Yellow Warbler Research Articles

Production of young in a dense nesting population of Yellow Warblers, Dendroica petechia, in Manitoba

Production of young in a dense nesting population of Yellow Warblers, Dendroica petechia, in Manitoba

Competitive Collusion: The Preemption of Competition During the Sequential Establishment of Territories

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsCompetitive Collusion: The Preemption of Competition During the Sequential Establishment of TerritoriesThomas GettyThomas Getty Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 118, Number 3Sep., 1981 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/283834 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 27Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Tilman Hartley, Baogui Xin The continuing evolution of ownership, PLOS ONE 14, no.22 (Feb 2019): e0211871.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211871Martin Hinsch, Jan Komdeur What do territory owners defend against?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no.18491849 (Feb 2017): 20162356.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2356Árni Einarsson Viking Age Fences and Early Settlement Dynamics in Iceland, Journal of the North Atlantic 12, no.2727 (Apr 2015): 1–21.https://doi.org/10.3721/037.006.2703Mike Mesterton-Gibbons, Tom N. Sherratt Neighbor intervention: A game-theoretic model, Journal of Theoretical Biology 256, no.22 (Jan 2009): 263–275.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.10.004Martin Hromada, Marcin Antczak, Thomas J. Valone, Piotr Tryjanowski, Frederick R. Adler Settling Decisions and Heterospecific Social Information Use in Shrikes, PLoS ONE 3, no.1212 (Dec 2008): e3930.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003930 Debora Arlt and Tomas Pärt Sex‐Biased Dispersal: A Result of a Sex Difference in Breeding Site Availability. D. Arlt and T. Pärt, The American Naturalist 171, no.66 (Jul 2015): 844–850.https://doi.org/10.1086/587521Debora Arlt, Tomas Pärt NONIDEAL BREEDING HABITAT SELECTION: A MISMATCH BETWEEN PREFERENCE AND FITNESS, Ecology 88, no.33 (Mar 2007): 792–801.https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0574Alexander M. Mills, James D. Rising, Donald A. Jackson Conspecific attraction during establishment of Least Flycatcher clusters, Journal of Field Ornithology 77, no.11 (Mar 2006): 34–38.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00009.xScott A. Tarof, Laurene M. Ratcliffe, Michael M. Kasumovic, Peter T. Boag Are least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) clusters hidden leks?, Behavioral Ecology 16, no.11 (Aug 2004): 207–217.https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arh155John K. Leiser, Murray Itzkowitz Changing tactics: dominance, territoriality, and the responses of “primary” males to competition from conditional breeders in the variegated pupfish (Cyprinodon variegatus), Behavioural Processes 66, no.22 (May 2004): 119–130.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2004.01.008Scott A. Tarof, Laurene M. Ratcliffe, T. C. Grubb Jr. , The Auk 121, no.33 ( 2004): 877.https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.3.877John K. Leiser When are neighbours ‘dear enemies’ and when are they not? The responses of territorial male variegated pupfish, Cyprinodon variegatus, to neighbours, strangers and heterospecifics, Animal Behaviour 65, no.33 (Mar 2003): 453–462.https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2087Eldridge S. Adams Approaches to the Study of Territory Size and Shape, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32, no.11 (Nov 2001): 277–303.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114034Linda S. Rayor, George W. Uetz Age-related sequential web building in the colonial spider Metepeira incrassata (Araneidae): an adaptive spacing strategy, Animal Behaviour 59, no.66 (Jun 2000): 1251–1259.https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1427Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown Nest spacing in relation to settlement time in colonial cliff swallows, Animal Behaviour 59, no.11 (Jan 2000): 47–55.https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1277Peter T. Sherman, Perri K. Eason SIZE DETERMINANTS IN TERRITORIES WITH INFLEXIBLE BOUNDARIES: MANIPULATION EXPERIMENTS ON WHITE-WINGED TRUMPETERS’ TERRITORIES, Ecology 79, no.44 (Jun 1998): 1147–1159.https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1147:SDITWI]2.0.CO;2 K. L. Muller , J. A. Stamps , V. V. Krishnan , and N. H. Willits The Effects of Conspecific Attraction and Habitat Quality on Habitat Selection in Territorial Birds (Troglodytes aedon) Muller et al., The American Naturalist 150, no.55 (Jul 2015): 650–661.https://doi.org/10.1086/286087Margaret A. Hodge, Amy Storfer-Isser Conspecific and Heterospecific Attraction: A Mechanism of Web-site Selection Leading to Aggregation Formation by Web-building Spiders, Ethology 103, no.1010 (Apr 2010): 815–826.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00123.xNicholas L. Rodenhouse, Thomas W. Sherry, Richard T. Holmes SITE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE:A NEW SYNTHESIS, Ecology 78, no.77 (Oct 1997): 2025–2042.https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2025:SDROPS]2.0.CO;2William J. Hamilton, John W. McNutt Determinants of Conflict Outcomes, (Jan 1997): 179–224.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1745-4_7J.A. Stamps, V.V. Krishnan Territory acquisition in lizards: III. Competing for space, Animal Behaviour 49, no.33 (Mar 1995): 679–693.https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80201-0Judy Stamps Territorial Behavior: Testing the Assumptions, (Jan 1994): 173–232.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60354-XDave Shutler, Patrick J. Weatherhead Surplus territory contenders in male red-winged blackbirds: where are the desperados?, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31, no.22 (Aug 1992): 97–106.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00166342 REFERENCES, (Jan 1991): 637–724.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-092551-6.50026-X Judy A. Stamps , and V. V. Krishnan The Effect of Settlement Tactics on Territory Sizes, The American Naturalist 135, no.44 (Oct 2015): 527–546.https://doi.org/10.1086/285060 J. A. Stamps Conspecific Attraction and Aggregation in Territorial Species, The American Naturalist 131, no.33 (Oct 2015): 329–347.https://doi.org/10.1086/284793Micheal V. Studd, Raleigh J. Robertson Evidence for reliable badges of status in territorial yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia), Animal Behaviour 33, no.44 (Nov 1985): 1102–1113.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80169-X

