Green Bean Yield Research Articles

Effects of Water Stress and Mulch on Grean Bean Yield and Yield Components in Greenhouse Condition

In this research effects of water stress levels (I,,,, I,,, I,, and I,) and mulch types (gray-Mg; black- Mb- and mulchless-Mo) on green bean yield and yield components in greenhouse condition were studed. The inigation levels applied in thls study significantly affected the yield and almost all yield parameters. The irrigation at I,,, level gave the highest green bean yield. Un-inigated treatment (IJ gave the lowest values for yield and yeld parameters. The inigation level x mulch treatment interactions were significant on pod width, length of pod and branch number per plant. The yield and almost all of yield components were not affected by mulch types. However, the yields for the mulch treatments of Mg and Mb were hgher than the mulchless treatment (Mo) under the water stress condition. The yield was not significantly affected by the mulch types, but gray mulch type (Mg) has the hghest yield. The highest WUE was obtained in I,.Mg conditions.

Influencia del cultivar y de la fecha de cosecha en el beneficiado industrial de granos de café

Se estudiaron conversiones de café cereza y café pergamino a granos de café verde o pilado (Coffea arabicaL.) en ocho cultivares de cafeto, durante dos años consecutivos de cosecha en México. Un 'balance de masas' fue útil en ajusfar la humedad del fruto a 0.12 g/g para granos de café a procesar. Análisis univariados y multivariados mostraron diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) entre los cultivares. Una función lineal discriminante basada en doce variables medidas en varias fechas durante dos años consecutivos de cosecha mostró que 'Typica' y 'Mundo Novo' tuvieron una alta eficiencia en conversiones de café cereza a granos de café verde en tres épocas de cosecha en 1999 y una en el 2000. En contraste, 'Bourbon' y 'Caturra Amarillo' requirieron una mayor cantidad de fruto fresco o café cereza para obtener 46 kg (1 Qq) de granos de café verde. La influencia de los cultivares en el rendimiento industrial de café pergamino a granos de café verde no se identificó claramente. Las fechas de corte estudiadas no influyeron significativamente en la conversión de café cereza o café pergamino a granos de café verde en dos años de estudio.

Brassica cover cropping: II. Effects on growth and interference of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

Field studies have shown that weed density and biomass were lower in crops following incorporation of brassica cover crops compared with fallow but have not determined whether weed-suppressive effects are solely a consequence of reduced establishment, as evidenced in our companion paper, reduced growth of established plants, or both. In 2002 and 2003, canola and yellow mustard were seeded in early May, mowed in early July, and the residues incorporated. Green bean and redroot pigweed were then planted at fixed densities. Plant height and biomass were measured weekly; leaf area and biomass of component plant parts were measured at three harvests. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) at discreet sampling points, growth of redroot pigweed and green bean in monoculture or mixture were similar following fallow and incorporated brassica cover crops. However, based on aboveground biomass fitted to a Richards function, redroot pigweed growth in monoculture was reduced by the yellow mustard cover crop compared with fallow in both years (P = 0.007), but the magnitude of this effect was small; the canola cover crop did not affect growth (P = 0.179). Brassica cover crops did not reduce redroot pigweed growth when it was grown in mixture with green bean (P ≥ 0.382). Redroot pigweed competition reduced green bean yield, but incorporated brassica cover crops did not affect green bean growth and yield, nor did they confer a competitive advantage to the crop. Thus, brassica cover crops may suppress the growth of established weed and crop plants, but the magnitude of suppression was less than previously documented for effects on weed establishment.

Effect of drip irrigation management on yield and quality of field grown green beans

