Yellow Spot Research Articles

FIELD CONTROL EFFECT OF 10 INSECTICIDES ON BEMISIA TABACI IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES IN CHINA

Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly) is one of the most harmful invasive species in the world. It causes devastating damage to many crops during the invasion process and is an important pest worldwide. B. tabaci harms crops mainly by directly feeding on plant juice, affecting plant nutrient metabolism, causing plant leaves to appear yellow spots, yellowing and falling off in severe cases, and abnormal or irregular fruit structure. Adults and nymphs of B. tabaci can also secrete honeydew to contaminate plant organs and induce coal pollution. When the density is high, the leaves can turn black, which seriously affects the photosynthesis of plants and reduces the quality of crops. Another important way of B. tabaci is to spread plant viruses. Generally, after an outbreak of B. tabaci, the virus transmitted by it will occur. These viruses can cause plant leaf curling, plant dwarfing and fruit abortion, causing serious losses. A single foliar spray of 10 pesticides was used in order to screen out high-efficiency pesticides for controlling B. tabaci on tomato. Control experiments to carry out at the initial stage of the occurrence of B. tabaci, and a survey of the control effect was carried out 1, 3 and 7 days after the treatment. The results showed that the best effect on B. tabaci had on F (5 % Diprofen) variant 1 day after treatment. It was 41 %, which was significantly higher than other test reagents. None of the reagents showed good fast-acting effects. Option C (22,4 % Spirotetramat) had the best control effect on B. tabaci three days after spraying – 72 %. The worst effect (62 %) was when treated with pesticides in experimental variants I (50 % Flonicamid) and G (10 % Cyantraniliprole). Spraying the plants gives the best effect of neutralizing the pest and is 86 % on option J (20 % Mevirpirazone) after 7 days, which is much higher than other test reagents. Phytotoxicity for tomatoes was not detected in three field studies conducted from 13 to 20 October 2020. We can choose in the field control process of pest B. tabaci 20 % Mevirpirazone suspension concentrate, which can be used in combination with 22,4 % Spirotetramat suspension concentrate and 5 % Diprofen dispersible concentrate to achieve better control effect. This method of pesticides selection will provide effective protection of greenhouse vegetables from the damage impact of pest B. tabaci.

Evaluation of in vitro Cholesterol Esterase Inhibitory Activity of Few Selected Vegetables – An Indication of Cardioprotective Property

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,2,188-194.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.2.27Published:April 2022Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Thiyagarajan Sathishkumar, Muruvanda Bhuvan Uthaiah, Ravichandran Vinu Varshith, Kuppamuthu Kumaresan, and Vinohar Stephen Rapheal Author(s) affiliations:Thiyagarajan Sathishkumar, Muruvanda Bhuvan Uthaiah*, Ravichandran Vinu Varshith, Kuppamuthu Kumaresan, Vinohar Stephen Rapheal Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for severe mortality rate amongst the population. Several drugs available to control and/ or cure the same, cause severe adverse effects amidst human population. Contextually, the present study was devised to screen the in vitro cholesterol esterase (CEase) activity of few selected vegetables as an indicator of cardioprotective property. Objectives: To screen and purify the polyphenolic fractionate from the vegetable(s) extract that record an optimal CEase activity. Materials and Methods: CEase inhibitory activity was investigated using standard spectrophotometric assay. Microwave assisted central composite design based response surface methodology (CCD based RSM) was executed to quantify an improvement in the CEase inhibitory activity of Solanum melongena extract. One dimensional thin layer chromatography (1D TLC) and two-dimensional preparative thin layer chromatography (2D PTLC) analyses were carried out for Brassica oleracea var. botrytis hot water extract to identify and eluate the polyphenolic fractionate, respectively. Results: Significant CEase inhibitory activity was noticed in the hot water extract of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (84.65 ± 3.29%) than the other vegetable extracts. Even though the optimal process model was validated (at 5% level), no significant improvement was recorded in the CEase inhibition. The presence of polyphenolic content in the hot water extract of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (Rf = 0.69) was confirmed by comparing with standard quercetin (Rf = 0.60). Strong blue and moderate brownish yellow color spots revealed the presence of phenolic acid and flavonoid eluates respectively, were purified using 2D PTLC technique. The eluate has recorded a near moderate (28.57 ± 2.12%) CEase inhibitory activity. Conclusion: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis possess significant CEase inhibitory activity and proved to be a good diet to protect from various cardiovascular diseases. Key words: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Cholesterol esterase, Solanum melongena, Microwave Assisted Response Surface Methodology, Flavonoid. View:PDF (245.05 KB)