Double-Brooded Yellow Warbler?

Double-Brooded Yellow Warbler?

Feeding ecology of a population of nesting yellow warblers

The feeding ecology of a population of nesting yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) was studied on the Delta Beach Ridge, Manitoba, during the breeding seasons of 1975 and 1976. The total numbers and taxonomic composition of the arthropods available to yellow warblers fluctuated irregularly throughout both breeding seasons. Major changes in the arthropod fauna were due mainly to emergences of adult chironomids. Chironomidae was the most abundant group during both breeding seasons and comprised more than half of the available prey. Arthropods were more numerous in the lower vegetation (0.3–3.0 m) than in the upper vegetation (7.0–9.0 m).Adult chironomids were the chief prey, comprising 58 and 56% of the diet in 1975 and 1976, respectively. The diets of males and females were similar throughout the breeding seasons. The prey consumed by yellow warblers varied temporally and spatially according to the arthropods available; prey was taken in proportion to its availability.Foraging males and females partitioned the habitat with respect to tree species, foraging height, tree section, height of tree selected, foraging methods, and length of movements between foraging bouts.

The Adaptive Syndromes of Two Guilds of Insectivorous Birds in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

This paper analyzes the foraging behaviors of a community of insectivorous birds breeding in a high—altitude willow floodplain. The eight species belong to two guilds. Active searchers are represented by the gleaning guild (warblers): Wilsonia pusilla, dendroica petechia, and Geothlypis trichas; passive searchers are represented by the fly—catching guild (flycatchers): Empidonax oberholseri, Empidonax tralli, Empidonax difficilis, Contopus sordidulus, and Nuttallornis borealis. The paper focuses on the following general questions: (1) What are the different components, and their correlations, of foraging behavior in the eight species? (2) What are the overall adaptive syndromes associated with predatory tactics of active and passive searchers? (3) Are the predictions of several models of optimal foraging supported by the results of the present study? Adaptive syndromes (coordinated sets of characteristics, including the specific manner of resource utilization, and an array of other, related adaptations) are described for each species. Warblers forage primarily by gleaning, concentrating on stationary prey. Their velocity (average number of perches per minute) is >10.0, their search intensity (perches visited prior to an attack) is >5.0, and their foraging intensity (number of attacks per minute) is >1.7. They have an attack radius (mean distance from perch to prey) of <0.6m. Members of the gleaning guild may thus be characterized as active searchers (they look for prey difficult to find) but passive pursuers (they attack prey easy to catch). In addition, gleaners exhibit a narrow range of preferences in habitat structure. Flycatchers forage primarily by hovering or sallying, concentrating on prey available via aerial attack. They have both a velocity and search intensity of <4.0, and a foraging intensity of <1.8. They have attack radii ranging from 1 m to >7.5 m. Members of the fly—catching guild may thus be characterized as passive searchers (they look for prey easy to find) but active pursuers (they attack prey difficult to capture). Flycatchers show a broad range of preferences in habitat structure. For all species considered together there is an inverse correlation between body size and velocity, and a positive correlation between body size and attack radius. Three core adaptations identify the adaptive syndromes of actively and passively searching predators. Active searchers have high velocities, high search intensities, and a foraging repertoire associated with passive prey. Passive searchers have low velocities, low search intensities, and a foraging repertoire associated with active prey. Additional characteristics also differentiate the two adaptive syndromes. Search/pursuit ratios critical to numerous optimal