This study examines the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and water use of green beans irrigated with a trickle system under field conditions in 2003 in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Irrigation regimes consisted of four irrigation intervals ( I 1: 13–17 mm, I 2: 28–32 mm, I 3: 43–47 mm and I 4: 58–62 mm of cumulative pan evaporation) and three plant-pan coefficients ( K c p 1 = 0.50 , K c p 2 = 0.75 and K c p 3 = 1.00 ) were evaluated. Both K cp and irrigation intervals influenced significantly green bean yields. Irrigation intervals varied from 2 to 3 days in I 1, 5 to 7 days in I 2, 8 to 9 days in I 3 and 10 to 12 days in I 4 treatments. Maximum and minimum yields were obtained from the I 1 K c p 3 and I 4 K c p 1 treatments as 20,558 and 12,243 kg ha −1, respectively. As the K cp value decreased the total yields in each irrigation interval also decreased. However, with the lower irrigation frequency ( I 4), lower yields were obtained with all K cp coefficients. Seasonal water use values in the treatments varied from 253 mm in I 4 K c p 1 to 338 mm in I 1 K c p 3 . Significant linear relations were found for green bean yield and total water use for each irrigation interval. Irrigation intervals resulted in similar water use in the treatments with the same K cp value. Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were significantly influenced by the irrigation intervals and plant-pan coefficients. WUE ranged from 4.14 kg m −3 in I 4 K c p 3 to 6.16 kg m −3 in the I 1 K c p 2 . The maximum IWUE observed in I 1 K c p 1 , minimum IWUE were in I 4 K c p 3 treatment. The yield response factor ( k y) was found to be 1.23 for whole growing season. Both K cp coefficients and irrigation frequencies had significantly different effects on quality parameters such as fresh bean length, width, number of seed per pod and 100 fresh bean weights. In conclusion, I 1 K c p 3 irrigation regime is recommended for field grown green bean in order to attain higher yields with improved quality.

Produção de feijão-fava em função do uso de doses de fósforo

O fósforo é um importante nutriente para as plantas e sua presença no solo promove o crescimento e eleva a produção das hortaliças. O presente trabalho, realizado na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, em Areia, em um NEOSSOLO REGOLÍTICO Psamítico típico no período de dezembro/2001 a julho/2002, teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta do feijão-fava, cultivar "Orelha de Vó", a diferentes doses de P2O5. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (0; 100; 200; 300; 400 e 500 kg ha-1 de P2 O5) e com quatro repetições. Cada parcela continha 40 plantas espaçadas em 1,0 m x 0,50 m. As produções máximas estimadas de grãos verdes e secos (5,2 e 2,7 t ha-1), respectivamente, ocorreram com 309 e 302 kg ha-1 de P2O5. As doses de P2O5 que proporcionaram maiores retornos econômicos foram 291 kg ha-1 para a produção de grãos verdes e 281 kg ha-1 para produção de grãos secos, sendo as receitas previstas para a aplicação destas, correspondentes às produtividades de 4,1 e 1,8 t ha-1, respectivamente. As doses mais econômicas compreenderam mais de 80% daquelas responsáveis pelas produções máximas, constituindo um indicativo da viabilidade econômica do emprego de fósforo no cultivo de feijão-fava. As doses de P2O5 com as quais obtiveram-se as máximas produções e retornos econômicos quanto a produção de grãos verdes e secos, se correlacionam, respectivamente, com 57,1 e 56,3 e com 55,0 e 53,8 mg dm-3 de P disponível pelo extrator de Melich 1. Probabilidades minimizadas de ocorrência de resposta dessa cultura à adubação fosfatada em solos semelhantes ao do presente estudo, para a produção de grãos verdes e secos, serão obtidas quando os teores de P disponível forem superiores a 55,0 e 53,8 mg dm-3. A concentração média de P nas folhas do feijão-fava, aos 120 dias após a semeadura, em função das doses de P2O5 foi de 3,4 g kg-1. As doses de 291 e 281 kg ha¹ de P2O5, respectivamente, devem ser as recomendadas para aplicação no solo em estudo, visando a produção de grãos verdes e secos de feijão-fava.

LONG-TERM COCONUT LEAF PRUNING (CLP) EFFECTS ON CBFS: COCONUT-COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEM

A long-term study on the response of ‘Laguna’ tall (LAGT) palms and coffee intercrop to coconut leaf pruning (CLP) was conducted at the PCA-Davao Research Center from 1993 to 2001 to determine the effect of coconut leaf pruning on the productivity of coconut + coffee cropping system.
 The coconut leaf pruning technique did not significantly affect the yield and nutrition of coconut in all the years of observation. However, lower number of nut and weight of copra per tree were observed on palms with CLP than those without CLP, but with a slight improvement in copra weight per nut.
 Likewise, CLP did not affect the coffee yield and leaf nutrient levels. Among the coffee varieties tested, the Excelsa had the highest green bean yield. The Robusta (Ivory Coast and Philippine strains) and Arabica had similar yield and crop nutritional status. While they had similar leaf N, K and B contents that were higher than that of Excelsa, they also had lower leaf levels of Ca, Cl and S.
 Coffee needs, 1,000-3,000 foot-candles of sunlight, which is within the available light transmission (1,750-4,050 foot-candles) under palms with and without CLP. Hence, CLP is not necessary anymore in coconut with coffee intercrop.