Detection and molecular characterization of cucumber mosaic virus infecting Tylophora indica (Burm. f. Merrill)

Tylophora indica is a vital medicinal herb effective in the treatment of respiratory disorders. Typical mosaic and chlorotic yellow spots on leaves had been observed since 2015–16 on T. indica at Anand, India. Examination of naturally infected symptomatic leaves with the transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical virion of 28–32 nm size. Further, for molecular characterization, total RNA extracted from the symptomatic leaves and Cucumber mosaic virus was detected using specific degenerate primers with PCR, especially designed for this study. The complete genome sequence of the CMV was determined using the overlapping primers strategy. The genome comprised 8647 base pairs and predicted to five open reading frame encoded major functional proteins. The protein 2b encoded by a sub-genomic region of the RNA2 segment, is genetically distinct in the CMV variants of the subgroup I and II. The assembled and annotated sequences were submitted to NCBI Genbank and the phylogenetic inference clearly indicated that the sequenced TAA-CMV variant belongs to subgroup IB of Cucumber mosaic virus type species. Sequence identity revealed that 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) of all three RNAs were more conserved than the 5′ untranslated region. As per our reviewed literature, this is the first comprehensive report on complete genome sequence of CMV infecting T. indica.

First Report of Colletotrichum siamense Causing Anthracnose in Allamanda cathartica in China.

Allamanda cathartica L. is an important ornamental plant (Wong et al. 2013). In August 2020, anthracnose-type lesions were observed on the leaves of A. cathartica in a garden in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China (N21°17', E110°18'). Disease incidence and severity varied from 18 to 20% and 20 to 50% (n = 100 investigated plants), respectively. The early symptoms were yellow spots on the edge or tip of the leaves. The spots gradually expanded and became dark brown, eventually coalescing into large irregular or circular lesions. Ten symptomatic leaves from 10 plants were sampled. The margins of the samples were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces. The surfaces were disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 sec and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 60 sec . Thereafter, the samples were rinsed thrice in sterile water, placed on PDA, and incubated at 28 ℃. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Twenty-eight isolates of Colletotrichum ssp. were obtained (isolation frequency = 28/4×10 = 70%). Three representative single-spore isolates (ACC-1, ACC-2, and ACC-3) were used for further study. Colonies on PDA were white to gray with cottony mycelia in 6 days at 28 ℃. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, and obtuse at both ends; they measured 11.5 to 16.5 µm × 3.5 to 5.5 µm (n = 50). Appressoria were oval to irregular in shape and dark brown in color, and they measured 7.3 to 10.5 µm × 5.7 to 6.5 µm (n = 20). Morphological characteristics matched the description of Colletotrichum siamense (Prihastuti et al. 2009;Sharma et al. 2013). For molecular identification, the colony PCR method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Lu et al. 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), calmodulin (CAL), actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) loci of the isolates using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, CL1C/CL2C, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CHS-79F/CHS-354R, and GDF1/GDR1, respectively (Weir et al. 2012). Sequences of the isolates deposited in GenBank under acc. nos. MZ061912 to MZ061914 (ITS), MZ126886 to MZ126888 (CAL), MZ126856 to MZ126858 (ACT), MZ126916 to MZ126918 (CHS-1), and MZ126946 to MZ126948 (GAPDH), respectively. They were 100% identical to ITS (JX010250), CAL (HM131507), ACT (JX009895), CHS-1 (HM131497), and GAPDH (JX009713) sequences of C. siamense respectively too. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the concatenated sequences of ITS, CAL, ACT, CHS-1, and GAPDH. The isolates were clustered with C. siamense strains including the type ICMP 19118. Pathogenicity tests were performed by in vivo. The inoculation and control groups (n = 5 plants each, 1-month-old) were sprayed with a spore suspension of isolates (1 × 105 per mL) and sterile distilled water, respectively, until run-off. The plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse at 25°C to 28°C, with relativehumidities approximately80%. Anthracnose lesions were observed on the leaves after 10 days while the control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all the inoculated leaves was identical to the inoculation isolates in terms of morphology and just ITS analysis, but unsuccessful from the control plants. C. siamense has been reported to cause anthracnose in a broad range of hosts (Weir et al. 2012), but not in A. cathartica. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report C. siamense causing anthracnose on A. cathartica. Thus, this work provides a foundation for controlling anthracnose in A. cathartica in the future.

Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment and prognostic characteristics of 156 generalized pustular psoriasis patients in Turkey: a multicentre case series.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare and severe inflammatory disease characterized by widespread and superficial sterile pustules on an erythematous background. This multicentre study aimed to determine the clinical profile and course in a large cohort of patients with GPP. One hundred and fifty-six GPP patients (mean age, 44.2 ± 18.7 years) who met the diagnostic criteria of the European Consensus Report of GPP were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, quality of life, triggering factors of the disease, clinical, laboratory, treatment and prognostic features were evaluated. 61.5% of the patients were female. The rate of working at or below the minimum wage (≤$332.5/month) was 44.9%. Drugs (36.5%) were the most common trigger. While hypocalcaemia (35.7%) was the most important cause of GPP during pregnancy, systemic steroid withdrawal (20%) was the most frequently reported trigger for infantile/juvenile and mixed-type GPP (15%) (P < 0.05). Acute GPP (53.8%) was the most common clinic. Nails were affected in 43.6% of patients, and subungual yellow spots (28.2%) were the most common change. In annular GPP, fever (P < 0.001) and relapse frequency (P = 0.006) were lower than other subtypes, and the number of hospitalizations (P = 0.002) was lower than acute GPP. GPP appeared at a later age in those with a history of psoriasis (P = 0.045). DLQI score (P = 0.049) and joint involvement (P = 0.016) were also higher in this group. Infantile/juvenile GPP was observed in 16.02% of all patients, and arthritis was lower in this group (24.4 vs. 16%). GPP of pregnancy had the worst prognosis due to abortion observed in three patients. Recent advances in treatment have improved mortality associated with GPP, but abortion remains a significant complication. Although TNF-α inhibitors have proven efficacy in GPP, they can also trigger the disease. Mixed-type GPP is more similar to acute GPP than annular GPP with systemic manifestations and course.

Small RNA deep sequencing reveals the presence of multiple viral infections in cucurbit crops in Guangdong, China

Viral diseases are among the most critical damaging factors that impose a global threat to the cucurbit industry. China is the world's leading country for the production and consumption of cucurbits. Guangdong, a province in southern China dominated by the tropical and subtropical climate, favors the survival of different plant viruses and their vectors. Five main cucurbit crops showing various disease symptoms were surveyed and collected to identify viruses infecting cucurbits in Guangdong during 2018–2020. In the field, the incidence ranged from 5–30%, or even 60–100% in the case of severely infected cucurbits. A total of 357 symptomatic samples were collected and subsequently screened for cucurbit viruses by small RNA deep sequencing and assembly (sRSA). Seventeen virus species belonging to 10 genera were identified in the five main cucurbit crops. The most common viruses were papaya ringspot virus (PRSV; Potyvirus), zucchini tigre mosaic virus (ZTMV; Potyvirus), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV; Potyvirus), and watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV; Orthotospovirus), with infection rates of 24.4, 19.0, 17.1, and 14.3%, respectively. Notably, the most prevalent viruses were melon yellow spot orthotospovirus (MYSV) in cucumber, PRSV in squash, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV; Tobamovirus) in bottle gourd, WSMoV in white gourd, and ZYMV in luffa. Mixed infections were prevalent, and the types of mixed infections varied substantially in different cucurbit crops. Moreover, the full-length nucleotide sequences of watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (WGMMV), CGMMV, and watermelon virus A (WVA; Wamavirus) identified in bottle gourd were cloned and analyzed. This study is the first reporting WGMMV infecting bottle gourd in China mainland. In summary, the results demonstrate that in Guangdong, the most prevalent viruses belong to potyviruses, orthotospoviruses, and tobamoviruses groups. The findings will facilitate agricultural researchers and farmers to plan and implement effective disease control strategies aiming at timely detection and management of cucurbit-infecting viral pathogens.

