Yellow-brown Color Research Articles

Independent assortment of seed color and hairy leaf genes in Brassica rapa L.

Rahman, M. 2014. Independent assortment of seed color and hairy leaf genes in Brassica rapa L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 615-620. A genetic study of seed color and hairy leaf in Brassica rapa was conducted in progeny originating from the brown-seeded, hairy leaf B. rapa subsp. chinensis line and the Bangladeshi B. rapa var. trilocularis line. A joint segregation of both traits was also examined in the F2 and backcross populations. Seed color segregated into brown, yellow-brown, and yellow, which suggests that digenic control of brown or yellow-brown color was dominant over yellow seed color. Hairy leaves were found to be under monogenic control, and hairy leaf was dominant over non-hairy leaf. The data show that genes controlling seed color and hairy leaf are inherited independently.

A Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Method for Detection and Determination of Cannabinoids Using Silver Nanoparticles

In this work, a simple colorimetric method based on the formation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was developed for the determination of cannabinoids including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). These compounds in a basic solution at 80°C reduce [Ag(NH3)2]+ to form Ag NPs. The produced NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The brown-yellow color of the solution that results from the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs can be observed by the bare eye. The calibration graph obtained by plotting the absorbance at 410 nm versus the concentration of each analyte was linear in the range of 0.1–5.0 μg/ml for all tested cannabinoids. The limits of detection were 0.065, 0.077, and 0.052 μg/ml for Δ9-THC, CBN and CBD, respectively. The developed method was applied to the determination of total cannabinoids in hashish.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acacia leucophloea extract and their antibacterial activity.

The immense potential of nanobiotechnology makes it an intensely researched field in modern medicine. Green nanomaterial synthesis techniques for medicinal applications are desired because of their biocompatibility and lack of toxic byproducts. We report the toxic byproducts free phytosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the bark extract of the traditional medicinal plant Acacia leucophloea (Fabaceae). Visual observation, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. The visible yellow-brown color formation and surface plasmon resonance at 440 nm indicates the biosynthesis of AgNP. The TEM images show polydisperse, mostly spherical AgNP particles of 17–29 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that primary amines, aldehyde/ketone, aromatic, azo, and nitro compounds of the A. leucophloea extract may participate in the bioreduction and capping of the formed AgNPs. X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystallinity of the AgNPs. The in vitro agar well diffusion method confirmed the potential antibacterial activity of the plant extract and synthesized AgNPs against the common bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1272), Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC 657), and Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1475). This research combines the inherent antimicrobial activity of silver metals with the A. leucophloea extract, yielding antibacterial activity-enhanced AgNPs. This new biomimetic approach using traditional medicinal plant (A. leucophloea) barks to synthesize biocompatible antibacterial AgNPs could easily be scaled up for additional biomedical applications. These polydisperse AgNPs green-synthesized via A. leucophloea bark extract can readily be used in many applications not requiring high uniformity in particle size or shape.

A new species of the Hypostomus cochliodongroup (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Aripuanã basin in Brazil

A new species of Hypostomus, H. dardanelos, is described from the rio Aripuanã basin, a southern tributary to the rio Madeira, in northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new species is assigned to the Hypostomus cochliodon group by the possession of few teeth, spoon-shaped teeth, angle between dentaries usually less than 80°, and by the absence of a notch between hyomandibular and the metapterygoid. The new species can be diagnosed from its congeners by its unique color pattern of yellowish-brown ground color covered by well-defined dark spots of relatively equal size, evenly spaced and moderately set along the dorsal region of the body and fins, except on the ventrolateral region of the caudal peduncle and proximal region of anal and caudal fins, which are devoid of spots. The new species is further diagnosed by having teeth with very small lateral cusp, fused to the mesial one and almost imperceptible; by the absence of medial buccal papillae, and by nuptial odontodes all along the body (odontodes more pronounced in some few larger specimens).

Durian Peeling Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized from AgNO3 through a simple and eco-friendly method, also called the green synthesis, using Mon Thong durian (Durio zibethinus L.) peeling extract. The main role in synthesis mechanism of AgNPs is using polysaccharides in durian rind as a reducing agent as well as stabilizer. The appearance of a yellowish-brown color in mixture of AgNO3 solution and durian rind extract is the indication of formation of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry. The AgNPs were found to be polycrystalline in nature and spherical particles with diameter of 11.7 ± 3.2 nm. The crystallinity with fcc phase is evidenced by clear lattice fringes in SAED pattern and diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes.