foraging models are impossible to measure reliably in the field; thus the concept of active and passive searchers is proposed as a meaningful and readily quantifiable substitute. The data presented here exhibit poor fit with the predictions of several selected models. Predictions concerning differences in diet specialization, the extent of territorial and foraging overlap, and the prevalence of sexual dimorphism are not confirmed. In general, predictions concerning morphological size gradients are upheld; those concerning habitat specialization are confirmed if habitat is measured in structural terms, but are not supported when measured by vegetation type.

Spatial and temporal multi-species nesting aggregations in birds as anti-parasite and anti-predator defenses

1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) derives any benefits from nesting in close proximity to its own and other species in reducing predator pressure or the incidence of brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). 2. Yellow warblers nesting synchronously with their own and with neighbouring species resulted in a proportionate reduction in the number of nests preyed upon, suggesting a ‘swamping effect’ of the local predators. A significantly lower incidence of predation occurred at yellow warbler nests which were inside a gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) response range. This was thought to be the result of yellow warblers taking advantage of the catbird's nest-guarding behaviour and aggressive responses to predators. 3. Yellow warblers nesting synchronously with other yellow warblers were subject to a proportionately lower incidence of brood parasitism than asynchronous nests, suggesting a ‘swamping effect’ on the cowbird. A significantly lower incidence of brood parasitism occurred at yellow warbler nests which were in a red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) response range. The yellow warbler was thought to be taking advantage of the aggressive response of red-winged blackbirds to cowbirds. 4. Overall, yellow warblers which nested within the response range of red-winged blackbirds or gray catbirds had significantly higher nest success than other yellow warblers. This suggests that selection for defence against predators and cowbirds may lead to multi-species aggregations.

American Redstart Assists at Yellow Warbler Nest

American Redstart Assists at Yellow Warbler Nest

Geographic Variation of Yellow Warblers Killed at a TV Tower

-Prairie and aspen parkland Yellow Warblers are brighter in color and larger in bill length than those from the boreal forest. Yellow Warblers from the MacKenzie River Delta near the arctic coast terminate clines of birds with smaller bill length to the north and darker plumage in forested or coastal habitats. Statistically significant differences in color and bill and wing length among Yellow Warblers killed at a TV tower in western Minnesota conform to patterns of geographic variation and demonstrate that individuals of this species originating from perhaps as far apart as 3,220 km (2,000 mi) were migrating southward together.-Minnesota Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. Present address offirst author: Division of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Accepted 13 May 1976. DESCRIPTIONS of subspecies for most bird species commonly killed at TV towers during migration are inadequate for confident estimation of areas of their origin, and only a few attempts at racial identification have been made (Tordoff and Mengel 1956, Johnston and Haines 1957, Stoddard 1962, Raveling 1965). A sample of 74 Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) was obtained from a TV tower kill at Westport, Stearn's County, Minnesota on the night of 9-10 September 1962 (see Kemper et al. 1966). Obvious differences in bill length and coloration of adults within the sample suggested that birds from different populations were migrating over this location on the same night. We analyzed geographic variation of Yellow Warblers in the midcontinent north of the TV tower from museum specimens and compared results to variation recorded among the TV tower killed birds.