Hyper-reflective track as an imaging biomarker for clinical improvement in photic retinopathy

Photic damage occurs due to varied etiologies. In two cases presenting with acute onset symptoms, fundus exam in Case 1 (Welder's arc) showed foveal yellow spot in the left eye. In Case 2 (Solar eclipse), foveal yellow spot was noted bilaterally. Spectral domain Optical coherence tomography revealed disruption of ellipsoid zone and a hyperreflective track extending from outer to inner retina. This hyperreflective track resolved on follow-up and correlated with symptomatic improvement. The hyperreflective track possibly indicates acute photic damage to retina and can serve as a prognostic marker for clinical improvement.

Pemberian air rebusan kentang pada media Murashige-Skoog terhadap pertumbuhan protokorm anggrek sendu (Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum) secara in vitro

Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum is one of the most popular orchid species because of its beauty and is characterized by the shape of the flower stalk that sticks down and the brown flowers with white and yellow spots that look like drops of water or sad. This type of orchid is almost extinct and is rarely found in its natural habitat, so it is necessary to perform in vitro propagation of orchids. The culture in vitro method is one of the most effective methods for propagating rare orchids. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding potato water on protocorm growth and determine the best concentration for the growth of G. stapeliiflorum protocorm in vitro. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the addition of potato water (concentrations 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ml/L) on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium. The results showed that the percentage of live explants was 100% in all treatments. The addition of potato water to MS medium had no effect on the percentage of live explants but still affected the growth percentage of Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) in vitro. The best concentration of potato water for the protocorm growth of G. stapeliiflorum in vitro to MS medium was at a concentration of 150 ml/L, which was indicated by the highest percentage of PLBs growth at 100% and the color of PLBs green (2.5GY 6/8) compared to other potato water treatments and controls.

Platygonia Melichar, 1925 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini): a new species from the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest, key to species of the genus, and notes on P. undecimmaculata (Fowler, 1899)

A new species of the Neotropical genus Platygonia Melichar, 1925 is described and illustrated from the municipality of Ipixuna, State of Amazonas, Northern Brazil. Platygonia nigra sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other species of the genus by the following combination of features: (1) dark brown to black ground color of dorsum; (2) presence of a white to pale yellow spot at the distal portion of corium; (3) male pygofer with a conspicuous diagonal cleft; (4) connective Y-shaped, keeled, with the stem longer than the arms; and (5) aedeagus with an unpaired basiventral process directed anteriorly. This is the first record of the genus from the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. Notes on P. undecimmaculata (Fowler, 1899), which is a taxon of uncertain taxonomic position, a key to the species of Platygonia, and a map showing their distribution are added.

English

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous insect pest. Onion thrips cause direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves of several horticultural crops. Besides causing direct damage to its host plants, T. tabaci has been known as an asymptomatic transmitter of plant pathogens such as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV). These cause reduction of yield and decrease the market value of the crop. Several synthetic insecticides are used to control the population of onion thrips. However, these insecticides cause pesticide resistance, elimination of non-target species and environmental pollution. To solve the side effects of insecticides, it should be replaced by environmentally friendly pest management alternatives and for this, the use of plant-based pesticides is the best alternative because they do not have residue problems, negative effects on beneficial insects and do not cause air and water quality problems in the environment. Several plants have been investigated which contain bioactive compounds with a variety of biological modes of actions against onion thrips such as repellent, feeding deterrent, anti-ovipositional, fecundity deterrent and metamorphosis inhibition. Key words: Botanical plants, integrated pest management (IPM), onion thrips, secondary metabolites, modes of action.

Diaporthe sapindicola sp. nov. Causes Leaf Spots of Sapindus mukorossi in China

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae), or soapberry, is an important biodiesel tree in southern China. In recent years, leaf spot disease on soapberry has been observed frequently in a soapberry germplasm repository in Jianning County, Sanming City, Fujian province, China. The symptoms initially appeared as irregular, small, yellow spots, and the centers of the lesions became dark brown with time. Three fungal isolates from lesions were collected. Koch's postulates were performed, and their pathogenicity was confirmed. Morphologically, α-conidia from diseased tissues were single-celled, hyaline, smooth, clavate or ellipsoidal, and biguttulate, measuring 6.2 to 7.2 × 2.3 to 2.7 μm. In addition, the three isolates in this study developed three types (α, β, and γ) of conidia on potato dextrose agar, and their morphological characteristics matched those of Diaporthe. A phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer, TEF, TUB, HIS, and CAL sequence data determined that the three isolates are a new species of Diaporthe. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the causal fungus, Diaporthe sapindicola sp. nov., was described and illustrated.

Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose disease of Iris lactea in Beijing, China

AbstractIris lactea is a wide ground cover plant of importance throughout courtyards, trees and roads. From May to September in 2020 and 2021, I. lactea planted in Beijing showed white to yellow spots with black conidiomata and could lead blight expanded down from the tip of leaves. In this study, ninety‐six diseased leaves were collected from nineteen regions in Beijing, and a total of fifty‐nine Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from the leaf spots. All isolates were identified as Colletotrichum truncatum by polyphasic analyses, combing morphology and phylogeny of combined the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA region (ITS), actin (act), chalcone synthetase (chs), the genes of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and β‐tubulin (tub2). Koch's postulates were confirmed by a pathogenicity test using conidial suspensions (1 × 106 conidia/ml) on fresh leaves of the host, re‐isolation and identification. Until now, this is the first confirmed report of a new anthracnose disease of I. lactea caused by C. truncatum in China.

Characterization of Stemphylium spp. associated with tomato foliar diseases in Algeria

Leaf blight and spot caused by Stemphylium spp. and Alternaria spp. are the most common destructive tomato diseases in north-western Algeria. During 2018 growing seasons, more than 30% of samples collected from plants grown in greenhouses or open fields were infected with Stemphylium. Initial symptoms were small, multiple, irregular to oval, yellow leaf spots, which enlarged to brown lesions later. In these lesions, Stemphylium mostly co-occurred with Alternaria spp. Twenty nine Stemphylium isolates were characterized based on morphological features, and multi-locus phylogenies using ITS, gpd, and cmdA genomic loci. Five Stemphylium species (S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, S. vesicarium, S. lycii) were associated with tomato leaf spot, of which S. lycii is a new report for tomato. Pathogenicity tests on healthy 2-months-old tomato seedlings reproduced symptoms similar to those observed in tomato crops. The tested fungus isolates differed in pathogenicity. Two isolates of S. lycopersici were more aggressive than those of the other species, causing major lesions on tomato plants. The five identified Stemphylium species are reported for the first time as new pathogens for tomato in Algeria, and S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, and S. lycii as new species of Algerian mycoflora.

Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes.

BackgroundThe Tropical Andes is the world’s most biodiverse hotspot. This region contains >1,000 amphibian species, more than half of which are endemic. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes.MethodsWe employed morphological, acoustic, and molecular methods to test the hypothesis that Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov and H. nouns sp. nov. are species new to science. Following standard methods, we generated mitochondrial sequences (16S) of 37 individuals in the genus Hyalinobatrachium. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the two new species in comparison to all other glassfrogs using Maximum Likelihood. In addition to describing the call of H. mashpi sp. nov., we performed a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) with the advertisement call characteristics of several congeners.ResultsBased on an integrative taxonomy approach, we describe two new species. Morphological traits and the inferred phylogeny unambiguously place the new taxa in the genus Hyalinobatrachium. Both species are distinguished from other glassfrogs mainly by their dorsal coloration (i.e., dorsum lime green with small light yellow spots, head usually with interorbital bar) and transparent pericardium (i.e., the heart is visible through the ventral skin). The new species exhibit a high morphological similarity (i.e., cryptic) and occur within relatively close geographical proximity (closest aerial distance = 18.9 km); however, their uncorrected p distance for the mitochondrial gene 16S is 4.6–4.7%, a value that greatly exceeds the genetic distance between closely related species of centrolenid frogs. The DAPC revealed that the advertisement call of H. mashpi sp. nov. is acoustically distinct.DiscussionOur findings are congruent with several previous studies that report a high degree of endemism in the Toisán mountain range, which appears to be isolated from the main Andean cordillera for some amphibian groups. We recommend that both H. mashpi sp. nov. and H. nouns sp. nov. be listed as Endangered, following IUCN criteria. These new species provide another example of cryptic diversity in the Andes—further evidence that the region fosters much more biodiversity than we have the resources to catalog. Threatened by mining and other exploitative industries, these glassfrogs and many other yet-to-be-discovered Andean species highlight the dire need for effective conservation measures—especially in northwestern Ecuador.