Biosynthesis of Self-Dispersed Silver Colloidal Particles Using the Aqueous Extract of P. peruviana for Sensing dl-Alanine

We report the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a single step using edible fruit aqueous extract of P. peruviana that essentially involved the concept of green chemistry. Yellowish-brown color appeared upon adding the broth of P. peruviana to aqueous solution of 1 mM AgNO3 which indicates the formation of AgNPs. The maximum synthesis of these nanoparticles was being achieved in nearly 2 hrs at 28°C. The synthesis of AgNPs was followed by AgNPs UV-visible spectroscopy. Particle size and morphology of AgNPs were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. These studies revealed that the AgNPs characterized were spherical in shape with diameter ranging from 31 to 52 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the AgNPs present are approximately 63.42 percent by weight in the colloidal dispersion. The absorption spectra of the AgNPs in absence and presence of dl-alanine show a distinguish shift in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands. Thus, these nanoparticles may be used as a chemical sensor for dl-alanine present in the human blood.

Physicochemical basics for using redox Cu(III)-Cu(II) system for the identification of Bi(V) and O 2 2− in Ba-Bi-O and K-Ba-Bi-O oxides

The interaction of Bi(V)-containing oxides and peroxides with Cu(II) salts in alkaline solutions of KIO4 and K2TeO6 is studied by spectrophotometry, potentiometry, and potentiometric titration. It is found that the Bi2O4.09, NaBiO3, BaBiO3, and K n Ba m Bi m + n O y (n = 1–3, m = 1, 3–5) oxides, exhibiting superconducting properties (T c = 28–32 K), unlike the BaO2 and H2O2 peroxides, oxidize Cu(II) to complex diperiodatocuprate(III)-[Cu(IO6) 2 7− ] and ditelluratocuprate(III)-[Cu(TeO6) 2 9− ] ions of a yellow-brown color. The optimum concentrations of the reagents (CuCl2, KIO4, and KOH) are determined for the identification of Bi(V) and O 2 2− by the drop test method.

Box-Behnken methodology for Cr (VI) and leather dyes removal by an eco-friendly biosorbent: F. vesiculosus.

This study focused on leather industrial effluents treatment by biosorption using Fucus vesiculosus as low-cost adsorbent. These effluents are yellowish-brown color and high concentration of Cr (VI). Therefore, biosorption process was optimized using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design operating with a simulated leather effluent obtained by mixture of Cr (VI) solution and four leather dyes. The key variables selected were initial solution pH, biomass dosage and CaCl2 concentration in the pretreatment stage. The statistical analysis shows that pH has a negligible effect, being the biomass dosage and CaCl2 concentration the most significant variables. At optimal conditions, 98% of Cr (VI) and 88% of dyes removal can be achieved. Freundlich fitted better to the obtained equilibrium data for all studied systems than Temkin, Langmuir or D-R models. In addition, the use of the final biosorbent as support-substrate to grown of enzyme producer fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus, was also demonstrated.

Distribution and characteristics of molar-incisor hypomineralization.

Developmental disorders of teeth are the problems that are becoming more present in pediatric dentistry, especially on first permanent molars and incisors. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is proposed term for this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to establish the MIH prevalence in children living in the Foca municipality (Bosnia and Herzegovina) as well as to assess characteristics and expression of hypomineralization within the tested population. A total of 141 children from the Foca municipality, 8 years of age, were included in this study. Criteria according to Weerhejm have been used for diagnosis of hypomineralization: demarcated opacity (DO), post-eruptive breakdown (PEB), atypical restoration (AR), extracted molars due to MIH (E-MIH) and unerupted tooth (UT). Level and the prominence of color changes have been determined for patients with DO, PEB and AR. MIH in this area was present in 12.8% of children. The prevalence of MIH changes expressed in percentages was as follows: DO was at 9.2%, PEB in 3.5%, AR in 5.6%, while E-MIH was 5.6%. A total of 9.9% of the examinees had mild, 5.6% moderate, and 7.8% severe form of MIH. White form of MIH defects was found in 9.9% of the examinees, white-yellow one in 5.6% and yellow-brown color in 3.5% of the examined children. These changes were more often present in the lower jaw (60.3%). In total, 6.4% of children had these changes present only on molars, while 6.4% of them both on molars and incisors simultaneously. A total of 12.8% of the examinees with MIH is not to be disregarded. With timely diagnosis, prevention and therapy complications could be avoided or mitigated.