The Adaptive Significance of Dull Coloration in Yellow Warblers

The Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia, aestiva group) breeds over a wide area in temperate North America ranging north to north-central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, north-central Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland. Allied forms of the petechia and erithachorides groups occur in the tropics. The northernmost populations, comprising the races rubiginosa in southern Alaska and western British Columbia and amnicola, widespread in northern Canada to north-central and interior Alaska, characteristically have dull olive coloration in the first winter (basic) plumage. Recent observations of Yellow Warblers wintering in Panama suggest a possible source of selection favoring dull coloration in the first winter plumage of the immatures in these northernmost populations. The Yellow Warbler is territorial on its wintering grounds (pers. obs.) and, like all warblers that are territorial in winter quarters, it retains the plumage color of the breeding season throughout the year (although not all non-territorial species become dull). Yellow Warblers arrive on wintering grounds very early; in Panama they are common from late August on (Eisenmann, in Groscom and Sprunt [eds.], Warblers of North America, Devin-Adair, New York, 1957). This early migration may be due to competition for winter territories, similar to the selective forces favoring early migration northward in species having rare nest sites (e.g., the cavitynesting Purple Martin [Progne subis], Tree Swallow [Iridoprocne bicolor], Eastern Bluebird [Sialia sialis], and Prothonotary Warbler [Protonotaria citrea]). Northernmost populations breed later than more southern populations and thus are at a disadvantage when they migrate south because southerly breeding birds already occupy much of the suitable wintering habitat. This is particularly true for immatures seeking wintering places for the first time. Young northern birds may have solved the problem of not being on an equal competitive basis for winter territories by adopting a different wintering strategy. My observations of immature Yellow Warblers of the dull northernmost races suggests that they do not become territorial but join flocks of mixed species and wander. The extent to which immatures of more southerly races also wander in mixed flocks is unknown but at least some of them defend territories. One dull immature (probably amnicola; E. Eisenmann, pers. comm.) collected on 14 December 1974 was with a flock consisting mainly of Tennessee Warblers (Vermivora peregrina) and Baybreasted Warblers (Dendroica castanea), feeding on the nectar and pollen of a tree (Inga sp.) in secondgrowth woodland along a stream near the Chiva Chiva Road in the Panama Canal Zone. Its stomach

In Memoriam: Thomas Dearborn Burleigh

FEW people are so completely dedicated to the study of birds or devote so much of their lives to that activity as did Thomas Dearborn Burleigh. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 24 November 1895, son of Dr. and Mrs. William Thomas Burleigh. An interest in studying birds in his native western Pennsylvania hills developed at an early age and when 15 years old he published his first paper, entitled Warbler (1910, Oologist 27: 117). The paper described a Yellow Warbler's nest in which a cowbird egg and an egg of the warbler had been covered over with nest lining material above which three well-incubated warbler eggs reposed. In his second paper Nesting birds of Harmarville, Pa. (1911, Oologist 28: 155) Burleigh listed the dates, contents, and localities of the nests of 31 species of birds that he had examined. His mention of four eggs found in a Broad-winged Hawk's nest 75 feet from the ground indicated considerable agility in climbing trees in those days. Three other notes by Burleigh that appeared in The Oologist in 1911, all on nesting birds, were the forerunners of a lifelong progression of publications numbering 171 titles, 3 of book length. He shared the pages of The Oologist in that early period of his life with Richard C. Harlow who later became his friend and instructor in egg collecting and later still a famous football coach at Harvard. In all of his teenage writings, Burleigh showed a keen interest and enthusiasm in observing the habits of birds during his daily tramps, as he called them, in the western Pennsylvania hill country. During his student days at Pennsylvania State College, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1919, he published accounts of the birdlife in central Pennsylvania, including the first record for the state of the Boreal Chickadee. Before completing his studies at Penn State, the scene of Burleigh's bird observations shifted suddenly in 1918 from Pennsylvania to southwestern where he served during World War I with the American Expeditionary Force in the 10th Engineers. It was a forestry regiment engaged in cutting pilings, ties, and other necessary items of lumber. Even under those wartime conditions, he was able to find time for birding, as is evidenced by his 17-page paper Bird life in southwestern France (1919, Auk 36: 497). In 1920 Burleigh's activities shifted again to the Pacific Northwest. While securing his Master of Science degree in forestry from the University of Washington in Seattle, he made extensive notes on the birds of that region, including the first Eastern Fox Sparrow to be identified from

