensitizer was constructed using a NIR dye (CyOH) and an AgNP/CD nanohybrid via Ag–O interaction. Relative to the AgNP/CD nanohybrid, CyOH–AgNP/CD exhibited a high singlet oxygen yield, mitochondrial accumulation, superior tissue penetration of 660 nm laser irradiation, and enhanced tumor targeting. The developed nanophotosensitizer exerted a higher antitumor effect than the CyOH dye or AgNP/CD nanohybrid. This result provides a new idea for the design of excellent photosensitizers that can benefit high-efficiency PDT.

Identification and photolytic characteristics of benzoquinone intermediates in photo Fenton system

ABSTRACT The predecessors believed that the rufous intermediates of benzene compounds degradation was quinhydrone. This article corrects this misperception. This paper takes benzene, phenol, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene as the substrates, and p-benzoquinone as the reference; we studied the degradation law of benzene compounds in Fenton system. During the process of benzene, phenol, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene degradation by Fenton method, it is found that the use of hydroxyl radical system for visible light would be enhanced as soon as the rufous substances were produced, which indicated that rufous substances have elevated photosensitivity. The analyses via high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy indicate the common rufous substance is a kind of polymer formed by p-benzoquinone and oxygen. The yield of photoinduced electrons, singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals are carried to higher level by the rufous substance. The outstanding photosensitivity of the rufous substance provides a new idea for the treatment of wastewater containing benzene compounds by visible light.

Transformation of amino acid tyrosine in chromophoric organic matter solutions: Generation of peroxide and change of bioavailability.

Studying the photochemical transformation mechanism of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) solution facilitates the understanding of DFAA's environmental fate and bioavailability change upon solar irradiation in natural surface waters. Tyrosine oxidation product (Tyr-OH) was synthesized to quantify the primary transformation product (tyrosine peroxide, Tyr-OOH) in CDOM solution. Both reactions between superoxide radical anion (O2-) and tyrosine radical (Tyr) and between singlet oxygen (1O2) and tyrosine (Tyr) yield Tyr-OOH, which is subsequently transformed into Tyr-OH. The reaction between O2- and Tyr not only generated Tyr-OOH but also caused the regeneration of Tyr. O2- and 1O2 contributed 30-44% to Tyr's transformation in CDOM solutions at pH 8.0, in which 1O2 oxidation accounted for 6-11%. The contribution of O2- to Tyr's phototransformation process was the difference between the total contribution of O2- and 1O2 and the individual contribution of 1O2. Compared with the fast assimilation of Tyr, Tyr-OH was stable in natural water under dark incubation, indicating that phototransformation decreased the bioavailability of Tyr.

Lipid Membrane Adsorption Determines Photodynamic Efficiency of β-Imidazolyl-Substituted Porphyrins.

Photosensitizers (PSs) represent a group of molecules capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen (SO); thus, they are considered to be promising agents for anti-cancer therapy. The enhancement of the photodynamic efficiency of these compounds requires increasing the PS activity in the cancer cell milieu and exactly at the target cells. In the present work, we report the synthesis, lipid membrane binding and photodynamic activity of three novel cationic PSs based on β-imidazolyl-substituted porphyrin and its Zn(II) and In(III) complexes (1H2, 1Zn and 1In). Comparison of the behavior of the investigated porphyrins at the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) demonstrated the highest adsorption for the 1In complex and the lowest one for 1Zn. The photodynamic efficiency of these porphyrins was evaluated by determining the oxidation rate of the styryl dye, di-4-ANEPPS, incorporated into the lipid membrane. These rates were proportional to the surface density (SD) of the porphyrin molecules at the BLM and were roughly the same for all three porphyrins. This indicates that the adsorption of these porphyrins at the BLM determines their photodynamic efficiency rather than the extinction or quantum yield of singlet oxygen.

Assessing the chemical composition of heavy components in bio-oils from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin at slow and fast heating rates

The certain challenge for the utilization of bio-oil is to investigate the nature and formation of reactive large molecular (heavy) components (>200 Da) in bio-oil. In order to investigate the chemical composition of the heavy components in the bio-oils from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the molecular formulas of the heavy compounds and the large aromatic structures were obtained based on the results from the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) and the ultraviolet fluorescence (UV-F) spectrometer. The results indicated that both the oxygen content and yield of the heavy components showed the highest in the cellulose-oil and the lowest in the lignin-oil. The large molecular compounds were formed mainly via the recombination of the O-containing species, which could be changed at different temperatures and heating rates. Large amount of heavy saccharide and phenolic species existed in cellulose-oil and hemicellulose-oil, while almost no saccharide species and little phenolic species were detected in the lignin-oil. The main heavy components in the lignin-oil were lipids rather than the phenolic species. The heavy components in the bio-oil from the biomass should be mainly derived from the pyrolysis of the cellulose individually or the interactions among the three components.