Phytochemical Properties and Staining Ability of Red Onion (Allium cepa)Extract on Histological Sections

The staining ability of Allium cepa (red onion) skin extract on tissue sections was determined. The dried red onion skin was ground into small pieces and 300 g (150 g for aqueous and 150 g for ethanolic extraction) of the milled dried red onion skin was used for extraction. Dark red-pigmented granules were obtained. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of mordanted (Potassium aluminum alum and ferric chloride), non-mordanted and acidified solution prepared from the extract were used to stain tissue sections. Cytoplasm of cells and connective tissues were remarkably stained in shades of redish to yellowish brown colours. Preliminary phytochemical screening of these extracts reveals that it contained alkaloid steroid ring, saponin, Tannin, Flavonoid, Cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone. The presence of pigments, saponin, tannin, contributed to the staining ability of the extract.

Pharmacognostic Studies and Chromatographic Analysis of the Gum of Anacardium occidentale L (Anacardiaceae)

Article history: Received on: 07/09/2013 Revised on: 08/10/2013 Accepted on: 12/02/2014 Available online: 27/02/2014 Microscopy of the gum revealed various shapes and sizes which disintegrated within a short time (3-5 minutes). They have thick walls, somewhat cracked and striated and also seen as translucent masses. Some were observed to have open fissures. However, the purified ones obtained from the precipitates depicted no open fissures, striations or cracks. Macroscopy revealed that A.occidentale gum has irregular shapes, tasteless, odourless, very coarse texture for the crude to fine coarse for the purified gum. It is yellowish brown colour for the crude to whitish milk for the purified gum. On the other hand, the gum arabic has a bland mucilaginous taste, odourless, varying shapes and sizes with a milky colour. This shows that the plant gum has features similar to available pharmaceutical gums and as such a viable pharmaceutical material and also these features are useful for the preparation of monograph of the plant. Paper and Thin Layer Chromatographic analyses of the carbohydrates in both the gums revealed the presence of sugars such as xylose, arabinose, galactose and glucose. Butanol-Acetic acidWater (BAW) 4:1:5; Butanol-Ethanol-Water (BEW) 4:1:2.2; and Butanol-Acetic acid-Ether-Water (BAEW) 9:6:3:1 were used as solvents systems by ascending technique and sprayed with Aniline phthalate for visualization.

Mechanisms of browning development in aggregates of marine organic matter formed under anoxic conditions: A study by mid-infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy

In this paper we analyze some chemical aspects concerning the browning development associated to the aggregation of marine organic matter (MOM) occurring in anoxic conditions. Organic matter samples obtained by the degradation of different algal samples were daily taken to follow the evolution of the aggregation process and the associated browning process. These samples were examined by Fourier transform mid infrared (FTIR) and Fourier transform near infrared (FTNIR) spectroscopy and the colour changes occurring during the above mentioned aggregation process were measured by means of Colour Indices (CIs). Spectral Cross Correlation Analysis (SCCA) was applied to correlate changes in CI values to the structural changes of MOM observed by FTIR and FTNIR spectra which were also submitted to Two-Dimensional Hetero Correlation Analysis (2HDCORR). SCCA results showed that all biomolecules present in MOM aggregates such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are involved in the browning development. In particular, SCCA results of algal mixtures suggest that the observed yellow–brown colour can be linked to the development of non enzymatic (i.e. Maillard) browning reactions. SCCA results for MOM furthermore suggest that aggregates coming from brown algae also showed evidence of browning related to enzymatic reactions. In the end 2HDCORR results indicate that hydrogen bond interactions among different molecules of MOM can play a significant role in the browning development.In this study the combination of spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR and FTNIR with Colour Indices measurements shows a peculiar ability to improve the knowledge of the complex mechanisms related to the aggregation of marine organic matter and its colour development under anoxic conditions such like those present in the marine environments at high depth.

On the abnormal room temperature tarnishing of an 18 karat gold bulk metallic glass alloy

The amorphous 18K white gold alloy of the composition Au49Ag5.5Pd2.3Cu26.9Si16.3 at% possesses a premium white-gold color and a Vickers hardness value 1.5 times that of conventional white gold alloys. These properties, together with the low melting temperature of ca. 370°C and its good processability are highly desired for jewelry applications. Nevertheless, the premium white color of this alloy is unstable and turns into a yellowish brown color after some time. The intense tarnishing of the Au49Ag5.5Pd2.3Cu26.9Si16.3 at% bulk metallic glass alloy under various different environmental conditions has been investigated by SEM, STEM, TEM, and Auger spectroscopy (AES) and linked to a chemical interaction between the copper and the silicon of the alloy. A mechanism behind the tarnishing is discussed in detail and suggestions are made for future alloy development towards a tarnish resistant 18K amorphous white gold alloy.