The Foraging of Small Populations of Yellow Warblers and American Redstarts

I studied the foraging of Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) and American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) on several small islands of varying vegetational composition off the coast of Maine. Both species used deciduous growth more than predicted by chance alone. Yellow Warblers foraged slightly lower than Redstarts; Redstarts used dead limbs and hawked for insects more often than Yellow Warblers. On islands with mixed forests both species fledged young regularly; there they set up largely exclusive territories. Partitioning appeared to be in response to certain vegetational characteristics; little evidence was obtained that direct interactions were of major importance in this regard. Most male Redstarts in the latter areas were adults; most males on small spruce—clad islands had first—year plumage. Only one species occupied any small spruce—clad island, and seldom did it fledge young. Usually a male did not attract a female in such cases. No clear correlation occurred between the size of the standing insect crop, the tendency of these species to occupy an island, and their ability to fledge young. While Parula (Parula americana), Myrtle (Dendroica coronata), and Black—throated Green (D. virens) warblers displayed a highly developed vertical division of space and a well—defined interspecific social hierarchy (Morse 1971), Yellow Warblers and Redstarts divided space horizontally and did not demonstrate a well—defined interspecific social hierarchy. Correspondingly, one may find up to three species of spruce—woods warblers on an island too small to support more than one pair of a given species, but never both Yellow Warblers and Redstarts in such a situation.

Important Birds from Blue Point Cottonwoods, Maricopa County, Arizona

The Salt River currently consists of four basic divisions: deeply channeled river from Roosevelt Lake upstream, irrigation reservoirs from that point downstream to Stewart Mountain Dam, dry river channel from Granite Reef Dam downstream to the confluence with the Gila River, and the fourth area, a short segment from Stewart Mountain Dam to Granite Reef Diversion Dam (about 10 miles long) representing what little remains of the native river. During the 1970's this portion is scheduled to be inundated by Orme Reservoir, part of the Central Arizona Project. Blue Point Cottonwoods, located approximately 2 miles upstream from the confluence of the Verde with the Salt River, is the only large stand of mature cottonwoods (Populus fremontii), with its attendant mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) understory, left on the entire Salt River. These cottonwoods will be covered by Orme Lake, thus virtually completing the extirpation of native riparian groves along the Salt River. This virgin grove extends for nearly a mile along the north side of the river. A narrow marsh of open water approximately one-half mile long, edged with arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) and salt-cedar (Tamarix sp.), and containing several dense stands of cattails (Typha domingensis) contributes to the diversity of the habitat. Azolla sp., a water fern unrecorded for central Arizona, grows profusely with duckweed (Lemna sp. ) in the marsh. Field work at Blue Point Cottonwoods has contributed much to our knowledge of birds in the central lowlands of Arizona. In the past, many important specimens and records were obtained from the area by Lyndon L. Hargrave, Allan R. Phillips, and Lewis D. Yaeger. Some of the more important records for the Salt River Valley include: the only specimens of the Ferruginous Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) during this century (Hargrave; Phillips); the only specimen of the Common Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (Phillips); the only Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) specimens (Phillips and Yeager); the only nesting record of the Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) (Phillips and Yeager); and the only Hutton's Vireo (Vireo huttoni) specimens (Phillips; Johnson and Simpson). The northernmost specimen for the Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) was collected here by Simpson and Werner (Condor 60:68, 1958). While the following species nest at one or two other localities in the Salt River Valley, Blue Point Cottonwoods and the nearby river is the only area left that is both large enough and stable enough to support them all: Green Heron (Butorides virescens), Yellowbilled Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii), Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), Yellowthroat (Goethlypis trichas), Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), and Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca caerulea). Considering the ephemeral nature of the other habitats, the loss of Blue Point Cottonwoods may also mean the loss of most or all these species as breeding birds in the Salt River Valley. Our recent field work in this area has resulted in several additional distributional records of some interest. All specimens mentioned in the following species accounts are in the Johnson-Simpson-Werner (JSW) collection, now housed at Prescott College, Prescott, Arizona. Our thanks to Lyndon L. Hargrave and Allan R. Phillips for critical reading of the manuscript. Least Bittern. Ixobrychus exilis. According to Phillips, Marshall, and Monson (The birds of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. 1964. p. 7), the only previously documented nesting of this species in Arizona was by Simpson and Werner (loc. cit.). Our specimen (JSW no. 925) was collected on 9 July 1969 in a dense stand of cattails in the marsh. It is a juvenile female with down on the legs, wings, neck, and head, and was accompanied by one or two other juveniles, presumably nest mates, and at least one adult. At least one additional adult was seen. The nest was secured on 20 July 1969 and is the first nest from Arizona for this species. Groove-billed Ani. Crotophaga sulcirostris. A female? (gonads shot), collected on 20 July 1969 (JSW no. 879) showed no fat and no molt. This is the second known extant specimen from the state (see Phillips et al., loc. cit.:46). Later, Bernard Roer informed us that he found another Groove-billed Ani at his bird farm in Phoenix on 11 July 1969 and donated it to the Phoenix Zoo. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 379