Predicting the concentration and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by field-grown green beans under non-limiting conditions

As part of a program to develop a weather-driven model to predict yield and quality of green beans that also describes the accumulation and distribution of nutrients by these plants, we required information on the evolution of the N, P and K content and concentration within the crop. A field experiment with three widely grown green bean cultivars ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carlo, Cleo and Mutin) was made with eight sowing dates over 2 years. Water and nutrients were supplied to ensure that they would not limit plant growth. Weather data was collected hourly. Dry matter accumulation and the concentrations of N, P and K in the shoots were determined each week. The concentration of N was related to thermal time by a logistic equation, while P concentration was linearly related to thermal time in the early stages of development but became constant later on. A model that combined the effects of developmental stage and temperature, or saturation vapour pressure deficit, explained the concentration of K. Upper and lower boundary lines were adjusted to total uptake of nutrients, representing the maximum or minimum amount of each nutrient present in the above-ground tissues in relation to thermal time. The harvest index of nutrients depended on the partition of dry matter between pods and shoots, according to a logistic function, and the concentration of nutrients in the pods and shoots.

Consorciação milho e feijão caupí para produção de espigas verdes e grãos verdes

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de espigas verdes de cultivares de milho (Centralmex, AG-401 e C-701) e o rendimento de feijão verde de cultivares de caupí (Pitiúba, Caicó e CNCx 658-15E) em monocultivos e em consorciação. O rendimento de espigas verdes (grãos com 70% a 80% de umidade) foi avaliado pelo peso de espigas comercializáveis, empalhadas (EE) ou despalhadas (ED). O rendimento de feijão (grãos com 60 a 80% de umidade) foi avaliado pelos rendimentos de vagens (RV) e de grãos verdes (RG). O estudo foi realizado em Mossoró (RN), entre abril e julho/1990. Três monocultivos de milho, três monocultivos de caupí e 3 x 3 consórcios foram avaliados no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições. As populações de plantas de milho e caupí, por hectare, foram 50.000 e 40.000 nos monocultivos, e 25.000 e 20.000 nos consórcios, respectivamente. Não existiu interação cultivares de milho x cultivares de caupí para as características avaliadas. A consorciação reduziu em 50% EE e ED. A redução em RV e RG com a consorciação foi de 55%. O índice Uso Eficiente da Terra (UET), calculado com EE e RV, foi maior com a cultivar Pitiúba do que com as outras cultivares de caupí. Não existiram diferenças entre cultivares de caupí quando UET foi calculado com ED e RG. Não existiram diferenças entre cultivares de milho quando o UET foi calculado com EE e RV ou ED e RG.

Response of canola, wheat and green beans to leonardite additions

Leonardite, an oxidized form of lignite obtained from coal mines, is readily available and high in humic acids (HA). It has potential as a soil amendment and may have positive effects on crop growth and yield. This greenhouse experiment evaluated the agronomic effect of leonardite on three crops: canola (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgare). The factorial design combined five rates of leonardite with five fertility treatments. The fertility treatments had a significant effect on the dry matter yield (DMY) of canola, wheat and green beans. There were also significant effects of fertility on the concentration and uptake of N, P and K by the three crops and S by canola. The application of leonardite had no significant effect on the DMY of wheat and green beans but that of canola was significantly increased. Application of 10 g of leonardite to 3 kg of soil caused a 27% increase in the DMY of canola when S was excluded from added nutrients, while 1 g of leonardite resulted in a 15% increase in yield when all nutrients were applied. In addition, uptake of S, N, P and K by canola were significantly affected by the application of leonardite. The yield response of canola was apparently due to the supply of S by leonardite with an increasing rate of leonardite supplying increasing amounts of S. This result was confirmed in a second experiment where high quantities of leonardite were applied. We concluded that leonardite increased the yield of canola by supplying S directly and by possibly facilitating the uptake of other nutrients. The lack of response of wheat and green beans to leonardite was attributed to their lack of response to S. The experiment showed beneficial effects of leonardite on canola, though high rates may be needed to exploit this benefit in field situations. Key words: Leonardite, humic acid, green house, canola, fertility