The example of calix[4]pyrrole derivative containing Bodipy unit: Fluorometric and colorimetric sensor for F− ion

A novel chemosensor based on calix[4]pyrrole derivative modified by Bodipy unit has been synthesized, and its complexes with various anions were investigated. The results show that the receptors can selectively recognize biologically important fluoride ions. The binding affinity for fluoride ions was investigated by naked-eye color change, absorption, emission, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The addition of fluoride ions to an acetonitrile solution of chemosensor can result in an obvious color change (brownish yellow color to straw yellow). The stoichiometries between the receptor and fluoride were determined from the molar ratio plots using the UV–visible spectra, which showed evident 1:1. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data supported the fluoride anion recognition with the disappearance of the amino proton peaks.

Description of a new leech species from North America,Helobdella austinensisn. sp. (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), with observations on its feeding behaviour

Freshwater leeches of the genus Helobdella Blanchard 1896 are small, proboscis-bearing glossiphoniids of the family Rhynchobdellidae that have been found worldwide. Over the past three decades, annelid developmental biologists have used several Helobdella species as model organisms. Here we describe a variable taxon, that has been studied extensively, and was formerly labelled as Helobdella sp. robusta” (Austin), as a new species, Helobdella austinensis n. sp. Diagnostic features of this polymorphic species, which has a body length of 13 to 17 mm and a yellow-brown colour, include a characteristic pattern of dark longitudinal stripes with black, conical papillae on the dorsal side of the body, irregularly arranged white pigment spots, and the lack of a nuchal scute. The type locality is Shoal Creek, Austin, Texas, USA. Based on the sequence of part of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, H. austinensis n. sp. is a defined taxon that differs genetically from other, morphologically similar Helobdella species by 11 to 17 %. Under laboratory conditions, hungry leeches suck body fluids from living freshwater snails, dead (frozen-thawed) Chironomus larvae, and crushed (wounded) crustaceans. Aquatic oligochaetes (Tubifex worms) and living insect larvae are ignored. This specific prey selection is a characteristic feature of H. austinensis, a taxon that differs, based on morphological features, from its relatives of the South American triserialis species complex. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Preparation and Characteristics of Sugarcane Low Alcoholic Drink by Submerged Alcoholic Fermentation

A new low alcoholic drinks, was brewed from fresh sugarcane juice using different kinds of yeast, viz., wine yeast, Fali yeast and thermo-tolerant yeast by submerged alcoholic fermentation. The main characteristic parameters of fermented cane juice such as alcohol content, total sugars, total acids and reducing sugar were investigated during the process of alcoholic fermentation in order to evaluate the effect of yeasts on the quality of alcoholic drinks. The results showed that alcoholic fermentation period and the alcohol content of fermented cane juice ranged from 9 to 20 days and 2.8–4.8 %, respectively. With respect to sensory evaluation, the alcoholic drink obtained by using wine yeast was found suitable with yellow-brown colour, clear and brighter appearance, full wine and cane aromas and flavor. Its soft, mild, mellow and slightly sweet taste made it possible to be used as a beverage in dines. The results of this study concerning the use of sugarcane juice as one of raw materials could be promising for industrial fermentations of low alcoholic drinks production, and also provides a new approach to process sugarcane by-products.

Identification of Races 0 and 2 of Cladosporium fulvum (syn Passalora fulva) on Tomato in the Cinturón Hortícola de La Plata, Argentina.