THE EFFECT OF COCOA POD BORER (CONOPHOMORPA CRAMERELLA) ON COCOA PRODUCTION

Cocoa fruit borer attacks all stages of fruit, namely young fruit, mature fruit and ripe fruit. Symptoms of attack on young fruit are indicated by the appearance of large yellow spots on the skin of the affected fruit. His attacks cause an average production drop of 50% with a range of 10% to 90%. The basic method in this writing is descriptive. The data used are the results of previous studies relating to the attack of CPB pests on the decline in cocoa fruit production. The results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the attack of the cocoa pod borer (PBK) is very influential on annual cocoa production. Yield losses due to CPB attacks ranged from 18.25% to 73.04%. However, CPB pests can be controlled through good technical culture measures during cocoa plantation management.

The taxonomic identity of the monocle bream Scolopsis vosmeri species complex (Perciformes: Nemipteridae), with comments on molecular phylogenetic relationships within the genus Scolopsis.

The monocle bream Scolopsis vosmeri species complex is revised. Three species in the complex are recognized: Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch, 1792), widespread in the Indo-West Pacific, from the northern Indian Ocean (Pakistan, western India, Sri Lanka, Bay of Bengal, and the Andaman Sea, but not recorded from the Red Sea or Arabian Gulf, east African coast or Madagascar) to western Indonesia and Borneo; S. japonica (Bloch, 1793), restricted to the western Pacific Ocean from western Indonesia and north-western Australia east to the Philippines and north to southern Japan; and S. curite Cuvier, 1815, widespread from the western to the eastern Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf. All three species are similar morphologically, and have been confused taxonomically, but phylogenetic analysis of the COI barcoding region shows they are evolutionarily divergent. The three species are redescribed in detail and characters found to distinguish them. Scolopsis vosmeri is easily distinguished from S. japonica and S. curite in having a white band along the side of the body; having a black spot on most body scales (versus greenish yellow spot in S. japonica and S. curite); in lacking a distinct black spot (sometimes a small and faint spot present) on the upper pectoral-fin base (versus small black wedge-shaped spot present in S. japonica and S. curite); caudal peduncle whitish in live individuals (versus caudal peduncle usually yellowish in S. japonica and S. curite); and pelvic and anal fins crimson to orange-red (versus yellow in S. japonica and S. curite). Scolopsis japonica and S. curite are indistinguishable by color pattern but differ in the degree of spination on the preopercular margin. Neotypes are designated for Scolopsis japonica and S. curite. Nomenclatural problems, including validity of the genus Scolopsis, are discussed. We regard Scolopsis curite Cuvier, 1815 as a valid binomial name and thus the type species of Scolopsis Cuvier, 1814 by subsequent monotypy.

Molecular and morpho-physiological identification of yellow leaf curl disease of cucumber in Salatiga, Indonesia

Abstract. Kurnia TD, Purwantoro A, Sulandari S, Basunanda P, Setiawan AB, Fatmawati Y, Andika IP. 2022. Molecular and morpho-physiological identification of yellow leaf curl disease of cucumber in Salatiga, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1466-1474. Plant viruses are a limiting factor in Indonesian cucumber production. However, because numerous viruses generate identical symptoms on infected plants across cucumber cultivars, identify the virus discovered in the field. The management of virus diseases on plants is dependent on accurately identifying symptoms associated with certain viruses among cucumber cultivars and evaluating possible insect vectors. Because there have been several reports of infected viruses on cucumbers, generating resistant cultivars, identifying phenotypic and physiological disorders, and probable insect vectors are all important aspects of plant disease management. This study aimed to determine the virus and putative insect vectors of yellow leaf curl disease and its symptoms, including morphology and physiology disorders in cucumber cultivars. Common symptoms found included curling, yellow spots, malformed shapes, mortality from severely infested leaves, yellowing, and malformed cucumbers, with occurrences varying among cucumber cultivars. Curling and yellow spots were found on &gt;70% samples of all tested cultivars. Virus infection affected agronomic features and fruit characteristics differently depending on cucumber cultivars. Molecular detection confirmed that polerovirus infected plants and insects tested also carried the Polerovirus. This study provides initial information on monitoring various infection stages of yellow curling disease and potential insect vectors of this disease that will later be useful to synthesize effective management practice in the future.