551 Evaluation of Vegetable Soybeans for Green Bean Yield and Nutritional Quality

In Asian countries and among the oriental populations in the United States, vegetable soybeans are consumed much the same way as green peas are consumed. A need exists for developing soybean cultivars adapted to the U.S. environments to take advantage of the economic potential of vegetable soybeans for both domestic and international markets. During 1997, 12 vegetable soybean genotypes of exotic origin and two local U.S. soybean cultivars were evaluated for their agronomic performance in a randomized complete block, with four replications, at the Agric. Res. Stn. FVSU, Ga. At the R6 stage (when the seeds are of full size and still immature), plants from a half-meter-row length were sampled from each plot to estimate green pod and seed yield, and determine the nutritional quality of green beans. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for the agronomic and biochemical parameters studied. The green seed yield ranged from 7.1 (cv. Ware) to 14.0 Mg·ha–1 (cv. Tanbagura). Three cultivars, Tomahamare, Mian Yan, and Tousan-122, produced green seed yields in excess of 12 Mg·ha–1. The number of green pods varied between 1518 (Tanbagura) and 3526/m2 (cv. Hutcheson). The green bean oil and protein contents, ranged from 53.1 to 105.4 and from 354.2 and 418.3 g·kg–1, respectively. Thus, the green seeds contained only 30% of oil, but 50% to 80% of protein normally found in mature soybean seed. The glucose content was between 4.1% and 7.0%, while the phytate content varied between 0.93% and 1.3%. T he green seed yield was significantly correlated with number of green pods, number of green seeds, and green pod weight. This study showed that some exotic vegetable soybean genotypes may be suitable for production in the southeastern U.S.

YIELD RESPONSE OF GREEN BEAN and TOMATO TO DIFFERENT TILLAGE AND COVER CROP SYSTEMS

Studies were conducted to evaluate conventional and reduced-tillage systems for winter annual cover crops used for early season weed suppression in green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in central Iowa. The tillage systems and cover crops were: 1) conventional tillage annual rye, 2) no-till annual rye, 3) no-till hairy vetch, 4) no-till annual rye + hairy vetch mixture, and 5) conventional tillage in fallow plots. Experimental treatment plots were established as a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Horticulture Research Station near Ames. Early and total yield of green bean were affected by the tillage and cover crop systems. Differences were also observed in pod tenderness. Early tomato yield was influenced by the tillage and cover crop treatments but total yields were similar among all treatments. Soil organic matter and root dry weights were similar among all treatments for both crops.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination Correlates with Bean Yield of Diverse Coffee Seedling Populations

Foliar C isotope discrimination (Δ) and yield of green coffee (Coffea arabica L.) beans were evaluated for seedling populations from 14 diverse coffee cultivars growing in Hawaii. A was negatively correlated with yield of green coffee beans. The 2% variation in A observed in leaves sampled about 2 months after completion of the first harvest corresponded to a 3-fold variation in yield. Substantial variation in A exists among coffee cultivars, and foliar A analyses show promise as a means of selecting superior genotypes of long-lived woody crops.

GUAR BEAN PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA

Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert), a leguminous plant, is grown in many parts of the world for consumption as green beans. However, information on green bean yield and their nutritional quality is lacking. Our objectives were to determine yield potential, optimum harvesting time, and nutritional quality of green guar beans. We planted 10 guar varieties in a RCBD with 4 replications on 1 June 1990 at Fort Valley, Georgia. The guar bean production was recorded at 55, 70, 85, and 100 days after planting (DAP). Significant variation for bean yield existed among genotypes. The bean yield (kg ha-1) varied from 9549 (Kinman) to 1629 (HG-75), at 85 DAP. The highest yield at 100 DAP was recorded for Lewis. The ideal harvesting time, based on degree of yellowness and bean texture, for Durga Jay, Esser, Hall, SPS-119, and Lewis seemed to be 100-115 DAP whereas the beans of Brooks, HG-75, HSB-130, Kinman, and Santa Cruz became tougher and yellow by 100 DAP. A comparison with published results of snap beans and edible-pod peas indicated that green guar beans contained greater amounts of protein, total carbohydrates, vitamin C, calcium, iron, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. These results indicate that green guar beans can be a potential alternate source of income for farmers in Georgia and other states.