Surveys aimed at evaluating the incidence and severity of a new disease that developed in greenhouses cultivated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were performed during 2009 and 2010 in greenhouses of the cultivars Elpida (Enza Zaden) and Colibrí (Clause) in an area of tomato production known as the Cinturón Hortícola de La Plata (the "horticultural belt of La Plata"). The disease had a 100% prevalence and 90% incidence within the ten 250 m2 greenhouses that were monitored in 2009, 2010, and 2011. In two consecutive assays, severity was 40%. The wide distribution of the disease suggests that the tomato hybrids under use lack resistance genes. The upper surface of diseased leaves had pale green to yellowish, 1- to 1.5-cm spots with undefined margins that progressed to a yellowish brown color, while on the lower side they had pale brown to brown sporulation of fungal conidiophores and conidia. Monosporic fungal cultures were obtained by needle transfer of conidia from sporulating areas of leaves (n = 20) to water agar medium. On 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA) the colonies of the relatively low growing fungus were strongly pigmented, greenish grey, and black on the reverse of the plate. The fungus developed one-celled, pale olive-green, ovoid conidia on long, branched chains, which arose from pigmented conidiophores, corresponding to the description of Cladosporium fulvum made by Joosten and de Wit (1). The identity of two isolates was confirmed by amplifying the 580-bp ITS sequences by means of primers ITS4 (5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') and ITS5 (5'-GAATTCGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3') (ITS sequence Race 0 JQ768324.1 and Race 2 JQ768325.1). Both were 100% homologous to the ITS sequences of C. fulvum strains ATCC44962 (AF393700) and ATCC44960 (AF303701). Monosporic cultures of four isolates, each obtained from leaves collected from different plants growing in different greenhouses, were inoculated on a set of differential genotypes of tomato: cvs. Moneymaker, Cf-0, Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, and Cf-9 (kindly provided by the Laboratory of Phytopathology of Wageningen University). Three plants of each tomato genotype at the 5 to 6 true leaf stage were inoculated by spraying a 105 conidia/ml conidial suspension of C. fulvum on the leaflets of the 3rd and 4th leaf. Inoculation tests of each isolate were repeated at least twice. After inoculation, plants were grown in the greenhouse at 13 to 29°C and 99% relative humidity. However, for the first 20 h after inoculation, plants were kept in the dark. They were regularly monitored and were scored as resistant or susceptible at 20 days after inoculation. Susceptible genotypes developed pale green to yellow spots on the abaxial leaf surface and pale brown to olivaceous brown sporulation on the adaxial side. Plants lacking disease symptoms were considered resistant. Inoculated fungi were reisolated from infected tissue and the identity of the fungal cultures confirmed based on morphology and the ITS sequence. Based on the reactions of the tomato genotypes, two races were identified, three isolates (race 2) developed symptoms only in cv. MM Cf-2, while the remaining isolate (race 0) provoked symptoms only in cv. MM Cf-0. Reference: (1) M. Joosten and P. de Wit. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 37:335, 1999.

화성 발안리 유적출토 원삼국 및 백제 토기의 정량분석과 고고과학적 해석

This study focused on making technique and usage of potteries from Proto-Three Kingdom to Baekje Kingdom in Balanri Site. The potteries were divided into four groups, Jungdo type I, Jungdo type II, Tanalanmun type and the Baekje type on the basis of the shape and physical properties. The Jungdo type potteries were used as kitchen wares, showing mostly yellowish brown color. The Tanalanmun type potteries were used as storages, showing gray green color. Firing temperature of the Jungdo type and the Baekje type potteries were presumed to be fired at 900 to , whereas the Tanalmun type potteries were fired at around 900 to . This is indicated that the firing condition was adjusted according to the purposes of the potteries. On the one hand, the Balanri potteries were made of paleo-soil which was collected in very near place from the site based on geochemical characteristics of the pottery clays and the soil.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BIOSYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES PREPARED FROM THE LEAF EXTRACT OF LANTANA CAMARA

Lant ana camara commonly known as weed or red sage is found throughout India. It was reported to be use d in traditional medicine system for infectious diseases. The present study designed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of Lantana camara a nd bio synthesized silver Nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Lantana camara . When the extract of the plant was treated with silver nitrate (1mM) solution , a yellowish brown color developed indicating the formation of silver Nanoparticles. The anti micro bial activity of biosynthesized silver Nanoparticles of the extract and aqueous extract of Lantana camara was investigated against two gram positive and two gram negative human pathogenic bacteria and fungi by using disc diffusion method. The biosynthesiz ed silver Nanoparticles showed promising anti bacterial activity at 300µg/ml concentration compared with aqueous extract of Lantana camara . Similarly the silver Nanoparticles at the same level of concentration also exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: The results indicate that the biosynthesized s ilver Nanoparticles from Lantana camara have better antimicrobial activity than with that of aqueous extract of Lantana camara and almost equal antim icrobial activity when compared with the standard.

Treatment of leather industrial effluents by filtration and coagulation processes

This study focused on effluents characterization and accessing physical and chemical treatment by filtration and coagulation processes. The analysis results of the raw effluents reveal that the effluents were yellowish-brown color, having basic pH, very high values of BOD5, COD, TDS, TSS, TS and high concentrations of Cr, Na, SO42− and other organic and inorganic constituents. After settling and a subsequent filtration of raw tannery effluents through sand-stone, the filtered effluents were treated with various doses of FeCl3. The study observed that coagulant (FeCl3) of 150mg/L dose near neutral pH showed the best removal efficiencies for major physico-chemical parameters. The analysis results illustrate that most of the physical and chemical parameters were found well below the prescribed permissible limits for effluent discharged. The study suggests that untreated tannery effluents would be treated by a combined process consisting of settling, filtering and coagulating with FeCl3.