DIAGNOSTICS OF RUSTS AND SPOTTS OF WHEAT USING COMPUTER VISION METHODS

Purpose. To investigate the possibility of diagnosing yellow and brown rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici West. Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Erikss), yellow spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler) on wheat leaves from images using convolutional neural networks, to compare the most successful and compact neural network architectures.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The material for the research was the images of samples of wheat leaves affected by rust and spots, obtained in the conditions of infectious nurseries of the All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection. The total sample size included 5169 images, including brown rust - 227, yellow rust – 1283, yellow spot – 3659. Research methods: data preprocessing methods, training methods for convolutional neural networks.&#x0D; Results. A comparison was made of the four most successful and compact neural network architectures GoogleNet, ResNet-18, SqueezeNet-1.0 and DenseNet-121. On test data – 518 images, all of the above models demonstrated high prediction quality. The best result was shown by DenseNet-121, providing a classification accuracy of over 99 %, with two false positives.&#x0D; Conclusion. The possibility of diagnosing wheat fungal diseases from images using modern methods of computer vision was analyzed. It is shown that under controlled conditions, with a competent organization of the process of collecting and marking data, the problem is successfully solved, and the listed models are the reserve that will automate the stage of phytosanitary monitoring diagnostics.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GELLING AGENTS ON THE SUN PROTECTION FACTOR FROM EMULGEL FORMULA OF BINJAI (MANGIFERA CAESIA JACK. EX. WALL) LEAVES METHANOL EXTRACT

Binjai (Mangifera Caesia Jack. Ex. Wall) is one of the Mangifera species with a better antioxidant source and significantly high phenolic-flavonoid contents. Exploring the bioactive potential of Binjai must be necessary for the treatment and prevention of UV-mediated diseases to be developed due to sunscreen emulgel. This study aims to identify quercetin and mangiferin, and determine the sun protection factor (SPF) of Binjai leaves and the effect of the different gelling agents on the sunscreen emulgel SPF. Binjai leaves were extracted with methanol using the Soxhlet apparatus. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the remaining methanol solvent. The quercetin and mangiferin identification was examined by DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) spray-on TLC. The emulgel was made using three optimum formulas with different gelling agents (Carbopol, Na-CMC, and tragacanth). The SPF was determined by measuring the absorbance using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The extract was identified as not containing methanol solvent residual. Identification with TLC showed one yellow spot from the extract that was parallel with quercetin and also mangiferin on a purple background after spraying the DPPH. The extract with a concentration of 2500 ppm obtained an SPF of 23.01 compared to quercetin (50 ppm) which has an SPF of 16.93. The emulgel of the extract with the highest SPF of 21.38 was obtained from the Carbopol formula. The methanol extract of Binjai leaves has ultra-protection as a sunscreen with the variation of different gelling agents on the emulgel preparation did not affect the in vitro sunscreen activity.

Antibacterial activity and acute toxicity study of standardized aqueous extract of Randia monantha Benth fruit

The fruit of Randia monantha is traditionally and empirically used in the preparation of a beverage as antivenom and for the treatment of various diseases, but to date there is little scientific evidence regarding its antimicrobiological properties and toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluar the effect of the administration of the aqueous extract of the Randia monantha pulp on acute toxicity in male Wistar rats and evaluate antimicrobial activity at different concentrations against pathogenic bacteria. The results of acute oral toxicity revealed no deaths in doses up to 5000 mg / kg body weight. The experimental animals showed no significant changes in the weight and behavior parameters evaluated with respect to the control treatment. Rats did not show significant changes in the hematological parameters, but dosis of 5000 mg/kg body weight rats exhibited the appearance of yellow spots on kidney. The aqueous extract did not show antimicrobial activity against test pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of the Randia monantha fruit can be used with some degree of safety by oral administration but should not be taken in high doses.