ON THE ETYMOLOGIC DERIVATION OF SOME COMMONLY USED WORDS IN PEDIATRICS: INFANT, CRETIN, MECONIUM, AND ICTERUS

infant-from Latin infans; in (neg.) + fans speaking (fans is the participle). In Roman law infant means a child not old enough to talk... Cretin-Old French-chretien, a Christian. Perhaps used first as a perjorative term by the ancient Romans because to them the first Christians were stupid enough to "turn the other cheek" when attacked by mobs or by the lions in the Roman amphitheater. Meconium-from Greek mekonion meaning the poppy juice obtained from pressing the whole plant which gives a thick Juice of black, greenish-brown color. The intestinal content of the newborn infant has a similar consistency and appearance and so Galenadopted the term for the content of the bowels of newborn infants. (Meconism means the opium habit). lcterus-from Greek ikteros, a yellow bird, probably the golden thrush or a species of oriole. Pliny relates that if a person suffering from jaundice looks at a yellow bird, the bird will die and the patient recovers. Icterus was first used in pediatrics by Ludwig von Buhl (1816-1880) when he described icterus neonatorum.

Responses of Four Warbler Species to Playback of Their Two Song Types

RECENTLY renewed attention has been focused on the communicatory function of avian vocalizations (e.g. Marler, 1967; Smith, 1966). One problem in avian communication studies is determining what the message of a vocalization is for the recipient. The purpose of this study was to use song playback experiments to determine if intraspecific song variants have different messages. Few studies of the role of song have been made in species where each individual has more than one song type, although Hinde (1958) studied vocal responses of Chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) to their two song types in captivity. Many species of warblers have two song types that apparently differ in motivation and function (Ficken and Ficken, 1962, 1965; Morse, 1966, 1967). The American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), Chestnutsided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), and Yellow Warbler (D. petechia) possess an accented ending song (AE) and an unaccented ending song (UE). The Yellow Warbler also sings intermediate songs (IE) (Morse, 1966). In all three species song type AE is given more commonly by undisturbed, unmated males, while type UE songs are more common after pairing and during territorial encounters (Ficken and Ficken, 1965). The Black-throated Green Warbler (D. virens) has two song types, referred to as A and B by Morse (1967).

Dunga Swamp and its Conservation in Kenya

DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v1i1.1565 Journal of Wetlands Ecology Vol.1(1/2) 2008, p.12

Ecological Implications of Bird Predators on the Larch Casebearer in Wisconsin1

Birds are important predators of Coleophora laricella (Hubner) in Wisconsin. Population decline of the larch casebearer in the winter, probably attributable to birds, was 23.5%, of which 30–40% was calculated to consist of nonparasitized larvae. Spring predation by birds, between April and June, causes a significant loss in prey population, although many of the larvae eaten are parasitized. Apparently the birds involved do not discriminate between parasitized and nonparasitized larvae. Feeding activity in the spring was 3 times that recorded in the fall, under laboratory conditions, and probably reflected the –specific feeding image— developed by the birds for the larger and more active spring larvae. The Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia (Wilson); and Yellow Warblers, D. petechia (L.); the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula (L.), and the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus L., exhibited the most frequent feeding response to the larch casebearer. No instances of –clipped-off— cases were observed III any of the laboratory feeding trials or in the field. All birds swallowed both case and larva completely except for the Black-capped Chickadee which, in the spring only, removed the case from the tree, extracted the larva, and then dropped the case to the ground.