Green beans (Phaseolus vulgariscv. Gallatin 50): Effects of plant population density on yield and quality

Abstract The yield and quality of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Gallatin 50) was determined after sowing the crop at 150, 300, 380, and 450 mm between-row distances and within-row distances of 70 or 140 mm. Total pod yield and the yield of processable pods ( > 50 mm in length) showed significant quadratic responses to increasing plant population density. A plant population density > 40 plants m-2 produced a total pod yield in excess of 3.0 kg m-2. Plant population density was a more important determinant of yield than planting arrangement. There was no significant difference in pod size distribution between treatments, with at least 92.5% of total fresh weight being processable pods. Similarly, the distance between the soil and the first pod was not influenced by plant population. Pod colour, as determined by chlorophyll measurements, was not affected by population density but some pod bleaching occurred at all but the 150 mm between-row treatments.

Duration of weed interference and yield of processable green beans

Duration of weed interference and yield of processable green beans

Competitive Effects of Sicklepod on Lima Beans

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB) was planted at six densities (0 to 39.4/m2) and six durations of competition (0 to 10 weeks after seeding) in lima beans (Phaseolus lunatusL. cv. ‘Jackson Wonder’). The yield of green lima beans was inversely proportional to the density of sicklepod. In general, weed densities at 2.7 to 10.8 sicklepod/m2did not significantly reduce yields, but higher populations frequently did. The average yields generally decreased if the duration of competition exceeded six weeks.

The significance ofAscochyta fabaein broad beans in the Manawatu, and methods for its control

Abstract Comparison of a full control programme, — a combination of seed treatment and foliar fungicide sprays — with an untreated check in plots of broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) infected with Ascochyta fabae Speg. via seed-borne inoculum demonstrated the effect of the pathogen on broad bean production in the Manawatu. Loses in green bean yield per plant of 35% were recorded; the loss in yield of seed beans was 34%. These losses were associated with significant reductions in bean weight, which appeared to result from severe reductions in foliar tissue as a consequence of Ascochyta infection. Seed treatment with carbendazim (0.05% a.i.) + mancozeb (0.15% a.i.) applied in an aqueous soak, and with an experimental fungicide, RH2161 (‘Sisthane’), applied at 0.1% a.i. to the seed coat, provided good control of the pathogen in laboratory testing, but left up to 1% of plants infected in the field. The use of clean seed lines for control of this seed-borne pathogen in New Zealand is discussed.

Interactive Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Salinity on the Growth of Beans

Nieman, R. H., and Leon Bernstein. (U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, Calif.) Interactive effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on the growth of beans. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9): 667–670. 1959.—Dwarf red kidney bean plants, grown from the primary leaf stage to maturity on a graded salt series (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 atm. O.P. NaCl added to a base nutrient solution), showed a progressive and highly significant growth depression with increasing concentration of NaCl. At low levels of salinity (0 and 1.5 atm. O.P.), gibberellic acid applied as a spray to primary leaves, in concentrations of 10 and 100 p.p.m. in distilled water, increased the stem length, fresh and dry wt. of both the top and the root, the yield of green beans, area per leaf, and the total leaf area per plant. At high levels of salinity (3.0 and 4.5 atm. O.P.) growth was so severely suppressed that the expression of all gibberellin effects, except the increase in stem length, was essentially prevented. Gibberellin was, therefore, ineffective in overcoming the salt-induced suppression of growth. An increased rate of water use per unit leaf area was quite consistently observed with the gibberellin-treated plants. This may be simply the result of the increased exposure to light and to air movement of leaves on an elongated stem.

INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND SALINITY ON THE GROWTH OF BEANS

Nieman, R. H., and Leon Bernstein. (U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, Calif.) Interactive effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on the growth of beans. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9): 667–670. 1959.—Dwarf red kidney bean plants, grown from the primary leaf stage to maturity on a graded salt series (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 atm. O.P. NaCl added to a base nutrient solution), showed a progressive and highly significant growth depression with increasing concentration of NaCl. At low levels of salinity (0 and 1.5 atm. O.P.), gibberellic acid applied as a spray to primary leaves, in concentrations of 10 and 100 p.p.m. in distilled water, increased the stem length, fresh and dry wt. of both the top and the root, the yield of green beans, area per leaf, and the total leaf area per plant. At high levels of salinity (3.0 and 4.5 atm. O.P.) growth was so severely suppressed that the expression of all gibberellin effects, except the increase in stem length, was essentially prevented. Gibberellin was, therefore, ineffective in overcoming the salt‐induced suppression of growth. An increased rate of water use per unit leaf area was quite consistently observed with the gibberellin‐treated plants. This may be simply the result of the increased exposure to light and to air movement of leaves on an elongated stem.