BEHAVIOUR

Bengtson, S.‐A. 1966. (Observations on the sexual behaviour of the Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra) on the breeding grounds, with special reference to courting parties.)Boswall, J. 1966. The roosting of the Pied Wagtail in Dublin.Cade, T. J. 1965. Relations between raptors and columbiform birds at a desert water hole.Dunham, D. W. 1966. Maintenance activities of the Rose‐breasted Grosbeak.Dunham, D. W. 1966. Reactions to predators in the Rose‐breasted Grosbeak.Elgood, J. H. & Ward, P. 1963. A snake attack upon a weaver‐bird colony. Possible significance of synchronus breeding activity.Ellis, R. E. Jr. 1966. Agonistic behaviour in the male Starling.Ficken, M. S. & Ficken, R. W. 1965. Comparative ethology of the Chestnut‐sided Warbler, Yellow Warbler and American Redstart.Fischer, G. J. 1966. Auditory stimuli and imprinting.Goforth, W. R. & Baskett, r. S. 1965. Effects of experimental colour marking on pairing of captive Mourning Doves. J. Wildlife Manag.Gottlieb, G. 1965. Imprinting in relation to parental and species identification by avian neonates.Hailman, J. P. 1965. Cliff‐nesting adaptations of the Galapagos Swallow‐tailed Gull.Hansen, E. W. 1966. Squab induced crop growth in ring dove foster parents.Hatch, J. J. 1966. Collective territories in Galapagos mockingbirds, with notes on other behaviour.Hespenheide, H. A. 1966. The selection of seed size by finches.Holcomb, L. C. 1966. The development of grasping and balancing coordination in nestlings of seven species of altricial birds.Holcomb, L. C. 1966. Redwinged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestling development.Keil, W. 1963. Beiträge zur Ermittlung der Fütterungs—frequenz einiger Singvogel.Klopfer, P. H. 1965. Behavioral aspects of habitat selection:a preliminary report on stereotypy in foliage preference in birds.Koivisto, I. & Pirkola, M. K. 1964. (On the behaviour on the display ground and the importance of the social display of the Black Grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) and Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus).)Lasky, A. R. 1966. The manner of feeding fledgling woodpeckers.Lott, D. F. & Brody, P. N. 1966. Support of ovulation in the Ring Dove by auditory and visual stimuli.Moyle, P. 1966. Feeding behavior of the Glaucous‐winged Gull on an Alaskan salmon stream.Nilsson, L. 1965. (Observations of the spring behaviour of the Red‐breasted Merganser).Nilsson, L. 1966. (The behaviour of the Goosander (Mergus merganser) in the winter.)Nilsson, L. 1965. (Studies on the preening behaviour of the Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula).)Offutt, G. C. 1965. Behaviour of the Tufted Titmouse before and during the nesting season.Polt, J. M. & Hess, E. H. 1966. Effects of social experience on the following response in chicks.Root, R. B. 1966. The Avian Response to a Population Outbreak of the Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma corstrictum (Stretch).Simmons, K. E. L. 1965. The ritual world of the Great Crested Grebe.Simmons, K. E. L. 1966. Les noces rituelles du grébe huppé.Vowles, D. M. & Harwood, D. 1966. The effect of exogenous hormones on aggressive and defensive behaviour in the Ring Dove (Streptopeliu risoria).

Annual Cycle of the Yellow Warbler in the Galapagos

Annual Cycle of the Yellow Warbler in the Galapagos

Territorial Display as a Population-Regulating Mechanism in the Yellow Warbler

Territorial Display as a Population-Regulating Mechanism in the Yellow Warbler

Effects of Environmental Stimuli on the Development of the Incubation Patch in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Previous articleNext article No AccessEffects of Environmental Stimuli on the Development of the Incubation Patch in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)James A. LloydJames A. Lloyd Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 38, Number 2Apr., 1965 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.38.2.30152818 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). Copyright 1965 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Spencer G. Sealy Onset of Incubation in Yellow Warblers: A Test of the Hormonal Hypothesis, The Auk 109, no.22 (Apr 1992): 249–255.https://doi.org/10.2307/4088193Rudolf Drent INCUBATION, (Jan 1975): 333–420.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-249405-5.50014-8RICHARD E. JONES THE INCUBATION PATCH OF BIRDS, Biological Reviews 46, no.33 (Aug 1971): 315–339.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1971.tb01048.xRichard E. Jones Hormonal control of incubation patch development in the California quail Lophortyx californicus, General and Comparative Endocrinology 13, no.11 (Aug 1969): 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(69)90215-9